<s>
The	O
Navy	B-Language
Electronics	I-Language
Laboratory	I-Language
International	I-Language
ALGOL	I-Language
Compiler	I-Language
(	O
NELIAC	B-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
dialect	O
and	O
compiler	B-Language
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
ALGOL	B-Language
58	I-Language
,	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Navy	O
Electronics	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
NEL	O
)	O
in	O
1958	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
for	O
numeric	O
and	O
logical	O
computations	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
language	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
bootstrap	B-Application
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NELIAC	B-Language
was	O
the	O
brainchild	O
of	O
Harry	O
Huskey	O
,	O
then	O
chairperson	O
of	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
(	O
ACM	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
well	O
known	O
computer	O
scientist	O
,	O
and	O
supported	O
by	O
Maury	O
Halstead	O
,	O
the	O
head	O
of	O
the	O
computing	O
center	O
at	O
NEL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
version	O
was	O
implemented	O
on	O
the	O
prototype	O
AN/USQ	B-Device
-17	I-Device
computer	O
(	O
called	O
the	O
Countess	O
,	O
after	O
Countess	O
Ada	B-General_Concept
Lovelace	I-General_Concept
)	O
at	O
the	O
laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
self-compiling	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
a	O
trait	O
called	O
bootstrapping	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
was	O
first	O
coded	O
in	O
simplified	O
form	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
"	O
the	O
bootstrap	B-Application
"	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
rewritten	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
language	O
,	O
compiled	B-Language
by	O
this	O
"	O
bootstrap	B-Application
"	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
and	O
recompiled	B-Language
by	O
itself	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
"	O
bootstrap	B-Application
"	O
obsolete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
considered	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
ALGOL	B-Language
58	I-Language
because	O
of	O
similarities	O
to	O
that	O
language	O
,	O
but	O
within	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
ALGOL	B-Language
committee	O
produced	O
other	O
versions	O
of	O
ALGOL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
NELIAC	B-Language
and	O
ALGOL	B-Language
diverged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
compiler	B-Language
was	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
Countess	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
version	O
for	O
the	O
CDC	B-Device
1604	I-Device
,	O
and	O
later	O
self-compiled	O
on	O
that	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
other	O
versions	O
were	O
produced	O
for	O
commercial	O
computers	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
UNIVAC	O
1107	O
,	O
490	B-Device
,	O
and	O
418	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
704	I-Device
and	O
709	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
production	O
version	O
of	O
NELIAC	B-Language
was	O
a	O
second	O
generation	O
system	O
(	O
for	O
the	O
AN/USQ	B-Device
-20	I-Device
,	O
a	O
modernized	O
and	O
militarized	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
AN/USQ	B-Device
-20	I-Device
)	O
,	O
compiled	B-Language
by	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
,	O
but	O
including	O
full	O
decoding	O
of	O
algorithmic	O
expressions	O
and	O
,	O
later	O
,	O
an	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
system	O
missing	O
on	O
all	O
other	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
Countess	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
later	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
CDC	B-Device
1604	I-Device
,	O
and	O
to	O
other	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
received	O
some	O
notice	O
at	O
some	O
universities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NELIAC	B-Language
was	O
never	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
primary	O
advantage	O
over	O
other	O
compilers	B-Language
of	O
the	O
day	O
was	O
its	O
portability	B-Architecture
to	O
other	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
one-pass	B-Language
compiler	I-Language
architecture	O
which	O
made	O
possible	O
such	O
fast	O
compile	B-Language
times	O
that	O
it	O
compiled	B-Language
60	O
to	O
120	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
other	O
high-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
which	O
used	O
multi-pass	B-Application
compilers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JOVIAL	B-Language
compiler	B-Language
made	O
14	O
passes	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
simplicity	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
and	O
its	O
rapid	O
compile	B-Language
times	O
permitted	O
much	O
faster	O
development	O
cycles	O
than	O
other	O
contemporaneous	O
compilers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
NELIAC	B-Language
was	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
an	O
experimental	O
shipboard	O
anti-submarine	O
warfare	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
National	O
Emergency	O
Command	O
Post	O
Afloat	O
(	O
NECPA	O
)	O
project	O
which	O
developed	O
a	O
strategic	O
command	O
and	O
control	O
system	O
installed	O
on	O
aircraft	O
carriers	O
and	O
cruisers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perhaps	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
NELIAC	B-Language
application	O
was	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Navy	O
automated	O
High	O
Frequency	O
Direction	O
Finding	O
network	O
(	O
Classic	O
Bullseye	O
)	O
which	O
went	O
into	O
production	O
in	O
1968	O
and	O
lasted	O
until	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
NEL	O
developed	O
NELOS	O
,	O
a	O
batch	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
which	O
provided	O
input-output	B-General_Concept
for	O
magnetic	O
tapes	O
,	O
printers	O
,	O
and	O
telecom	O
equipment	O
,	O
provided	O
sequenced	O
compiling	B-Language
of	O
jobs	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
symbol	O
library	O
permitting	O
linking	O
of	O
very	O
large	O
computer	O
applications	O
and	O
executing	O
them	O
on-line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
NELIAC	B-Language
programs	O
were	O
not	O
easily	O
portable	B-Architecture
because	O
the	O
language	O
permitted	O
manipulation	O
of	O
binary	O
characters	O
which	O
were	O
dependent	O
on	O
word	O
lengths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
the	O
NELIAC	B-Language
language	O
had	O
no	O
input-output	B-General_Concept
schemes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
its	O
looping	O
statement	O
was	O
unusually	O
strict	O
in	O
that	O
the	O
index	O
variable	O
had	O
to	O
hit	O
the	O
end	O
value	O
exactly	O
,	O
or	O
else	O
an	O
infinite	B-Algorithm
loop	I-Algorithm
would	O
occur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
the	O
Achilles	O
 '	O
heels	O
of	O
NELIAC	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
other	O
well-known	O
computer	O
experts	O
like	O
Niklaus	O
Wirth	O
made	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
but	O
ultimately	O
NELIAC	B-Language
fell	O
out	O
of	O
favor	O
after	O
the	O
Navy	O
Department	O
standardized	O
on	O
compilers	B-Language
with	O
commercial	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
