<s>
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
(	O
North	B-Protocol
American	I-Protocol
Presentation	I-Protocol
Level	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
Syntax	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
graphics	O
language	O
for	O
use	O
originally	O
with	O
videotex	B-Operating_System
and	O
teletext	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
was	O
developed	O
from	O
the	O
Telidon	B-Device
system	O
developed	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
additions	O
from	O
AT&T	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basics	O
of	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
were	O
later	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
several	O
other	O
microcomputer-based	O
graphics	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphics	O
were	O
encoded	O
as	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
instructions	O
(	O
graphics	O
primitives	O
)	O
each	O
represented	O
by	O
a	O
single	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
character	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphic	O
coordinates	O
were	O
encoded	O
in	O
multiple	O
6-bit	O
strings	O
of	O
XY	O
coordinate	O
data	O
,	O
flagged	O
to	O
place	O
them	O
in	O
the	O
printable	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
range	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
transmitted	O
with	O
conventional	O
text	O
transmission	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASCII	B-Protocol
SI/SO	O
characters	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
differentiate	O
the	O
text	O
from	O
graphic	O
portions	O
of	O
a	O
transmitted	O
"	O
page	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
instructions	O
were	O
decoded	O
by	O
separate	O
programs	O
to	O
produce	O
graphics	O
output	O
,	O
on	O
a	O
plotter	B-Operating_System
for	O
instance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
about	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
other	O
organizations	O
were	O
developing	O
videotex	B-Operating_System
systems	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
teletext	O
except	O
they	O
used	O
modems	B-Application
to	O
transmit	O
their	O
data	O
instead	O
of	O
television	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UK	O
's	O
General	O
Post	O
Office	O
developed	O
a	O
system	O
using	O
the	O
Ceefax/ORACLE	O
standard	O
,	O
launching	O
it	O
as	O
Prestel	B-General_Concept
,	O
while	O
France	O
prepared	O
the	O
first	O
steps	O
for	O
its	O
ultimately	O
very	O
successful	O
Minitel	B-Application
system	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
rival	O
display	O
standard	O
called	O
Antiope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
use	O
the	O
vertical	O
blanking	O
interval	O
to	O
send	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
modem	B-Application
to	O
return	O
selections	O
to	O
the	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
technical	O
"	O
tweaks	O
"	O
and	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
NTSC	O
signals	O
used	O
by	O
North	O
American	O
televisions	O
allowed	O
the	O
downstream	O
videotex	B-Operating_System
channel	O
to	O
increase	O
to	O
600	O
bit/s	O
,	O
about	O
twice	O
that	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
videotext	O
mode	O
,	O
Bell	B-Device
202	I-Device
modems	I-Device
were	O
typical	O
,	O
offering	O
a	O
1,200	O
bit/s	O
download	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
publicly	O
launched	O
as	O
Telidon	B-Device
on	O
August	O
15	O
,	O
1978	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
downside	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
that	O
it	O
required	O
much	O
more	O
advanced	O
decoders	O
,	O
typically	O
featuring	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
or	O
Motorola	B-Device
6809	I-Device
processors	O
with	O
RGB	O
and/or	O
RF	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Innovation	O
,	O
Science	O
and	O
Economic	O
Development	O
Canada	O
(	O
then	O
Department	O
of	O
Communications	O
)	O
launched	O
a	O
four-year	O
plan	O
to	O
fund	O
public	O
roll-outs	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
spur	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
commercial	O
Telidon	B-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AT&T	O
Corporation	O
was	O
so	O
impressed	O
by	O
Telidon	B-Device
that	O
they	O
decided	O
to	O
join	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
they	O
became	O
CSA	O
T500	O
and	O
ANSI	O
X3.110	O
,	O
or	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
models	O
for	O
Telidon	B-Device
services	O
were	O
poorly	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
where	O
teletext	O
was	O
supported	O
by	O
one	O
of	O
only	O
two	O
large	O
companies	O
whose	O
whole	O
revenue	O
model	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
read-only	O
medium	O
(	O
television	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
Telidon	B-Device
was	O
being	O
offered	O
by	O
companies	O
who	O
worked	O
on	O
a	O
subscriber	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telidon-based	O
teletext	O
was	O
tested	O
in	O
a	O
few	O
North	O
American	O
trials	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
CBC	O
IRIS	O
,	O
TVOntario	O
,	O
MTS-sponsored	O
Project	O
IDA	O
,	O
to	O
name	O
a	O
few	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
was	O
also	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
NABTS	O
teletext	O
standard	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
encoding	O
and	O
display	O
of	O
teletext	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
screens	O
,	O
which	O
frequently	O
featured	O
team	O
logos	O
or	O
likenesses	O
of	O
players	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
text	O
,	O
were	O
drawn	O
entirely	O
with	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
graphics	O
and	O
resembled	O
the	O
loading	O
of	O
Prodigy	O
pages	O
over	O
a	O
modem	B-Application
,	O
though	O
slightly	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
two-way	O
systems	O
using	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
appeared	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
used	O
the	O
Sceptre	B-Application
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
terminal	O
from	O
AT&T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sceptre	B-Application
contained	O
a	O
slow	O
modem	B-Application
that	O
connected	O
over	O
the	O
consumer	O
's	O
telephone	O
line	O
to	O
host	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sceptre	B-Application
was	O
expensive	O
whether	O
purchased	O
or	O
rented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keyfax	O
had	O
originally	O
been	O
a	O
WST	O
teletext	O
service	O
,	O
broadcast	O
overnights	O
on	O
Field	O
's	O
Chicago	O
television	O
station	O
WFLD-32	O
and	O
through	O
the	O
VBI	O
of	O
both	O
WFLD	O
and	O
national	O
superstation	O
WTBS	O
;	O
the	O
decision	O
was	O
made	O
to	O
convert	O
Keyfax	O
into	O
a	O
subscription	O
service	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
proprietary	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
terminal	O
device	O
in	O
a	O
last-ditch	O
effort	O
to	O
save	O
the	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
early-1980s	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
technology	O
was	O
deployed	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
both	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
for	O
rural	O
Canadians	O
to	O
get	O
news	O
and	O
weather	O
information	O
and	O
as	O
the	O
platform	O
for	O
touchscreen	O
information	O
kiosks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
city	O
was	O
the	O
North	O
American	O
nexus	O
of	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
and	O
the	O
home	O
of	O
Norpak	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
of	O
NAPLPS-oriented	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Norpak	O
created	O
and	O
sold	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
for	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
development	O
and	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TVOntario	O
also	O
developed	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
content	O
creation	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
London	O
,	O
Ontario	O
-	O
based	O
Cableshare	O
used	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
as	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
touch-screen	O
information	O
kiosks	O
for	O
shopping	O
malls	O
,	O
the	O
flagship	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
deployed	O
at	O
Toronto	O
's	O
Eaton	O
Centre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
relied	O
on	O
an	O
8085-based	O
microcomputer	B-Device
which	O
drove	O
several	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
terminals	O
fitted	O
with	O
touch	O
screens	O
,	O
all	O
communicating	O
via	O
Datapac	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
back	O
end	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cableshare	O
also	O
developed	O
and	O
sold	O
a	O
leading	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
page	O
creation	O
utility	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Picture	O
Painter.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
Tribune	O
Media	O
Services	O
(	O
TMS	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Associated	O
Press	O
operated	O
a	O
cable	O
television	O
channel	O
called	O
AP	O
News	O
Plus	O
that	O
provided	O
NAPLPS-based	O
news	O
screens	O
to	O
cable	O
television	O
subscribers	O
in	O
many	O
U.S.	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
news	O
pages	O
were	O
created	O
and	O
edited	O
by	O
TMS	O
staffers	O
working	O
on	O
an	O
Atex	O
editing	O
system	O
in	O
Orlando	O
,	O
Florida	O
,	O
and	O
sent	O
by	O
satellite	O
to	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
decoder	O
devices	O
located	O
at	O
the	O
local	O
cable	O
television	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1981	O
,	O
two	O
amateur	O
radio	O
operators	O
(	O
VE3FTT	O
and	O
VE3GQW	O
)	O
received	O
special	O
permission	O
from	O
the	O
Canadian	O
Department	O
of	O
Communications	O
to	O
carry	O
out	O
on-air	O
experiments	O
using	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
syntax	O
which	O
was	O
technically	O
not	O
legal	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
"	O
coded	O
transmission	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
their	O
report	O
on	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
tests	O
,	O
the	O
DOC	O
then	O
permitted	O
general	O
use	O
of	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
on	O
amateur	O
radioteletype	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1988	O
and	O
1994	O
,	O
Bell	O
Canada	O
offered	O
a	O
dial-up	B-Application
Telidon	B-Device
service	O
called	O
Alex	O
,	O
similar	O
in	O
spirit	O
to	O
the	O
French	O
Minitel	B-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
telephone	O
directory	O
its	O
principal	O
information	O
offering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
lived	O
on	O
into	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
as	O
the	O
graphical	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
Prodigy	O
online	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
bulletin	B-Application
boards	I-Application
were	O
able	O
to	O
serve	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
content	O
to	O
callers	O
on	O
their	O
1200	O
and	O
2400	O
bit/s	O
modems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
the	O
technology	O
's	O
chief	O
advantage	O
in	O
an	O
era	O
of	O
slow	O
telecommunication	O
-	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
encode	O
complex	O
graphics	O
in	O
terse	O
object	O
commands	O
-	O
became	O
moot	O
as	O
data	O
communication	O
speeds	O
increased	O
and	O
raster	B-Algorithm
graphics	I-Algorithm
compression	O
became	O
popular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
Graphical	O
Kernel	O
System	O
(	O
GKS	O
)	O
library	B-Library
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
1970s	O
specification	O
with	O
a	O
similar	O
basic	O
geometry	O
and	O
command	O
structure	O
to	O
NAPLPS	B-Protocol
,	O
was	O
widely	O
implemented	O
on	O
microcomputers	O
,	O
and	O
became	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
Digital	O
Research	O
's	O
GSX	B-Application
graphics	O
system	O
used	O
in	O
their	O
GEM	B-Application
GUI	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GKS	O
was	O
later	O
extended	O
into	O
a	O
3D	O
version	O
,	O
and	O
additions	O
to	O
this	O
resulted	O
in	O
PHIGS	B-Library
(	O
Programmer	B-Library
's	I-Library
Hierarchical	I-Library
Interactive	I-Library
Graphics	I-Library
System	I-Library
)	O
,	O
a	O
competitor	O
to	O
OpenGL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
