<s>
The	O
N170	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
event-related	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
(	O
ERP	O
)	O
that	O
reflects	O
the	O
neural	O
processing	O
of	O
faces	O
,	O
familiar	O
objects	O
or	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
is	O
modulated	O
by	O
prediction	O
error	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
N170	B-Algorithm
generally	O
displays	O
right-hemisphere	O
lateralization	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
linked	O
with	O
the	O
structural	O
encoding	O
of	O
faces	O
,	O
hence	O
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
primarily	O
sensitive	O
to	O
faces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
,	O
employing	O
transcranial	O
magnetic	O
stimulation	O
combined	O
with	O
EEG	B-Application
,	O
found	O
that	O
N170	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
modulated	O
by	O
top-down	O
influences	O
from	O
prefrontal	O
cortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
N170	B-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
described	O
by	O
Shlomo	O
Bentin	O
and	O
colleagues	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
who	O
measured	O
ERPs	O
from	O
participants	O
viewing	O
faces	O
and	O
other	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
and	O
VPP	O
can	O
be	O
accounted	O
for	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
dipole	O
arrangement	O
arising	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
neural	O
generators	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
reflect	O
the	O
same	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
studied	O
attributes	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
include	O
manipulations	O
of	O
face	O
inversion	O
,	O
facial	O
race	O
,	O
and	O
emotional	O
expressions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
found	O
that	O
inverted	O
faces	O
increased	O
the	O
latency	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
experiment	O
examining	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
race	O
on	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
's	O
amplitude	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
found	O
that	O
an	O
"	O
Other-Race	O
Effect	O
"	O
was	O
elicited	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
face	O
inversions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
research	O
team	O
devised	O
a	O
N170	B-Algorithm
experiment	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
premise	O
that	O
visual	O
expertise	O
plays	O
a	O
critical	O
role	O
in	O
inversion	O
,	O
hypothesizing	O
that	O
viewers	O
 '	O
greater	O
level	O
of	O
expertise	O
with	O
SR	O
faces	O
(	O
holistic	O
processing	O
)	O
should	O
elicit	O
a	O
stronger	O
FIE	O
compared	O
to	O
OR	O
face	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
recorded	O
EEGs	B-Application
from	O
Western	O
Caucasian	O
and	O
East	O
Asian	O
subjects	O
(	O
two	O
separate	O
groups	O
)	O
who	O
were	O
presented	O
with	O
pictures	O
of	O
Western	O
Caucasian	O
,	O
East	O
Asian	O
and	O
African	O
America	O
faces	O
in	O
upright	O
and	O
inverted	O
orientations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
groups	O
displayed	O
a	O
later	O
N170	B-Algorithm
with	O
larger	O
amplitude	O
(	O
over	O
the	O
right	O
hemisphere	O
)	O
for	O
inverted	O
than	O
upright	O
same-race	O
(	O
SR	O
)	O
faces	O
,	O
but	O
showed	O
no	O
inversion	O
effect	O
for	O
OR	O
and	O
AA	O
photo	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
no	O
race	O
effects	O
were	O
observed	O
in	O
regard	O
to	O
the	O
peak	O
amplitude	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
for	O
upright	O
faces	O
in	O
both	O
groups	O
of	O
participants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
also	O
found	O
no	O
significant	O
latency	O
differences	O
among	O
the	O
races	O
of	O
stimuli	O
,	O
but	O
facial	O
inversion	O
did	O
increase	O
and	O
delay	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
amplitude	O
and	O
onset	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
modulation	O
by	O
inversion	O
and	O
race	O
,	O
emotional	O
expressions	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
a	O
focus	O
of	O
N170	B-Algorithm
face	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
control	O
for	O
low	O
level	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
color	O
and	O
other	O
items	O
that	O
could	O
care	O
meaning	O
,	O
all	O
the	O
scene	O
pictures	O
were	O
scrambled	O
by	O
randomizing	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
across	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
experiment	O
show	O
that	O
emotion	O
effects	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
in	O
which	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
larger	O
(	O
negative	O
)	O
amplitude	O
for	O
faces	O
when	O
they	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
fearful	O
context	O
then	O
when	O
placed	O
in	O
happy	O
or	O
neutral	O
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
left	O
occipito-temporal	O
distributed	O
N170	B-Algorithm
amplitudes	O
were	O
dramatically	O
increased	O
for	O
intact	O
fearful	O
faces	O
when	O
they	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
fearful	O
scene	O
,	O
though	O
levels	O
were	O
not	O
as	O
high	O
when	O
a	O
fearful	O
face	O
was	O
presented	O
in	O
a	O
happy	O
or	O
neutral	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
from	O
a	O
study	O
conducted	O
by	O
Ghuman	O
and	O
colleagues	O
using	O
direct	O
neural	O
recordings	O
from	O
the	O
fusiform	O
face	O
area	O
using	O
electrocorticography	O
showed	O
that	O
while	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
displays	O
a	O
very	O
strong	O
response	O
to	O
faces	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
visual	O
images	O
,	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
sensitive	O
to	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
face	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
results	O
suggest	O
that	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
is	O
important	O
for	O
gist-level	O
processing	O
of	O
faces	O
and	O
face	O
detection	O
,	O
processes	O
which	O
may	O
set	O
the	O
stage	O
for	O
later	O
face	O
individuation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Convergent	O
evidence	O
for	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
this	O
region	O
in	O
face	O
processing	O
came	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
found	O
that	O
a	O
region	O
of	O
the	O
fusiform	O
gyrus	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
fusiform	O
face	O
area	O
"	O
,	O
responded	O
selectively	O
to	O
images	O
of	O
faces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intracranial	O
recordings	O
in	O
humans	O
using	O
electrocorticography	O
provide	O
very	O
strong	O
evidence	O
that	O
the	O
fusiform	O
face	O
area	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
generators	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
,	O
though	O
other	O
regions	O
of	O
the	O
face	O
processing	O
network	O
may	O
also	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
investigation	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
undertaken	O
used	O
ERP	O
source-localization	O
techniques	O
to	O
estimate	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
the	O
neural	O
generator	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
concluded	O
that	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
arose	O
from	O
the	O
posterior	O
superior	O
temporal	O
sulcus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Guillaume	O
Thierry	O
and	O
colleagues	O
presented	O
evidence	O
that	O
called	O
into	O
question	O
the	O
face-specificity	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
earlier	O
experiments	O
found	O
an	O
N170	B-Algorithm
when	O
the	O
response	O
to	O
frontal	O
views	O
of	O
faces	O
was	O
compared	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
other	O
objects	O
that	O
could	O
appear	O
in	O
more	O
variable	O
poses	O
and	O
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarity	O
was	O
measured	O
by	O
calculating	O
the	O
correlation	O
between	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
values	O
in	O
pairs	O
of	O
same-category	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
ERPs	O
were	O
compared	O
for	O
these	O
conditions	O
,	O
they	O
found	O
a	O
typical	O
N170	B-Algorithm
effect	O
in	O
the	O
low-similarity	O
non-face	O
vs.	O
high-similarity	O
face	O
comparison	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
high-similarity	O
non-faces	O
showed	O
a	O
significant	O
N170	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
low-similarity	O
faces	O
did	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
results	O
led	O
the	O
authors	O
to	O
conclude	O
that	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
is	O
actually	O
a	O
measure	O
of	O
stimulus	O
similarity	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
face	O
processing	O
per	O
se	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
Rossion	O
and	O
Jacques	O
measured	O
similarity	O
as	O
above	O
for	O
several	O
object	O
categories	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
previous	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
found	O
that	O
faces	O
elicited	O
a	O
larger	O
N170	B-Algorithm
than	O
other	O
classes	O
of	O
objects	O
that	O
had	O
similar	O
or	O
higher	O
similarity	O
values	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
houses	O
,	O
cars	O
,	O
and	O
shoes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
observed	O
an	O
effect	O
of	O
similarity	O
on	O
the	O
N170	B-Algorithm
,	O
Rossion	O
and	O
Jacques	O
speculate	O
that	O
lower	O
similarity	O
leads	O
to	O
more	O
variance	O
in	O
the	O
latency	O
of	O
the	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
