<s>
The	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
motion-picture	O
camera	O
that	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
traditional	O
animation	O
process	O
that	O
moves	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
pieces	O
of	O
artwork	O
past	O
the	O
camera	O
at	O
various	O
speeds	O
and	O
at	O
various	O
distances	O
from	O
one	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
creates	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
parallax	B-Device
or	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
effect	O
is	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
parallax	B-Device
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
was	O
used	O
by	O
Lotte	O
Reiniger	O
for	O
her	O
animated	O
feature	O
The	O
Adventures	O
of	O
Prince	O
Achmed	O
(	O
1926	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1933	O
,	O
former	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Studios	O
animator/director	O
Ub	O
Iwerks	O
invented	O
the	O
first	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
using	O
movable	O
layers	O
of	O
flat	O
artwork	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
a	O
horizontal	O
camera	O
using	O
parts	O
from	O
an	O
old	O
Chevrolet	O
automobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
was	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
Iwerks	O
Studio	O
's	O
Willie	O
Whopper	O
and	O
Comicolor	O
cartoons	O
of	O
the	O
mid-1930s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
famous	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
by	O
William	O
Garity	O
for	O
the	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Studios	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
Snow	O
White	O
and	O
the	O
Seven	O
Dwarfs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disney	O
's	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
used	O
up	O
to	O
seven	O
layers	O
of	O
artwork	O
(	O
painted	O
in	O
oils	O
on	O
glass	O
)	O
shot	O
under	O
a	O
vertical	O
and	O
moveable	O
camera	O
set	O
for	O
successive	O
frame	O
Technicolor	O
,	O
allowed	O
for	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
uses	O
than	O
the	O
Iwerks	O
or	O
Fleischer	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
senior	O
Disney	O
executive	O
Card	O
Walker	O
rose	O
in	O
the	O
company	O
from	O
the	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
department	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1930s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
was	O
featured	O
prominently	O
in	O
Disney	O
films	O
such	O
as	O
Pinocchio	O
,	O
Fantasia	O
,	O
Bambi	O
,	O
The	O
Adventures	O
of	O
Ichabod	O
and	O
Mr.	O
Toad	O
,	O
Cinderella	O
,	O
Alice	O
in	O
Wonderland	O
,	O
Peter	O
Pan	O
,	O
Sleeping	O
Beauty	O
and	O
The	O
Jungle	O
Book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Little	O
Mermaid	O
was	O
the	O
final	O
Disney	O
film	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
though	O
the	O
work	O
was	O
done	O
by	O
an	O
outside	O
facility	O
as	O
Disney	O
's	O
cameras	O
were	O
not	O
functional	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
was	O
made	O
obsolete	O
by	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
digital	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
"	O
feature	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
CAPS	O
process	O
used	O
for	O
subsequent	O
Disney	O
films	O
and	O
in	O
other	O
computer	O
animation	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
original	O
Disney	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
survive	O
:	O
one	O
at	O
The	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Studios	O
,	O
Burbank	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
one	O
at	O
the	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Family	O
Museum	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
in	O
the	O
Art	O
of	O
Disney	O
Animation	O
attraction	O
at	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Studios	O
Park	O
in	O
Disneyland	O
Paris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
animators	O
found	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
convincing	O
tracking	O
shot	O
that	O
kept	O
perspective	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
a	O
moon	O
of	O
constant	O
size	O
in	O
distant	O
background	O
)	O
by	O
using	O
traditional	O
animation	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
answered	O
this	O
problem	O
by	O
creating	O
a	O
realistic	O
sense	O
of	O
three	O
dimensional	O
depth	O
in	O
a	O
cartoon	O
setting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
multiplane	B-Algorithm
also	O
made	O
possible	O
new	O
and	O
versatile	O
types	O
of	O
in-camera	O
special	O
effects	O
for	O
animated	O
films	O
using	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
3D	O
practical	O
elements/mock	O
-ups	O
in	O
foreground	O
,	O
filters	O
and	O
planar	O
lighting	O
,	O
distortion	O
glass	O
and	O
reflections	O
,	O
to	O
achieve	O
naturalistic	O
moving	O
water	O
,	O
flickering	O
light	O
and	O
other	O
subtle	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
