<s>
Multi-licensing	B-License
is	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
distributing	O
software	O
under	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
different	O
sets	O
of	O
terms	O
and	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
may	O
mean	O
multiple	O
different	O
software	B-License
licenses	I-License
or	O
sets	O
of	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
dual-licensed	B-License
for	O
software	O
licensed	O
under	O
two	O
different	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
usual	O
motivations	O
for	O
multi-licensing	B-License
are	O
license	B-License
compatibility	O
and	O
market	O
segregation	O
based	O
business	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-licensing	B-License
is	O
commonly	O
done	O
to	O
support	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
business	O
models	O
in	O
a	O
commercial	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
scenario	O
,	O
one	O
option	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
license	I-Application
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
creating	O
proprietary	B-Application
applications	I-Application
derived	O
from	O
it	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
other	O
license	B-License
is	O
a	O
copyleft	B-License
free	O
software/open	O
-source	O
license	B-License
,	O
thus	O
requiring	O
any	O
derived	O
work	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
same	O
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
copyright	O
holder	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
then	O
typically	O
provides	O
the	O
free	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
at	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
cost	O
,	O
and	O
profits	O
by	O
selling	O
proprietary	B-Application
licenses	I-Application
to	O
commercial	O
operations	O
looking	O
to	O
incorporate	O
the	O
software	O
into	O
their	O
own	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
model	O
can	O
be	O
compared	O
to	O
shareware	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Confusion	O
may	O
arise	O
when	O
a	O
person	O
outside	O
the	O
company	O
creates	O
additional	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
less	O
restrictive	O
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
may	O
require	O
outside	O
developers	O
agree	O
to	O
a	O
contributor	O
license	B-License
agreement	O
before	O
accepting	O
their	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
official	O
code-base	O
and	O
source	O
code	O
repositories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi	O
licensing	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
copyright	O
holders	O
of	O
some	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
packages	O
advertising	O
their	O
willingness	O
to	O
distribute	O
using	O
both	O
a	O
copyleft	B-License
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
and	O
a	O
non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
license	B-License
typically	O
offers	O
users	O
the	O
software	O
as	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
or	O
offers	O
third	O
parties	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
without	O
copyleft	B-License
provisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
licensing	O
allows	O
the	O
holder	O
to	O
offer	O
customizations	O
and	O
early	O
releases	O
,	O
generate	O
other	O
derivative	O
works	O
or	O
grant	O
rights	O
to	O
third	O
parties	O
to	O
redistribute	O
proprietary	B-Application
versions	O
all	O
while	O
offering	O
everyone	O
a	O
free	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharing	O
the	O
package	O
as	O
copyleft	B-License
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
benefit	O
the	O
copyright	O
holder	O
by	O
receiving	O
contributions	O
from	O
users	O
and	O
hackers	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
contributions	O
can	O
be	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
a	O
dedicated	O
user	O
community	O
,	O
word	O
of	O
mouth	O
marketing	O
or	O
modifications	O
that	O
are	O
made	O
available	O
as	O
stipulated	O
by	O
a	O
copyleft	B-License
license	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
copyright	O
holder	O
's	O
commitment	O
to	O
elude	O
copyleft	B-License
provisions	O
and	O
advertise	O
proprietary	B-Application
redistributions	O
risks	O
losing	O
confidence	O
and	O
support	O
from	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
multi-licensed	O
software	O
include	O
Oracle	B-Application
's	O
NetBeans	B-Application
IDE	I-Application
,	O
MySQL	B-Application
AB	O
's	O
database	O
,	O
Asterisk	B-Language
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
's	O
Berkeley	B-Language
DB	I-Language
,	O
Modelio	B-Language
,	O
ZeroC	O
's	O
Ice	B-Operating_System
,	O
Magnolia	B-Language
CMS	I-Language
,	O
JUCE	B-Language
,	O
wolfSSL	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Qt	B-Language
Software	I-Language
's	O
Qt	B-Language
development	O
toolkit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Description	O
on	O
one	O
specific	O
example	O
to	O
illustrate	O
multi-licensing	B-License
:	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
MySQL	B-Application
comes	O
in	O
various	O
editions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
MySQL	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
is	O
a	O
commercial	O
edition	O
,	O
hence	O
to	O
be	O
purchased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
license	B-License
is	O
only	O
offered	O
as	O
a	O
subscription	O
,	O
named	O
MySQL	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
Subscription	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
applies	O
for	O
MySQL	B-Application
Standard	O
Edition	O
(	O
MySQL	B-Application
Standard	O
Edition	O
Subscription	O
)	O
and	O
MySQL	B-Application
Cluster	O
CGE	O
(	O
MySQL	B-Application
Cluster	O
Carrier	O
Grade	O
Edition	O
Subscription	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
editions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
MySQL	B-Application
Classic	O
Edition	O
or	O
MySQL	B-Application
Community	B-License
Edition	I-License
,	O
are	O
free	O
to	O
use	O
with	O
some	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
MySQL	B-Application
Community	B-License
Edition	I-License
is	O
a	O
freely	O
downloadable	O
version	O
,	O
available	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
and	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
a	O
community	O
of	O
open	O
source	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
then	O
CEO	O
Mårten	O
Mikos	O
of	O
MySQL	B-Application
said	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
,	O
the	O
community	O
of	O
multi-license	B-License
software	O
as	O
a	O
rule	O
includes	O
employees	O
of	O
the	O
code-owning	O
firm	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
strategic	O
partners	O
that	O
have	O
vested	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Governance	O
models	O
of	O
dual-licensed	B-License
OSS	B-Application
editions	O
may	O
therefore	O
display	O
a	O
tendency	O
towards	O
commercial	O
bias	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Berdal	O
demonstrated	O
through	O
a	O
case	O
study	O
of	O
SugarCRM	B-Operating_System
,	O
this	O
commercial	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
COSS	O
)	O
business	O
model	O
can	O
trigger	O
substantial	O
friction	O
points	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
eventually	O
lead	O
to	O
pure	O
open	O
source	O
forks	B-Application
(	O
table	O
adapted	O
from	O
Berdal	O
,	O
Table	O
3	O
,	O
page	O
75	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Friction	O
point	O
COSS/SugarCRM	O
perspectives	O
Opposing	O
FOSS	B-License
perspectives	O
Copyright	O
assignment	O
Precondition	O
for	O
dual	B-License
licensing	I-License
,	O
without	O
which	O
the	O
business	O
model	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
commercially	O
sustainable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
purists	O
:	O
“	O
Immoral	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Withholding	O
of	O
value	O
driving	O
functionality	O
from	O
Sugar	O
CE	O
1	O
)	O
Pre-emptive	O
competitive	O
advantage	O
against	O
OSS	B-Application
clones	O
,	O
2	O
)	O
wider	O
scope	O
for	O
price	O
discrimination	O
and	O
product	O
differentiation	O
for	O
commercial	O
editions	O
,	O
and	O
3	O
)	O
stronger	O
incentives	O
for	O
Sugar	O
CE	O
users	O
to	O
migrate	O
to	O
a	O
commercial	O
edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disincentive	O
to	O
contribute	O
because	O
of	O
lacking	O
assurances	O
against	O
potentially	O
exclusive	O
proprietary	B-Application
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Powered	O
by	O
SugarCRM	B-Operating_System
"	O
logo	O
1	O
)	O
Official	O
stance	O
:	O
Legitimate	O
author	O
attribution	O
in	O
recognition	O
of	O
invested	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
confirmed	O
,	O
but	O
highly	O
plausible	O
:	O
2	O
)	O
brand	O
promotion	O
,	O
and	O
3	O
)	O
thwart	O
forking	B-Application
attempts	O
/	O
stifle	O
unsolicited	O
external	O
code	O
reuse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Badgeware	B-License
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Violation	O
of	O
basic	O
FOSS	B-License
principles	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
SugarCRM	B-Operating_System
Trademark	O
Policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2	O
)	O
Speculative	O
:	O
Diminish	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
FOSS	B-License
enthusiasts	O
and	O
vigilantes	O
,	O
who	O
could	O
interfere	O
with	O
a	O
commercially	O
guided	O
development	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preferential	O
treatment	O
of	O
commercially	O
affiliated	O
community	O
constituents	O
and	O
third	O
parties	O
Reasonable	O
supplementary	O
approach	O
of	O
differentiation	O
to	O
utilize	O
and	O
enhance	O
commercially	O
vested	O
interests	O
in	O
SugarCRM	B-Operating_System
’s	O
product	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
after	O
these	O
friction	O
points	O
were	O
observed	O
,	O
a	O
new	B-Application
fork	I-Application
of	O
the	O
SugarCRM	B-Operating_System
Community	B-License
Edition	I-License
was	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
use	O
of	O
multi-licensing	B-License
with	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
for	O
license	B-License
compatibility	O
,	O
allowing	O
code	O
from	O
differently	O
licensed	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
projects	O
to	O
be	O
combined	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
provide	O
users	O
the	O
preference	O
to	O
pick	O
a	O
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
of	O
Mozilla	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Suite	I-Language
and	O
previously	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Thunderbird	I-Application
and	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
,	O
that	O
have	O
used	O
tri-licensing	O
under	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
MPL	O
)	O
1.1	O
,	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
2.0	O
or	O
GNU	B-Application
Lesser	I-Application
General	I-Application
Public	I-Application
License	I-Application
(	O
LGPL	B-Application
)	O
2.1	O
before	O
the	O
latter	O
upgraded	O
to	O
GPL-compatible	O
MPL	B-License
2.0	I-License
,	O
making	O
the	O
tri-licensing	O
unnecessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
are	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
which	O
is	O
dual-licensed	B-License
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
or	O
Artistic	B-License
License	I-License
,	O
and	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
whose	O
license	B-License
contains	O
explicit	O
GPL	B-License
dual	B-License
licensing	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-licensing	B-License
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
distributors	O
of	O
non-free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
this	O
is	O
done	O
to	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
to	O
segregate	O
a	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
among	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
companies	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
common	O
to	O
release	O
a	O
"	O
home	O
edition	O
"	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
professional	O
edition	O
"	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
product	O
,	O
which	O
differ	O
by	O
the	O
software	O
and	O
software	O
features	O
included	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
the	O
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
