<s>
A	O
movie	B-Application
camera	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
film	B-Application
camera	I-Application
and	O
cine-camera	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
photographic	O
camera	O
that	O
rapidly	O
takes	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
photographs	O
,	O
either	O
onto	O
film	O
stock	O
or	O
an	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
moving	O
image	O
to	O
display	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
still	O
camera	O
,	O
which	O
captures	O
a	O
single	O
image	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
movie	B-Application
camera	I-Application
takes	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
images	O
by	O
way	O
of	O
an	O
intermittent	O
mechanism	O
or	O
by	O
electronic	O
means	O
;	O
each	O
image	O
is	O
a	O
frame	O
of	O
film	O
or	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frames	O
are	O
projected	O
through	O
a	O
movie	B-Application
projector	I-Application
or	O
a	O
video	B-Device
projector	I-Device
at	O
a	O
specific	O
frame	O
rate	O
(	O
number	O
of	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
)	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
moving	O
picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
interesting	O
forerunner	O
to	O
the	O
movie	B-Application
camera	I-Application
was	O
the	O
machine	O
invented	O
by	O
Francis	O
Ronalds	O
at	O
the	O
Kew	O
Observatory	O
in	O
1845	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chronophotographic	B-Algorithm
gun	I-Algorithm
was	O
invented	O
in	O
1882	O
by	O
Étienne-Jules	O
Marey	O
,	O
a	O
French	O
scientist	O
and	O
chronophotographer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
film	B-Application
camera	I-Application
was	O
designed	O
in	O
England	O
by	O
Frenchman	O
Louis	O
Le	O
Prince	O
in	O
1888	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
said	O
he	O
attempted	O
using	O
experimental	O
celluloid	B-Language
,	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
Alexander	O
Parkes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
model	O
,	O
built	O
in	O
1890	O
,	O
used	O
rolls	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
Eastman	O
celluloid	B-Language
film	O
,	O
which	O
he	O
had	O
perforated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
used	O
paper	O
film	O
35	O
millimeters	O
wide	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
1895	O
,	O
the	O
Lumière	O
brothers	O
shifted	O
to	O
celluloid	B-Language
film	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
bought	O
from	O
New-York	O
'	O
s	O
Celluloid	B-Language
Manufacturing	O
Co	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Le	O
Prince	O
,	O
Friese-Greene	O
,	O
Edison	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Lumière	O
brothers	O
,	O
the	O
movie	B-Application
camera	I-Application
had	O
become	O
a	O
practical	O
reality	O
by	O
the	O
mid-1890s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
firms	O
were	O
soon	O
established	O
for	O
the	O
manufacture	O
of	O
movie	B-Application
camera	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Birt	O
Acres	O
,	O
Eugene	O
Augustin	O
Lauste	O
,	O
Dickson	O
,	O
Pathé	O
frères	O
,	O
Prestwich	O
,	O
Newman	O
&	O
Guardia	O
,	O
de	O
Bedts	O
,	O
Gaumont-Démény	O
,	O
Schneider	O
,	O
Schimpf	O
,	O
Akeley	O
,	O
Debrie	O
,	O
Bell	O
&	O
Howell	O
,	O
Leonard-Mitchell	O
,	O
Ertel	O
,	O
Ernemann	O
,	O
Eclair	O
,	O
Stachow	O
,	O
Universal	O
,	O
Institute	O
,	O
Wall	O
,	O
Lytax	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aeroscope	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
successful	O
hand-held	O
operated	O
film	B-Application
camera	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
all-metal	O
cine	B-Application
camera	I-Application
was	O
the	O
Bell	O
&	O
Howell	O
Standard	O
of	O
1911-12	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
movie	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
do	O
not	O
use	O
analog	O
film	O
stock	O
to	O
capture	O
images	O
,	O
as	O
had	O
been	O
the	O
standard	O
since	O
the	O
1890s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
,	O
an	O
electronic	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
is	O
employed	O
and	O
the	O
images	O
are	O
typically	O
recorded	O
on	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
or	O
flash	O
memoryusing	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
acquisition	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
SLR	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
(	O
DSLR	B-Device
)	O
designed	O
for	O
consumer	O
use	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
some	O
low-budget	O
independent	O
productions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
movie	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
become	O
the	O
dominant	O
type	O
of	O
camera	O
in	O
the	O
motion	O
picture	O
industry	O
,	O
being	O
employed	O
in	O
film	O
,	O
television	O
productions	O
and	O
even	O
(	O
to	O
a	O
lesser	O
extent	O
)	O
video	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
movie	O
director	O
Martin	O
Scorsese	O
started	O
the	O
non-profit	O
organisation	O
The	O
Film	O
Foundation	O
to	O
preserve	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
film	O
in	O
movie	O
makingas	O
many	O
filmmakers	O
feel	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
do	O
not	O
convey	O
the	O
depth	O
or	O
emotion	O
that	O
motion-picture	O
film	O
does	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
optical	O
and	O
mechanical	O
elements	O
of	O
a	O
movie	B-Application
camera	I-Application
are	O
also	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
movie	B-Application
projector	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NTSC	O
video	O
(	O
common	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
and	O
Japan	O
)	O
plays	O
at	O
29.97	O
frame/s	O
;	O
PAL	B-Language
(	O
common	O
in	O
most	O
other	O
countries	O
)	O
plays	O
at	O
25	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
do	O
not	O
record	O
sound	O
internally	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
the	O
sound	O
is	O
captured	O
separately	O
by	O
a	O
precision	O
audio	O
device	O
(	O
see	O
double-system	O
recording	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
exceptions	O
to	O
this	O
are	O
the	O
single-system	O
news	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
,	O
which	O
had	O
either	O
an	O
optical	O
—	O
or	O
later	O
—	O
magnetic	O
recording	O
head	O
inside	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Movie	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
were	O
available	O
before	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
often	O
using	O
the	O
9.5	O
mm	O
film	O
format	O
or	O
16	O
mm	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
movie	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
had	O
an	O
upsurge	O
in	O
popularity	O
in	O
the	O
immediate	O
post-war	O
period	O
giving	O
rise	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
home	O
movies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
extremely	O
compact	O
35mm	O
movie	B-Application
camera	I-Application
Kinamo	O
was	O
designed	O
by	O
Emanuel	O
Goldberg	O
for	O
amateur	O
and	O
semi-professional	O
movies	O
in	O
1921	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1960s	O
a	O
new	O
film	O
format	O
,	O
Super8	O
,	O
coincided	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
battery-operated	O
electric	O
movie	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
.	O
</s>
