<s>
Moulage	B-Application
may	O
be	O
as	O
simple	O
as	O
applying	O
pre-made	O
rubber	O
or	O
latex	B-Application
"	O
wounds	O
"	O
to	O
a	O
healthy	O
"	O
patient	O
's	O
"	O
limbs	O
,	O
chest	O
,	O
head	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
or	O
as	O
complex	O
as	O
using	O
makeup	O
and	O
theatre	O
techniques	O
to	O
provide	O
elements	O
of	O
realism	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
blood	O
,	O
vomitus	O
,	O
open	B-Application
fractures	I-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
practice	O
dates	O
to	O
at	O
least	O
the	O
Renaissance	B-Application
,	O
when	O
wax	O
figures	O
were	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Germany	O
some	O
universities	O
and	O
hospitals	O
use	O
their	O
historical	O
moulage	B-Application
collections	O
for	O
the	O
training	O
of	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moulages	B-Application
were	O
made	O
for	O
the	O
education	O
of	O
dermatologists	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
but	O
were	O
eventually	O
replaced	O
by	O
color	O
slides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modeling	O
of	O
the	O
soft	O
parts	O
of	O
dissections	O
,	O
teaching	O
illustrations	O
of	O
anatomy	O
,	O
was	O
first	O
practiced	O
at	O
Florence	O
during	O
the	O
Renaissance	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
practice	O
of	O
moulage	B-Application
,	O
or	O
the	O
depiction	O
of	O
human	O
anatomy	O
and	O
different	O
diseases	O
taken	O
from	O
directly	O
casting	O
from	O
the	O
body	O
using	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
period	O
)	O
gelatine	O
moulds	O
,	O
later	O
alginate	O
or	O
silicone	O
moulds	O
,	O
used	O
wax	O
as	O
its	O
primary	O
material	O
(	O
later	O
to	O
be	O
replaced	O
by	O
latex	B-Application
and	O
rubber	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
moulages	B-Application
were	O
directly	O
cast	O
from	O
the	O
bodies	O
of	O
diseased	O
subjects	O
,	O
others	O
from	O
healthy	O
subjects	O
to	O
which	O
disease	O
features	O
(	O
blisters	O
,	O
sores	O
,	O
growths	O
,	O
rashes	O
)	O
were	O
skilfully	O
applied	O
with	O
wax	O
and	O
pigments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
19th	O
century	O
,	O
moulage	B-Application
evolved	O
into	O
three-dimensional	O
,	O
realistic	O
representations	O
of	O
diseased	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comprehensive	O
book	O
monograph	O
on	O
moulages	B-Application
is	O
"	O
Diseases	O
in	O
Wax	O
:	O
the	O
History	O
of	O
Medical	O
Moulage	B-Application
"	O
by	O
Thomas	O
Schnalke	O
(	O
Author	O
)	O
the	O
director	O
of	O
the	O
Charite	O
Museum	O
and	O
Kathy	O
Spatschek	O
(	O
Translator	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
19th	O
century	O
moulage	B-Application
was	O
taken	O
of	O
medical	O
patients	O
for	O
educational	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moulage	B-Application
has	O
evolved	O
dramatically	O
since	O
its	O
original	O
intent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
modern	O
terms	O
,	O
the	O
word	O
moulage	B-Application
refers	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
special	O
effects	O
makeup	O
(	O
SPFX	O
)	O
and	O
casting	O
or	O
moulding	O
techniques	O
that	O
replicate	O
illnesses	O
or	O
wounds	O
"	O
in	O
simulation	O
based	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
illness	O
and	O
injury	O
effects	O
are	O
applied	O
to	O
training	O
manikins	O
or	O
simulated	B-Application
or	I-Application
standardized	I-Application
patients	I-Application
for	O
training	O
or	O
other	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
moulage	B-Application
in	O
simulation	O
improves	O
realism	O
or	O
participant	O
buy-in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moulage	B-Application
is	O
an	O
emerging	O
field	O
of	O
research	O
for	O
paramedicine	O
,	O
radiography	O
and	O
medical	O
education	O
,	O
with	O
researchers	O
exploring	O
how	O
moulage	B-Application
contributes	O
to	O
learning	O
in	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Military	O
training	O
utilises	O
highly-authentic	O
moulage	B-Application
techniques	O
to	O
desensitise	O
to	O
graphic	O
wounds	O
,	O
prepare	O
for	O
battle	O
,	O
and	O
treat	O
injuries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
advancements	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
include	O
using	O
tattooed	O
injuries	O
and	O
moulage	B-Application
through	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
level	O
of	O
authenticity	O
required	O
for	O
moulage	B-Application
remains	O
unclear	O
.	O
</s>
