<s>
A	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
or	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
mechanism	O
that	O
creates	O
the	O
feelings	O
of	O
being	O
in	O
a	O
real	O
motion	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
can	O
provide	O
movement	O
in	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
six	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
(	O
DOF	O
)	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
experienced	O
by	O
an	O
object	O
that	O
is	O
free	O
to	O
move	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
aircraft	O
or	O
spacecraft	O
:	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
simulators	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
classified	O
according	O
to	O
whether	O
the	O
occupant	O
is	O
controlling	O
the	O
vehicle(such as in a Flight Simulator for training pilots )	O
,	O
or	O
whether	O
the	O
occupant	O
is	O
a	O
passive	O
rider	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
simulator	B-Application
ride	I-Application
or	O
motion	O
theater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
occupant-controlled	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulators	I-General_Concept
are	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
,	O
driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
,	O
and	O
hydraulic	O
arcade	O
cabinets	O
for	O
racing	O
games	O
and	O
other	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
passive	O
ride	O
simulators	O
are	O
theme	B-Application
park	I-Application
rides	O
where	O
an	O
entire	O
theater	O
system	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
projection	O
screen	O
sit	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
riders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
base	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
portable	O
as	O
with	O
the	O
enhanced	O
motion	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
Simulator	B-Application
ride	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Ride	O
simulator	O
section	O
of	O
this	O
article	O
for	O
more	O
details	O
on	O
passive	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulators	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
for	O
aircraft	O
simulators	O
are	O
at	O
the	O
high	O
end	O
,	O
plus	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
expensive	O
amusement	O
park	O
rides	O
that	O
use	O
a	O
simulator-type	O
motion	O
base	O
;	O
arcade	O
amusement	O
devices	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
,	O
and	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
for	O
home	O
use	O
are	O
low-cost	O
but	O
not	O
as	O
capable	O
of	O
the	O
higher-level	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
in	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
used	O
to	O
train	O
pilots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Sanders	O
Teacher	O
,	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
1910	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1929	O
a	O
significant	O
advance	O
in	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
technology	O
was	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
patent	O
by	O
Edwin	O
Link	O
for	O
what	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Link	O
Trainer	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1958	O
a	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Comet	O
4	O
aircraft	O
used	O
a	O
three-degrees-of-freedom	O
hydraulic	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simulator	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
today	O
use	O
6	O
jacks	O
(	O
"	O
Hexapods	O
"	O
)	O
giving	O
all	O
six	O
degrees-of-freedom	O
,	O
the	O
three	O
rotations	O
pitch	O
,	O
roll	O
and	O
yaw	O
,	O
plus	O
the	O
three	O
translational	O
movements	O
heave	O
(	O
up	O
and	O
down	O
)	O
,	O
sway	O
(	O
sideways	O
)	O
and	O
surge	O
(	O
longitudinal	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
together	O
with	O
OTW	O
imagery	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
:	O
flight	O
simulation	O
,	O
driving	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
,	O
amusement	O
rides	O
,	O
and	O
small	O
home-based	O
simulators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
in	O
military	O
and	O
commercial	O
flight	O
instruction	O
training	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
entertainment	O
devices	O
in	O
theme	B-Application
parks	I-Application
,	O
with	O
users	O
from	O
single	O
people	O
to	O
many	O
,	O
seated	O
in	O
rows	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
screens	O
in	O
which	O
pictures	O
are	O
projected	O
,	O
synchronised	O
with	O
motions	O
from	O
the	O
platform	O
under	O
the	O
simulator	O
cab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
for	O
training	O
pilots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
middle	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	O
includes	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
in	O
arcade	O
amusement	O
games	O
,	O
rides	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
arrangements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
the	O
space	O
requirements	O
for	O
such	O
a	O
platform	O
are	O
modest	O
requiring	O
only	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
an	O
arcade	O
room	O
and	O
a	O
smaller	O
range	O
of	O
motion	O
is	O
provided	O
via	O
similar	O
,	O
less	O
expensive	O
,	O
control	B-Algorithm
systems	I-Algorithm
than	O
the	O
high-end	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
a	O
trend	O
for	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
to	O
use	O
hydraulic	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
arcade	O
cabinets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
's	O
first	O
game	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cabinet	O
was	O
Space	O
Tactics	O
(	O
1981	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
space	O
combat	O
simulator	O
that	O
had	O
a	O
cockpit	O
cabinet	O
where	O
the	O
screen	O
moved	O
in	O
sync	O
with	O
the	O
on-screen	O
action	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
taikan	O
"	O
trend	O
later	O
began	O
when	O
Yu	O
Suzuki	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Sega	O
(	O
later	O
known	O
as	O
Sega	O
AM2	O
)	O
developed	O
Hang-On	B-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
racing	O
video	O
game	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
sits	O
on	O
and	O
moves	O
a	O
motorbike	O
replica	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
in-game	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Suzuki	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Sega	O
followed	O
it	O
with	O
hydraulic	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cockpit	O
cabinets	O
for	O
rail	O
shooters	O
such	O
as	O
Space	B-Application
Harrier	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
racing	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Out	B-Application
Run	I-Application
(	O
1986	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
combat	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
such	O
as	O
After	B-Application
Burner	I-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
and	O
G-LOC	B-Application
:	I-Application
Air	I-Application
Battle	I-Application
(	O
1990	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
sophisticated	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cabinets	O
in	O
arcades	O
was	O
Sega	O
's	O
R360	B-Application
(	O
1990	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
simulated	O
the	O
full	O
360-degree	O
rotation	O
of	O
an	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
have	O
since	O
continued	O
to	O
manufacture	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cabinets	O
for	O
arcade	O
games	O
through	O
to	O
the	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lower-cost	O
systems	O
include	O
home-based	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
have	O
recently	O
become	O
a	O
more	O
common	O
device	O
used	O
to	O
enhance	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
simulation	O
,	O
and	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
increased	O
market	O
interest	O
in	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
for	O
more	O
personal	O
,	O
in-home	O
,	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
of	O
these	O
motion	O
systems	O
extends	O
beyond	O
just	O
flight	O
training	O
simulation	O
into	O
a	O
larger	O
market	O
of	O
more	O
generalized	O
"	O
craft-oriented	O
"	O
simulation	O
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
and	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
engineering	O
for	O
analysis	O
and	O
verification	O
of	O
vehicle	O
performance	O
and	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
are	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
aircraft	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
test	O
new	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
simulators	I-General_Concept
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
in	O
theme	B-Application
parks	I-Application
or	O
amusement	O
parks	O
to	O
give	O
the	O
park	O
guests	O
a	O
simulation	O
of	O
flight	O
or	O
other	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Star	O
Tours	O
:	O
The	O
Adventures	O
Continue	O
,	O
located	O
at	O
Disneyland	O
and	O
other	O
Disney	O
theme	B-Application
parks	I-Application
,	O
use	O
purpose-modified	O
military	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
known	O
as	O
Advanced	O
Technology	O
Leisure	O
Application	O
Simulators	O
(	O
ATLAS	O
)	O
to	O
simulate	O
a	O
flight	O
through	O
outer	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nemo	O
&	O
Friends	O
SeaRider	O
is	O
a	O
simulator	B-Application
ride	I-Application
at	O
Tokyo	O
DisneySea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
"	O
Klingon	O
Encounter	O
"	O
culminated	O
with	O
a	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
,	O
6	O
degrees-of-freedom	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
ride	O
including	O
associated	O
space	O
battle	O
movie	O
footage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Back	O
to	O
the	O
Future	O
:	O
The	O
Ride	O
,	O
a	O
simulator	B-Application
ride	I-Application
based	O
on	O
the	O
Back	O
to	O
the	O
Future	O
film	O
series	O
,	O
was	O
located	O
at	O
Universal	O
Studios	O
Florida	O
,	O
Universal	O
Studios	O
Hollywood	O
and	O
Universal	O
Studios	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
replaced	O
at	O
the	O
Florida	O
and	O
Hollywood	O
parks	O
by	O
another	O
simulator	B-Application
ride	I-Application
,	O
The	O
Simpsons	O
Ride	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jimmy	O
Neutron	O
's	O
Nicktoon	O
Blast	O
(	O
now	O
closed	O
)	O
was	O
located	O
at	O
the	O
Universal	O
Studios	O
Florida	O
theme	B-Application
park	I-Application
where	O
The	O
Funtastic	O
World	O
of	O
Hanna-Barbera	O
had	O
been	O
located	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Air	O
and	O
Space	O
Museum	O
in	O
Washington	O
,	O
D.C.	O
,	O
houses	O
a	O
gallery	O
full	O
of	O
two-seat	O
interactive	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
doing	O
360-degree	O
barrel	O
rolls	O
in	O
air	O
combat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Europe	O
in	O
the	O
Air	O
,	O
a	O
simulator	B-Application
ride	I-Application
located	O
in	O
Busch	O
Gardens	O
Williamsburg	O
,	O
uses	O
a	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
,	O
high-definition	O
footage	O
,	O
and	O
wind	O
effects	O
to	O
simulate	O
flight	O
over	O
Europe	O
's	O
notable	O
icons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
game	O
controllers	O
designed	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
have	O
employed	O
haptic	B-Device
technology	I-Device
to	O
provide	O
realtime	O
,	O
tactile	O
feedback	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
vibration	O
from	O
the	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
takes	O
the	O
next	O
step	O
by	O
providing	O
the	O
player	O
full-body	O
tactile	O
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
permit	O
a	O
more	O
stimulative	O
and	O
potentially	O
realistic	O
gaming	O
experience	O
,	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
even	O
greater	O
physical	O
correlation	O
to	O
sight	O
and	O
sound	O
in	O
game	O
play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
simulator	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
,	O
after	O
an	O
initial	O
acceleration	O
is	O
produced	O
,	O
the	O
platform	O
is	O
re-set	O
to	O
a	O
neutral	O
position	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
below	O
human	O
motion	O
threshold	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
subject	O
does	O
not	O
detect	O
the	O
so-called	O
"	O
wash	O
out	O
"	O
phase	O
of	O
simulator	O
motion	O
cueing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
so-called	O
"	O
acceleration	O
onset	O
cueing	O
"	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
aspect	O
in	O
simulators	O
with	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
and	O
models	O
the	O
way	O
humans	O
feel	O
motions	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
discussed	O
in	O
the	O
preceding	O
“	O
Proprioceptors	O
”	O
section	O
,	O
this	O
allows	O
simulator	O
motion	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
washed	O
out	O
"	O
below	O
threshold	O
,	O
ready	O
for	O
the	O
next	O
acceleration	O
to	O
be	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
and	O
sensed	O
by	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
the	O
simulator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
human	O
eye	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
source	O
of	O
information	O
in	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulation	I-General_Concept
where	O
a	O
high	O
resolution	O
picture	O
is	O
available	O
such	O
as	O
by	O
day	O
in	O
good	O
visibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
essential	O
for	O
realistic	O
simulation	O
that	O
cues	O
from	O
a	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
(	O
if	O
fitted	O
)	O
works	O
in	O
synchronization	O
to	O
the	O
external	O
visual	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Values	O
of	O
have	O
been	O
reported	O
for	O
pitch	O
and	O
roll	O
accelerations	O
in	O
a	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
are	O
an	O
important	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
as	O
they	O
allow	O
motion	O
systems	O
,	O
with	O
their	O
limited	O
range	O
of	O
motion	O
,	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
vehicle	O
dynamics	O
being	O
simulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
human	O
vestibular	O
system	O
automatically	O
re-centers	O
itself	O
during	O
steady	O
motions	O
,	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
to	O
suppress	O
unnecessary	O
low-frequency	O
signals	O
while	O
returning	O
the	O
simulator	O
back	O
to	O
a	O
neutral	O
position	O
at	O
accelerations	O
below	O
the	O
threshold	O
of	O
human	O
perception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
pilot	O
in	O
a	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
may	O
execute	O
a	O
steady	O
,	O
level	O
turn	O
for	O
an	O
extended	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
which	O
would	O
require	O
the	O
system	O
stay	O
at	O
the	O
associated	O
bank	O
angle	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
allows	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
slowly	O
move	O
back	O
to	O
an	O
equilibrium	O
position	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
below	O
the	O
threshold	O
which	O
the	O
pilot	O
can	O
detect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
common	O
types	O
of	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
include	O
classical	O
,	O
adaptive	O
and	O
optimal	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
classical	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
comprises	O
linear	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
and	O
high-pass	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-pass	O
filters	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
simulating	O
transient	O
translational	O
and	O
rotational	O
accelerations	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
to	O
simulate	O
sustaining	O
accelerations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
adaptive	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
uses	O
the	O
classical	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
scheme	O
,	O
but	O
utilizes	O
a	O
self-tuning	O
mechanism	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
featured	O
with	O
the	O
classical	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
the	O
optimal	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
takes	O
into	O
account	O
models	O
for	O
vestibular	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
classical	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
is	O
simply	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
high-pass	O
and	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
;	O
thus	O
,	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
filter	O
is	O
compatibly	O
easy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
inputs	O
to	O
the	O
classical	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
are	O
vehicle-specific	O
forces	O
and	O
angular	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
identify	O
the	O
tilt	O
of	O
the	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
tilt	O
mechanism	O
first	O
supplies	O
the	O
low-frequency	O
component	O
of	O
force	O
for	O
rotation	O
calculation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
to	O
find	O
position	O
,	O
the	O
low-pass	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
(	O
in	O
a	O
continuous-time	O
setting	O
)	O
is	O
represented	O
in	O
the	O
s-domain	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
transfer	O
function	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
present	O
practice	O
for	O
empirically	O
determining	O
the	O
parameters	O
within	O
the	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
trial	O
and	O
error	O
subjective	O
tuning	O
process	O
whereby	O
a	O
skilled	O
evaluation	O
pilot	O
flies	O
predetermined	O
maneuvers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
each	O
flight	O
the	O
pilot	O
's	O
impression	O
of	O
the	O
motion	O
is	O
communicated	O
to	O
a	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
expert	O
who	O
then	O
adjusts	O
the	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
coefficients	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
satisfy	O
the	O
pilot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
an	O
Adaptive	O
and	O
an	O
Optimal	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
study	O
conducted	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
the	O
coordinated	O
adaptive	O
filter	O
provided	O
the	O
“	O
most	O
favorable	O
pilot	O
ratings	O
”	O
as	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
other	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
benefits	O
of	O
this	O
style	O
of	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
summarized	O
with	O
two	O
major	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	O
,	O
the	O
cost	O
function	O
or	O
the	O
objective	O
function	O
(	O
by	O
which	O
the	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
is	O
optimized	O
)	O
is	O
very	O
flexible	O
and	O
various	O
terms	O
may	O
be	O
added	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
incorporate	O
higher	O
fidelity	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
do	O
provide	O
great	O
utility	O
for	O
allowing	O
the	O
simulation	O
of	O
a	O
wider	O
range	O
of	O
conditions	O
than	O
the	O
physical	O
capabilities	O
of	O
a	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
are	O
limitations	O
to	O
their	O
performance	O
and	O
practicality	O
in	O
simulation	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
human	O
sensing	O
to	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
a	O
larger	O
simulation	O
environment	O
than	O
actually	O
exists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
pilot	O
in	O
a	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
may	O
execute	O
a	O
steady	O
,	O
level	O
turn	O
for	O
an	O
extended	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
which	O
would	O
require	O
the	O
system	O
stay	O
at	O
the	O
associated	O
bank	O
angle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
situation	O
,	O
a	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
allows	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
slowly	O
move	O
back	O
to	O
an	O
equilibrium	O
position	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
below	O
the	O
threshold	O
which	O
the	O
pilot	O
can	O
detect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
these	O
slow	O
,	O
smooth	O
dynamics	O
do	O
not	O
exist	O
in	O
all	O
practical	O
simulation	O
environments	O
and	O
diminish	O
the	O
returns	O
of	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filters	I-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
motion	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
these	O
scenarios	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
time	O
for	O
a	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
to	O
react	O
to	O
bring	O
the	O
motion	O
system	O
back	O
to	O
its	O
range	O
equilibrium	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
motion	O
system	O
quickly	O
hitting	O
its	O
range	O
of	O
movement	O
limitations	O
and	O
effectively	O
ceasing	O
to	O
accurately	O
simulate	O
the	O
dynamics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
for	O
this	O
reason	O
that	O
motion	O
and	O
washout	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
based	O
systems	O
are	O
often	O
reserved	O
for	O
those	O
that	O
experience	O
a	O
limited	O
range	O
of	O
flight	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
physical	O
motion	O
applied	O
in	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
has	O
been	O
a	O
debated	O
and	O
researched	O
topic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
simulator	O
sickness	O
,	O
additional	O
symptoms	O
have	O
been	O
observed	O
after	O
exposure	O
to	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lingering	O
effects	O
of	O
these	O
symptoms	O
were	O
observed	O
to	O
sometimes	O
last	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
day	O
or	O
two	O
after	O
exposure	O
to	O
the	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
can	O
only	O
reproduce	O
the	O
sensation	O
of	O
actual	O
motion	O
in	O
the	O
initial	O
acceleration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
cannot	O
be	O
sustained	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
limits	O
of	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
motion	O
sensors	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
respond	O
to	O
accelerations	O
rather	O
that	O
sustained	O
motion	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
a	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platform	I-General_Concept
can	O
produce	O
motion	O
cueing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hexapod	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
in	O
full	O
flight	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
,	O
which	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
training	O
pilots	O
in	O
worldwide	O
civil	O
aviation	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
the	O
International	O
Civil	O
Aviation	O
Organisation	O
(	O
ICAO	O
)	O
and	O
regional	O
Civil	O
Aviation	O
Authorities	O
such	O
as	O
EASA	O
in	O
Europe	O
and	O
the	O
FAA	O
in	O
the	O
USA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Age	O
of	O
participant	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
amount	O
of	O
experience	O
in	O
true	O
environment	O
modifies	O
reactions	O
to	O
simulated	B-Application
environment	I-Application
.	O
</s>
