<s>
Motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
(	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
as	O
mo-cap	B-Application
or	O
mocap	B-Application
,	O
for	O
short	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
recording	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
objects	O
or	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
military	O
,	O
entertainment	O
,	O
sports	O
,	O
medical	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
validation	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
and	O
robots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
filmmaking	O
and	O
video	O
game	O
development	O
,	O
it	O
refers	O
to	O
recording	O
actions	O
of	O
human	B-Operating_System
actors	I-Operating_System
and	O
using	O
that	O
information	O
to	O
animate	O
digital	O
character	O
models	O
in	O
2D	O
or	O
3D	O
computer	O
animation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
it	O
includes	O
face	O
and	O
fingers	O
or	O
captures	O
subtle	O
expressions	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
performance	B-Application
capture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
fields	O
,	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
is	O
sometimes	O
called	O
motion	O
tracking	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
filmmaking	O
and	O
games	O
,	O
motion	O
tracking	O
usually	O
refers	O
more	O
to	O
match	O
moving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
sessions	O
,	O
movements	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
actors	O
are	O
sampled	O
many	O
times	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
early	O
techniques	O
used	O
images	B-Algorithm
from	I-Algorithm
multiple	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
calculate	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
positions	I-Algorithm
,	O
often	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
is	O
to	O
record	O
only	O
the	O
movements	O
of	O
the	O
actor	O
,	O
not	O
their	O
visual	O
appearance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
system	O
can	O
capture	O
the	O
camera	O
and	O
props	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
actor	O
's	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
virtual	O
actor	O
animated	O
by	O
motion-capture	B-Application
was	O
produced	O
in	O
1993	O
by	O
Didier	O
Pourcel	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
at	O
Gribouille	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
involved	O
"	O
cloning	O
"	O
the	O
body	O
and	O
face	O
of	O
french	O
comedian	O
Richard	O
Bohringer	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
animating	O
it	O
with	O
still-nascent	O
motion-capture	B-Application
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
offers	O
several	O
advantages	O
over	O
traditional	O
computer	O
animation	O
of	O
a	O
3D	O
model	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
games	O
often	O
use	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
to	O
animate	O
athletes	O
,	O
martial	O
artists	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
in-game	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
early	O
as	O
1988	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
form	O
of	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
animate	O
the	O
2D	O
player	O
characters	O
of	O
Martech	O
's	O
video	O
game	O
Vixen	B-Application
(	O
performed	O
by	O
model	O
Corinne	O
Russell	O
)	O
and	O
Magical	O
Company	O
's	O
2D	O
arcade	O
fighting	O
game	O
Last	O
Apostle	O
Puppet	O
Show	O
(	O
to	O
animate	O
digitized	O
sprites	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
was	O
later	O
notably	O
used	O
to	O
animate	O
the	O
3D	O
character	O
models	O
in	O
the	O
Sega	O
Model	O
arcade	O
games	O
Virtua	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
(	O
1993	O
)	O
and	O
Virtua	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
2	I-Application
(	O
1994	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-1995	O
,	O
developer/publisher	O
Acclaim	O
Entertainment	O
had	O
its	O
own	O
in-house	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
studio	O
built	O
into	O
its	O
headquarters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Namco	O
's	O
1995	O
arcade	O
game	O
Soul	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
used	O
passive	O
optical	O
system	O
markers	O
for	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
also	O
uses	O
athletes	O
in	O
based-off	O
animated	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Naughty	O
Dog	O
's	O
Crash	B-Application
Bandicoot	I-Application
,	O
Insomniac	O
Games	O
 '	O
Spyro	B-Application
the	I-Application
Dragon	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Rare	O
's	O
Dinosaur	O
Planet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Movies	O
use	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
for	O
CGI	O
effects	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
replacing	O
traditional	O
cel	O
animation	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
completely	O
CGI	O
creatures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Gollum	B-Application
,	O
The	O
Mummy	O
,	O
King	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
,	O
Davy	O
Jones	O
from	O
Pirates	O
of	O
the	O
Caribbean	O
,	O
the	O
Na'vi	O
from	O
the	O
film	O
Avatar	O
,	O
and	O
Clu	O
from	O
Tron	O
:	O
Legacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Great	O
Goblin	O
,	O
the	O
three	O
Stone-trolls	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
orcs	O
and	O
goblins	O
in	O
the	O
2012	O
film	O
The	O
Hobbit	O
:	O
An	O
Unexpected	O
Journey	O
,	O
and	O
Smaug	O
were	O
created	O
using	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
film	O
Batman	B-Application
Forever	I-Application
(	O
1995	O
)	O
used	O
some	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
for	O
certain	O
special	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Warner	O
Bros	O
.	O
had	O
acquired	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
from	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
company	O
Acclaim	O
Entertainment	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
film	O
's	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acclaim	O
's	O
1995	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
same	I-Application
name	I-Application
also	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
to	O
animate	O
the	O
digitized	O
sprite	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
:	I-Application
Episode	I-Application
I	I-Application
–	I-Application
The	I-Application
Phantom	I-Application
Menace	I-Application
(	O
1999	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
feature-length	O
film	O
to	O
include	O
a	O
main	O
character	O
created	O
using	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
(	O
that	O
character	O
being	O
Jar	O
Jar	O
Binks	O
,	O
played	O
by	O
Ahmed	O
Best	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Indian-American	O
film	O
Sinbad	O
:	O
Beyond	O
the	O
Veil	O
of	O
Mists	O
(	O
2000	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
feature-length	O
film	O
made	O
primarily	O
with	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
,	O
although	O
many	O
character	O
animators	O
also	O
worked	O
on	O
the	O
film	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
very	O
limited	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001	O
's	O
Final	O
Fantasy	O
:	O
The	O
Spirits	O
Within	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
widely	O
released	O
movie	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
primarily	O
with	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
its	O
poor	O
box-office	O
intake	O
,	O
supporters	O
of	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
took	O
notice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Lord	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Rings	I-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Two	I-Application
Towers	I-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
feature	O
film	O
to	O
utilize	O
a	O
real-time	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
streamed	O
the	O
actions	O
of	O
actor	O
Andy	O
Serkis	O
into	O
the	O
computer-generated	O
skin	O
of	O
Gollum	B-Application
/	O
Smeagol	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
being	O
performed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Storymind	O
Entertainment	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
independent	O
Ukrainian	O
studio	O
,	O
created	O
a	O
neo-noir	O
third-person	O
/	O
shooter	O
video	O
game	O
called	O
My	O
Eyes	O
On	O
You	O
,	O
using	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
animate	O
its	O
main	O
character	O
,	O
Jordan	O
Adalien	O
,	O
and	O
along	O
with	O
non-playable	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Out	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
nominees	O
for	O
the	O
2006	O
Academy	O
Award	O
for	O
Best	O
Animated	O
Feature	O
,	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
nominees	O
(	O
Monster	O
House	O
and	O
the	O
winner	O
Happy	B-Application
Feet	I-Application
)	O
used	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
,	O
and	O
only	O
Pixar	O
's	O
Cars	O
was	O
animated	O
without	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
ending	O
credits	O
of	O
Pixar	O
's	O
film	O
Ratatouille	O
,	O
a	O
stamp	O
appears	O
labelling	O
the	O
film	O
as	O
"	O
100%	O
Pure	O
Animation	O
–	O
No	O
Motion	B-Application
Capture	I-Application
!	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2001	O
,	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
extensively	O
to	O
simulate	O
or	O
approximate	O
the	O
look	O
of	O
live-action	O
cinema	O
,	O
with	O
nearly	O
photorealistic	O
digital	O
character	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Polar	O
Express	O
used	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
to	O
allow	O
Tom	O
Hanks	O
to	O
perform	O
as	O
several	O
distinct	O
digital	O
characters	O
(	O
in	O
which	O
he	O
also	O
provided	O
the	O
voices	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Disney	O
acquired	O
Zemeckis	O
 '	O
ImageMovers	O
Digital	O
(	O
that	O
produces	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
films	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
then	O
closed	O
it	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
after	O
a	O
box	O
office	O
failure	O
of	O
Mars	O
Needs	O
Moms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Television	O
series	O
produced	O
entirely	O
with	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
animation	O
include	O
Laflaque	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
Sprookjesboom	O
and	O
in	O
The	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
and	O
Headcases	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
providers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
uSens	B-General_Concept
and	O
Gestigon	B-General_Concept
,	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
digital	O
content	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
by	O
capturing	O
hand	O
motions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
is	O
frequently	O
used	O
in	O
digital	O
puppetry	O
systems	O
to	O
drive	O
computer-generated	O
characters	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gait	O
analysis	O
is	O
one	O
application	O
of	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
in	O
clinical	O
medicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
physical	O
therapy	O
clinics	O
utilize	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
as	O
an	O
objective	O
way	O
to	O
quantify	O
patient	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
filming	O
of	O
James	O
Cameron	O
's	O
Avatar	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
scenes	O
involving	O
this	O
process	O
were	O
directed	O
in	O
real-time	O
using	O
Autodesk	B-Application
MotionBuilder	I-Application
software	O
to	O
render	O
a	O
screen	O
image	O
which	O
allowed	O
the	O
director	O
and	O
the	O
actor	O
to	O
see	O
what	O
they	O
would	O
look	O
like	O
in	O
the	O
movie	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
easier	O
to	O
direct	O
the	O
movie	O
as	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
seen	O
by	O
the	O
viewer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Marvel	O
's	O
The	O
Avengers	O
,	O
Mark	O
Ruffalo	O
used	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
so	O
he	O
could	O
play	O
his	O
character	O
the	O
Hulk	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
have	O
him	O
be	O
only	O
CGI	O
as	O
in	O
previous	O
films	O
,	O
making	O
Ruffalo	O
the	O
first	O
actor	O
to	O
play	O
both	O
the	O
human	O
and	O
the	O
Hulk	O
versions	O
of	O
Bruce	O
Banner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FaceRig	O
software	O
uses	O
facial	O
recognition	O
technology	O
from	O
ULSee.Inc	O
to	O
map	O
a	O
player	O
's	O
facial	O
expressions	O
and	O
the	O
body	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
technology	O
from	O
Perception	O
Neuron	O
to	O
map	O
the	O
body	O
movement	O
onto	O
a	O
2D	O
or	O
3D	O
character	O
's	O
motion	O
on-screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
Game	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
2016	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
Epic	O
Games	O
demonstrated	O
full-body	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
live	O
in	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
whole	O
scene	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
upcoming	O
game	O
Hellblade	B-Application
about	O
a	O
woman	O
warrior	O
named	O
Senua	O
,	O
was	O
rendered	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keynote	O
was	O
a	O
collaboration	O
between	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
,	O
Ninja	O
Theory	O
,	O
3Lateral	O
,	O
Cubic	O
Motion	O
,	O
IKinema	O
and	O
Xsens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	O
tracking	O
or	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
started	O
as	O
a	O
photogrammetric	O
analysis	O
tool	O
in	O
biomechanics	O
research	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
1980s	O
,	O
and	O
expanded	O
into	O
education	O
,	O
training	O
,	O
sports	O
and	O
recently	O
computer	O
animation	O
for	O
television	O
,	O
cinema	O
,	O
and	O
video	O
games	O
as	O
the	O
technology	O
matured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
robotics	O
,	O
some	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
systems	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
simultaneous	B-Application
localization	I-Application
and	I-Application
mapping	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	O
systems	O
utilize	O
data	O
captured	O
from	O
image	O
sensors	O
to	O
triangulate	B-Algorithm
the	O
3D	O
position	O
of	O
a	O
subject	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
cameras	O
calibrated	O
to	O
provide	O
overlapping	O
projections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
grayscale	O
value	O
of	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
sub-pixel	O
accuracy	O
by	O
finding	O
the	O
centroid	O
of	O
the	O
Gaussian	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
markers	O
are	O
usually	O
attached	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
skin	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
biomechanics	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
they	O
are	O
velcroed	O
to	O
a	O
performer	O
wearing	O
a	O
full-body	O
spandex/lycra	O
suit	B-General_Concept
designed	I-General_Concept
specifically	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
motion	I-General_Concept
capture	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
optical	O
systems	O
triangulate	B-Algorithm
positions	O
by	O
illuminating	O
one	O
LED	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
very	O
quickly	O
or	O
multiple	O
LEDs	O
with	O
software	O
to	O
identify	O
them	O
by	O
their	O
relative	O
positions	O
,	O
somewhat	O
akin	O
to	O
celestial	O
navigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TV	O
series	O
Stargate	O
SG1	O
produced	O
episodes	O
using	O
an	O
active	O
optical	O
system	O
for	O
the	O
VFX	O
allowing	O
the	O
actor	O
to	O
walk	O
around	O
props	O
that	O
would	O
make	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
difficult	O
for	O
other	O
non-active	O
optical	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
active	O
marker	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
was	O
a	O
hybrid	O
passive-active	O
mocap	B-Application
system	O
with	O
rotating	O
mirrors	O
and	O
colored	O
glass	O
reflective	O
markers	O
and	O
which	O
used	O
masked	O
linear	O
array	O
detectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LEDs	O
with	O
onboard	O
processing	O
and	O
radio	O
synchronization	O
allow	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
outdoors	O
in	O
direct	O
sunlight	O
while	O
capturing	O
at	O
120	O
to	O
960	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
high-speed	O
electronic	O
shutter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
systems	O
typically	O
cost	O
$	O
20,000	O
for	O
an	O
eight-camera	O
,	O
12-megapixel	O
spatial	O
resolution	O
120-hertz	O
system	O
with	O
one	O
actor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technique	O
appears	O
ideal	O
for	O
on-set	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
or	O
real-time	O
broadcasting	O
of	O
virtual	O
sets	O
but	O
has	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
proven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
has	O
been	O
available	O
for	O
researchers	O
and	O
scientists	O
for	O
a	O
few	O
decades	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
given	O
new	O
insight	O
into	O
many	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
all	O
underwater	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
systems	O
are	O
uniquely	O
tailored	O
to	O
suit	O
each	O
specific	O
pool	O
instalment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emerging	O
techniques	O
and	O
research	O
in	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
are	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
rapid	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
markerless	O
approach	O
to	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ESC	O
entertainment	O
,	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Warner	O
Brothers	O
Pictures	O
created	O
especially	O
to	O
enable	O
virtual	O
cinematography	O
,	O
including	O
photorealistic	O
digital	O
look-alikes	O
for	O
filming	O
The	O
Matrix	O
Reloaded	O
and	O
The	O
Matrix	O
Revolutions	O
movies	O
,	O
used	O
a	O
technique	O
called	O
Universal	O
Capture	O
that	O
utilized	O
7	O
camera	O
setup	O
and	O
the	O
tracking	O
the	O
optical	O
flow	O
of	O
all	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
over	O
all	O
the	O
2-D	O
planes	O
of	O
the	O
cameras	O
for	O
motion	O
,	O
gesture	O
and	O
facial	O
expression	O
capture	O
leading	O
to	O
photorealistic	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
markerless	O
optical	B-Application
motion	I-Application
tracking	I-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
keep	O
track	O
of	O
various	O
objects	O
,	O
including	O
airplanes	O
,	O
launch	O
vehicles	O
,	O
missiles	O
and	O
satellites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
such	O
optical	B-Application
motion	I-Application
tracking	I-Application
applications	O
occur	O
outdoors	O
,	O
requiring	O
differing	O
lens	O
and	O
camera	O
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	O
tracking	O
systems	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
known	O
spacecraft	O
and	O
space	O
debris	O
despite	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
disadvantage	O
compared	O
to	O
radar	B-Application
in	O
that	O
the	O
objects	O
must	O
be	O
reflecting	O
or	O
emitting	O
sufficient	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
typical	O
control	O
system	O
design	O
problem	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
challenge	O
,	O
which	O
involves	O
modeling	O
the	O
system	O
dynamics	O
and	O
designing	O
controllers	B-Device
to	O
control	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RGB-D	O
cameras	O
such	O
as	O
kinect	B-Algorithm
capture	O
both	O
the	O
color	O
and	O
depth	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
fusing	O
the	O
two	O
images	O
,	O
3D	O
colored	O
voxel	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
captured	O
,	O
allowing	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
of	O
3D	O
human	O
motion	O
and	O
human	O
surface	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	O
learning	O
techniques	O
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
to	O
automatically	O
reconstruct	O
such	O
noisy	O
motions	O
into	O
higher	O
quality	O
ones	O
,	O
using	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
lazy	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
and	O
Gaussian	B-Application
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inertial	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
technology	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
miniature	O
inertial	O
sensors	O
,	O
biomechanical	O
models	O
and	O
sensor	B-General_Concept
fusion	I-General_Concept
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inertial	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
systems	O
capture	O
the	O
full	O
six	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
body	O
motion	O
of	O
a	O
human	O
in	O
real-time	O
and	O
can	O
give	O
limited	O
direction	O
information	O
if	O
they	O
include	O
a	O
magnetic	O
bearing	O
sensor	O
,	O
although	O
these	O
are	O
much	O
lower	O
resolution	O
and	O
susceptible	O
to	O
electromagnetic	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Wii	O
controllers	B-Device
but	O
are	O
more	O
sensitive	O
and	O
have	O
greater	O
resolution	O
and	O
update	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanical	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
systems	O
directly	O
track	O
body	O
joint	O
angles	O
and	O
are	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
exoskeleton	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
systems	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
sensors	O
are	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanical	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
systems	O
are	O
real-time	O
,	O
relatively	O
low-cost	O
,	O
free	O
from	O
occlusion	O
,	O
and	O
wireless	O
(	O
untethered	O
)	O
systems	O
that	O
have	O
unlimited	O
capture	O
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
suits	O
provide	O
limited	O
force	B-Device
feedback	I-Device
or	O
haptic	B-Device
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
magnetic	O
systems	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
monitor	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
session	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stretchable	O
sensors	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hands	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
material	O
properties	O
of	O
their	O
substrates	O
and	O
conducting	O
materials	O
,	O
suffer	O
from	O
relatively	O
high	O
signal-to-noise	O
ratio	O
,	O
requiring	O
filtering	B-Application
or	O
machine	O
learning	O
to	O
make	O
them	O
usable	O
for	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
traditional	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
hardware	O
vendors	O
provide	O
for	O
some	O
type	O
of	O
low-resolution	O
facial	O
capture	O
utilizing	O
anywhere	O
from	O
32	O
to	O
300	O
markers	O
with	O
either	O
an	O
active	O
or	O
passive	O
marker	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-fidelity	O
facial	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
performance	B-Application
capture	I-Application
,	O
is	O
the	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
fidelity	O
and	O
is	O
utilized	O
to	O
record	O
the	O
more	O
complex	O
movements	O
in	O
a	O
human	O
face	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
capture	O
higher	O
degrees	O
of	O
emotion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facial	O
capture	O
is	O
currently	O
arranging	O
itself	O
in	O
several	O
distinct	O
camps	O
,	O
including	O
traditional	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
data	O
,	O
blend-shaped	O
based	O
solutions	O
,	O
capturing	O
the	O
actual	O
topology	O
of	O
an	O
actor	O
's	O
face	O
,	O
and	O
proprietary	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RF	O
(	O
radio	O
frequency	O
)	O
positioning	O
systems	O
are	O
becoming	O
more	O
viable	O
as	O
higher	O
frequency	O
RF	O
devices	O
allow	O
greater	O
precision	O
than	O
older	O
RF	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
traditional	O
radar	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
RF	O
scientists	O
believe	O
that	O
radio	O
frequency	O
will	O
never	O
produce	O
the	O
accuracy	O
required	O
for	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
this	O
technology	O
could	O
potentially	O
lead	O
to	O
much	O
lower	O
costs	O
for	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
,	O
the	O
basic	O
sphere	O
is	O
only	O
capable	O
of	O
recording	O
a	O
single	O
continuous	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
alternative	O
is	O
using	O
a	O
6DOF	O
(	O
Degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
)	O
motion	O
platform	O
with	O
an	O
integrated	O
omni-directional	O
treadmill	O
with	O
high	O
resolution	O
optical	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
same	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
include	O
medical	O
rehabilitation	O
for	O
balance	O
training	O
,	O
bio-mechanical	O
research	O
and	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
3D	B-General_Concept
pose	I-General_Concept
estimation	I-General_Concept
,	O
an	O
actor	O
's	O
pose	O
can	O
be	O
reconstructed	O
from	O
an	O
image	O
or	O
depth	O
map	O
.	O
</s>
