<s>
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
(	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
or	O
MJPEG	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
video	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
in	O
which	O
each	O
video	O
frame	O
or	O
interlaced	O
field	O
of	O
a	O
digital	O
video	O
sequence	O
is	O
compressed	B-General_Concept
separately	O
as	O
a	O
JPEG	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
developed	O
for	O
multimedia	O
PC	O
applications	O
,	O
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
enjoys	O
broad	O
client	O
support	O
:	O
most	O
major	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
and	O
players	O
provide	O
native	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
plug-ins	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
rest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
and	O
devices	O
using	O
the	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
standard	O
include	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
media	O
players	O
,	O
game	O
consoles	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
webcams	B-Protocol
,	O
streaming	O
servers	O
,	O
video	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
non-linear	O
video	O
editors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
for	O
multimedia	O
PC	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
implementations	O
of	O
MJPEG	B-Application
were	O
generally	O
implemented	O
in	O
Hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C-Cube	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
proponent	O
with	O
their	O
CL550	O
JPEG	O
codec	B-General_Concept
been	O
used	O
in	O
several	O
hardware	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
NeXTdimension	B-Device
from	O
NeXT	O
would	O
ship	O
with	O
an	O
onboard	O
CL550	O
to	O
implement	O
MJPEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
provided	O
a	O
Software	O
implementation	O
of	O
MJPEG	B-Application
in	O
their	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Player	I-Application
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
an	O
intraframe-only	O
compression	O
scheme	O
(	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
more	O
computationally	O
intensive	O
technique	O
of	O
interframe	B-Algorithm
prediction	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
modern	O
interframe	O
video	O
formats	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
MPEG1	B-Algorithm
,	O
MPEG2	B-Algorithm
and	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
,	O
achieve	O
real-world	O
compression	O
ratios	O
of	O
1:50	O
or	O
better	O
,	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
'	O
s	O
lack	O
of	O
interframe	B-Algorithm
prediction	I-Algorithm
limits	O
its	O
efficiency	O
to	O
1:20	O
or	O
lower	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
tolerance	O
to	O
spatial	O
artifacting	O
in	O
the	O
compressed	B-General_Concept
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
frames	O
are	O
compressed	B-General_Concept
independently	O
of	O
one	O
another	O
,	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
imposes	O
lower	O
processing	O
and	O
memory	O
requirements	O
on	O
hardware	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
purely	O
intraframe	O
compression	O
scheme	O
,	O
the	O
image	O
quality	O
of	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
directly	O
a	O
function	O
of	O
each	O
video	O
frame	O
's	O
static	O
(	O
spatial	O
)	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frames	O
exhibiting	O
complex	O
textures	O
,	O
fine	O
curves	O
and	O
lines	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
writing	O
on	O
a	O
newspaper	O
)	O
are	O
prone	O
to	O
exhibit	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
artifacts	O
such	O
as	O
ringing	B-Algorithm
,	O
smudging	O
and	O
macroblocking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
M-JPEG-compressed	O
video	O
is	O
also	O
insensitive	O
to	O
motion	O
complexity	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
QuickTime	B-Application
formats	O
,	O
Apple	O
has	O
defined	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
coding	O
:	O
MJPEG-A	O
and	O
MJPEG-B	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MJPEG-B	O
no	O
longer	O
retains	O
valid	O
JPEG	O
Interchange	O
Files	O
within	O
it	O
,	O
hence	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
frame	O
into	O
a	O
JPEG	O
file	O
without	O
slightly	O
modifying	O
the	O
headers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JPEG	O
is	O
inefficient	O
,	O
using	O
more	O
bits	O
to	O
deliver	O
similar	O
quality	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
more	O
modern	O
formats	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
JPEG	O
2000	O
and	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
is	O
simple	O
to	O
implement	O
because	O
it	O
uses	O
a	O
mature	O
compression	O
standard	O
(	O
JPEG	O
)	O
with	O
well-developed	O
libraries	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
intraframe	O
method	O
of	O
compression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
video	O
formats	O
specified	O
in	O
international	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
format	O
specified	O
in	O
the	O
JPEG	O
still-picture	O
coding	O
standard	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
document	O
that	O
defines	O
a	O
single	O
exact	O
format	O
that	O
is	O
universally	O
recognized	O
as	O
a	O
complete	O
specification	O
of	O
“	O
Motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
”	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
all	O
contexts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
each	O
particular	O
file	O
format	O
usually	O
has	O
some	O
standard	O
on	O
how	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
encoded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
documents	O
their	O
standard	O
format	O
to	O
store	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
in	O
AVI	O
files	O
,	O
Apple	O
documents	O
how	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
stored	O
in	O
QuickTime	B-Application
files	O
,	O
RFC	O
2435	O
describes	O
how	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
an	O
RTP	O
stream	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
CodecID	O
is	O
planned	O
for	O
the	O
Matroska	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
now	O
used	O
by	O
video-capture	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
webcams	B-Protocol
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
by	O
non-linear	O
video	O
editing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
natively	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Player	I-Application
,	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
console	I-Device
,	O
and	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Safari	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
,	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
frequently	O
used	O
in	O
non-linear	O
video	O
editing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PlayStation	B-Device
game	O
console	O
integrated	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
like	O
decompression	O
hardware	O
for	O
in-game	O
FMV	B-Application
sequences	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
Portable	I-Operating_System
handheld	O
game	O
console	O
can	O
play	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
from	O
the	O
Memory	O
Stick	O
Pro	O
Duo	O
under	O
the	O
.avi	O
extension	O
with	O
a	O
resolution	O
of	O
480×272	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
can	O
record	O
clips	O
in	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
with	O
its	O
Go	B-Device
!	I-Device
Cam	I-Device
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
's	I-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
game	O
console	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
VTech	O
's	O
InnoTab	O
,	O
can	O
play	O
M-JPEG-encoded	O
videos	O
on	O
SD	B-Device
card	I-Device
using	O
its	O
Photo	O
Channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SanDisk	O
Sansa	O
e200	O
and	O
the	O
Zen	O
V	O
digital	O
audio	O
players	O
play	O
short	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
firmware	O
updates	O
to	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
can	O
now	O
record	O
and	O
play	O
"	O
3D-AVI	O
"	O
M-JPEG-encoded	O
files	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
format	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Fujifilm	B-Algorithm
FinePix	I-Algorithm
Real	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
series	I-Algorithm
,	O
from	O
a	O
SD	B-Device
card	I-Device
in	O
320×240	O
resolution	O
so	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
video	O
duration	O
is	O
10	O
minutes	O
or	O
less	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
recent	O
rise	O
in	O
MPEG-4	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
in	O
consumer	O
devices	O
,	O
a	O
progressive	B-Device
scan	I-Device
form	O
of	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
saw	O
widespread	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
“	O
movie	O
”	O
modes	O
of	O
digital	B-Device
still	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
allowing	O
video	O
encoding	O
and	O
playback	O
through	O
the	O
integrated	O
JPEG	O
compression	O
hardware	O
with	O
only	O
a	O
software	O
modification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resultant	O
quality	O
is	O
still	O
inferior	O
compared	O
to	O
a	O
similar-sized	O
MPEG	O
,	O
particularly	O
as	O
the	O
sound	O
(	O
when	O
included	O
)	O
was	O
uncompressed	O
PCM	B-Algorithm
and	O
recorded	O
at	O
a	O
low	O
sample	O
rate	O
or	O
low-compression	O
,	O
low	O
processor-demand	O
ADPCM	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resolutions	O
of	O
160×120	O
or	O
320×240	O
are	O
common	O
sizes	O
,	O
typically	O
at	O
10	O
,	O
12	O
or	O
15	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
with	O
picture	O
quality	O
equivalent	O
to	O
a	O
JPEG	O
setting	O
of	O
“	O
50	O
”	O
with	O
mono	O
ADPCM	B-Algorithm
sound	O
sampled	O
at	O
~	O
8kHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
video	O
is	O
typically	O
stored	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
AVI	O
or	O
Apple	O
's	O
QuickTime	B-Application
Movie	I-Application
container	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
these	O
files	O
MPEGs	O
,	O
are	O
viewable	O
natively	O
on	O
most	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
however	O
sometimes	O
an	O
additional	O
codec	B-General_Concept
must	O
be	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AMV	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
,	O
common	O
on	O
cheap	O
"	O
MP4	O
"	O
players	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
portable	O
players	O
(	O
which	O
are	O
mainly	O
"	O
consumers	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
)	O
,	O
many	O
video-enabled	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
use	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
for	O
video-capture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2008	O
,	O
Nikon	O
announced	O
the	O
D90	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
first	O
D-SLR	O
to	O
record	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
format	O
used	O
is	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D90	B-Algorithm
uses	O
three	O
different	O
motion	B-Application
JPEG	I-Application
formats	O
:	O
320×216	O
pixels	O
,	O
640×424	O
pixels	O
and	O
1280×720	O
pixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2009	O
,	O
Pentax	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
then-upcoming	O
K-7	B-Algorithm
camera	O
would	O
use	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
in	O
resolutions	O
640×416	O
,	O
1280×720	O
,	O
and	O
1536×1024	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
rate	O
for	O
the	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
files	O
created	O
can	O
be	O
up	O
to	O
74	O
Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2016	O
,	O
Canon	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
5D	B-Algorithm
Mark	I-Algorithm
IV	I-Algorithm
camera	O
would	O
record	O
4K	B-Architecture
video	I-Architecture
in	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
data	O
rate	O
of	O
approximately	O
500	O
Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
network-enabled	O
cameras	O
provide	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
streams	O
that	O
network	O
clients	O
can	O
connect	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
and	O
Webkit-based	O
browsers	B-Application
have	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
viewing	O
these	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
network-enabled	O
cameras	O
provide	O
their	O
own	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
interfaces	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
normal	O
feature	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
cameras	O
that	O
do	O
n't	O
provide	O
this	O
feature	O
natively	O
,	O
a	O
server	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
transcode	O
the	O
camera	O
pictures	O
into	O
an	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
stream	O
and	O
then	O
provide	O
that	O
stream	O
to	O
other	O
network	O
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
announced	O
on	O
September	O
1	O
,	O
2010	O
that	O
their	O
newest	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	O
TV	O
would	O
support	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
up	O
to	O
35	O
Mbit/s	O
,	O
1280	O
by	O
720	O
pixels	O
,	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
audio	O
in	O
μlaw	O
,	O
PCM	B-Algorithm
stereo	O
audio	O
in	O
.avi	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
media	O
players	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Netgear	O
NeoTV	O
550	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
playback	O
of	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTTP	B-Protocol
streaming	O
separates	O
each	O
image	O
into	O
individual	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
replies	O
on	O
a	O
specified	O
marker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTTP	B-Protocol
streaming	O
creates	O
packets	O
of	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
JPEG	O
images	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
received	O
by	O
clients	O
such	O
as	O
QuickTime	B-Application
or	O
VLC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
GET	O
request	O
for	O
a	O
MJPEG	B-Application
file	O
or	O
stream	O
,	O
the	O
server	O
streams	O
the	O
sequence	O
of	O
JPEG	O
frames	O
over	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
Two	O
basic	O
implementations	O
of	O
a	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
streaming	O
server	O
are	O
cambozola	O
and	O
MJPG-Streamer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
robust	O
ffmpeg-server	O
also	O
provides	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
streaming	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
support	O
includes	O
:	O
Safari	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
and	O
Firefox	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
browsers	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
can	O
display	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
streams	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
external	O
plugins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cambozola	O
is	O
an	O
applet	O
that	O
can	O
show	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
streams	O
in	O
Java-enabled	O
browsers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
M-JPEG	B-Application
is	O
also	O
natively	O
supported	O
by	O
PlayStation	B-Device
and	O
QuickTime	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
improvements	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
designs	O
of	O
H.263v2	O
Annex	O
I	O
and	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
Part	I-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
that	O
use	O
frequency-domain	O
prediction	O
of	O
transform	O
coefficient	O
values	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
,	O
that	O
use	O
spatial	O
prediction	O
and	O
adaptive	O
transform	O
block	O
size	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
new	O
developments	O
make	O
M-JPEG	B-Application
an	O
inefficient	O
recording	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
