<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
column-oriented	B-General_Concept
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
RDBMS	O
)	O
originally	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
Centrum	O
Wiskunde	O
&	O
Informatica	O
(	O
CWI	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
provide	O
high	O
performance	O
on	O
complex	O
queries	O
against	O
large	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
combining	O
tables	B-Application
with	O
hundreds	O
of	O
columns	O
and	O
millions	O
of	O
rows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
has	O
been	O
applied	O
in	O
high-performance	O
applications	O
for	O
online	B-Application
analytical	I-Application
processing	I-Application
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
GIS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Resource	O
Description	O
Framework	O
(	O
RDF	O
)	O
,	O
text	O
retrieval	O
and	O
sequence	B-Algorithm
alignment	I-Algorithm
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
projects	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
required	O
improved	O
analytical	O
database	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
CWI	O
spin-off	O
called	O
Data	O
Distilleries	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
early	O
MonetDB	B-Application
implementations	O
in	O
its	O
analytical	O
suite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
Distilleries	O
eventually	O
became	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
SPSS	B-Algorithm
in	O
2003	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
IBM	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
in	O
its	O
current	O
form	O
was	O
first	O
created	O
in	O
2002	O
by	O
doctoral	O
student	O
Peter	O
Boncz	O
and	O
professor	O
Martin	O
L	O
.	O
Kersten	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
 '	O
MAGNUM	O
research	O
project	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
Amsterdam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
under	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
license	O
(	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
)	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
September	O
30	O
,	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
MonetDB	B-Application
version	O
4	O
was	O
released	O
into	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
domain	O
,	O
many	O
extensions	O
to	O
the	O
code	O
base	O
were	O
added	O
by	O
the	O
MonetDB/CWI	O
team	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
new	O
SQL	B-Language
front	O
end	O
,	O
supporting	O
the	O
SQL:2003	B-Language
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
introduced	O
innovations	O
in	O
all	O
layers	O
of	O
the	O
DBMS	B-Application
:	O
a	O
storage	O
model	O
based	O
on	O
vertical	O
fragmentation	O
,	O
a	O
modern	O
CPU-tuned	O
query	O
execution	O
architecture	O
that	O
often	O
gave	O
MonetDB	B-Application
a	O
speed	O
advantage	O
over	O
the	O
same	O
algorithm	O
over	O
a	O
typical	O
interpreter-based	B-Application
RDBMS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
database	B-Application
systems	I-Application
to	O
tune	O
query	O
optimization	O
for	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
caches	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
includes	O
automatic	O
and	O
self-tuning	O
indexes	O
,	O
run-time	O
query	O
optimization	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
modular	O
software	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
follow-on	O
project	O
called	O
X100	O
(	O
MonetDB/X100	O
)	O
started	O
,	O
which	O
evolved	O
into	O
the	O
VectorWise	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VectorWise	B-Application
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Actian	O
Corporation	O
,	O
integrated	O
with	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
database	I-Application
and	O
sold	O
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
a	O
major	O
effort	O
to	O
renovate	O
the	O
MonetDB	B-Application
codebase	O
was	O
started	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
MonetDB	B-Application
4	O
kernel	O
and	O
its	O
XQuery	B-Language
components	O
were	O
frozen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
MonetDB	B-Application
5	O
,	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
layer	O
were	O
pushed	O
into	O
the	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
changes	O
created	O
a	O
difference	O
in	O
internal	O
APIs	B-Application
,	O
as	O
it	O
transitioned	O
from	O
MonetDB	B-Application
Instruction	O
Language	O
(	O
MIL	O
)	O
to	O
MonetDB	B-Application
Assembly	O
Language	O
(	O
MAL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
was	O
XQuery	B-Language
,	O
which	O
relied	O
on	O
MonetDB	B-Application
4	O
and	O
was	O
never	O
ported	O
to	O
version	O
5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
experimental	O
Jaql	B-Application
interface	O
support	O
was	O
removed	O
with	O
the	O
October	O
2014	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
July	O
2015	O
release	O
,	O
MonetDB	B-Application
gained	O
support	O
for	O
read-only	O
data	B-General_Concept
sharding	I-General_Concept
and	O
persistent	O
indices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
release	O
the	O
deprecated	O
streaming	B-Operating_System
data	I-Operating_System
module	O
DataCell	O
was	O
also	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
codebase	O
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
streamline	O
the	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
license	O
has	O
been	O
changed	O
into	O
the	O
Mozilla	B-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
,	I-License
version	I-License
2.0	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
architecture	O
is	O
represented	O
in	O
three	O
layers	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
set	O
of	O
optimizers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
front	O
end	O
is	O
the	O
top	O
layer	O
,	O
providing	O
query	O
interface	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
,	O
with	O
SciQL	O
and	O
SPARQL	B-Language
interfaces	O
under	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Queries	O
are	O
parsed	O
into	O
domain-specific	O
representations	O
,	O
like	O
relational	O
algebra	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
optimized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
generated	O
logical	O
execution	O
plans	O
are	O
then	O
translated	O
into	O
MonetDB	B-Application
Assembly	O
Language	O
(	O
MAL	O
)	O
instructions	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
passed	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bottom	O
layer	O
is	O
the	O
database	O
kernel	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
Binary	O
Association	O
Tables	B-Application
(	O
BATs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
internal	O
data	O
representation	O
also	O
relies	O
on	O
the	O
memory	O
addressing	O
ranges	O
of	O
contemporary	O
CPUs	B-Device
using	O
demand	B-General_Concept
paging	I-General_Concept
of	O
memory	O
mapped	O
files	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
departing	O
from	O
traditional	O
DBMS	B-Application
designs	O
involving	O
complex	O
management	O
of	O
large	O
data	O
stores	O
in	O
limited	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Query	O
recycling	O
is	O
an	O
architecture	O
for	O
reusing	O
the	O
byproducts	O
of	O
the	O
operator-at-a-time	O
paradigm	O
in	O
a	O
column	B-General_Concept
store	I-General_Concept
DBMS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
databases	B-Application
to	O
introduce	O
Database	O
Cracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
directly	O
exploits	O
the	O
columnar	O
nature	O
of	O
MonetDB	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cracking	O
is	O
a	O
technique	O
that	O
shifts	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
index	O
maintenance	O
from	O
updates	O
to	O
query	B-Application
processing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
extensions	O
exist	O
for	O
MonetDB	B-Application
that	O
extend	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
database	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB/SQL	O
is	O
a	O
top-level	O
extension	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
complete	O
support	O
for	O
transactions	O
in	O
compliance	O
with	O
the	O
SQL:2003	B-Language
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB/GIS	O
is	O
an	O
extension	O
to	O
MonetDB/SQL	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Simple	O
Features	O
Access	O
standard	O
of	O
Open	O
Geospatial	O
Consortium	O
(	O
OGC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SciQL	O
an	O
SQL-based	O
query	O
language	O
for	O
science	O
applications	O
with	O
arrays	O
as	O
first	O
class	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SciQL	O
allows	O
MonetDB	B-Application
to	O
effectively	O
function	O
as	O
an	O
array	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
Vaults	O
map	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
distributed	O
repositories	O
to	O
SciQL	O
arrays	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
improved	O
handling	O
of	O
spatio-temporal	B-General_Concept
data	O
in	O
MonetDB	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
Vault	O
is	O
a	O
database-attached	O
external	O
file	O
repository	O
for	O
MonetDB	B-Application
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
SQL/MED	B-Language
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
scientific	O
data	O
data	B-General_Concept
exploration	I-General_Concept
and	O
mining	B-Application
,	O
specifically	O
for	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
GeoTIFF	B-Application
(	O
Earth	O
observation	O
)	O
,	O
FITS	O
(	O
astronomy	O
)	O
,	O
MiniSEED	O
(	O
seismology	O
)	O
and	O
NetCDF	B-Application
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
through	O
either	O
the	O
MonetDB	B-Application
SQL	B-Language
or	O
SciQL	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Data	O
Vault	O
technology	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
's	O
project	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
aimed	O
at	O
building	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
observatory	I-Application
for	O
Earth	O
observation	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB	B-Application
has	O
a	O
SAM/BAM	B-Application
module	O
for	O
efficient	O
processing	O
of	O
sequence	B-Algorithm
alignment	I-Algorithm
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aimed	O
at	O
the	O
bioinformatics	O
research	O
,	O
the	O
module	O
has	O
a	O
SAM/BAM	B-Application
data	O
loader	O
and	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
UDFs	B-Language
for	O
working	O
with	O
DNA	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
module	O
uses	O
the	O
popular	O
SAMtools	B-Application
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB/RDF	O
is	O
a	O
SPARQL-based	O
extension	O
for	O
working	O
with	O
linked	O
data	O
,	O
which	O
adds	O
support	O
for	O
RDF	O
and	O
allowing	O
MonetDB	B-Application
to	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
triplestore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MonetDB/R	O
module	O
allows	O
for	O
UDFs	B-Language
written	O
in	O
R	B-Language
to	O
be	O
executed	O
in	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
layer	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
using	O
the	O
native	O
R	B-Language
support	O
for	O
running	O
embedded	O
in	O
another	O
application	O
,	O
inside	O
the	O
RDBMS	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
the	O
MonetDB.R	O
connector	O
allowed	O
the	O
using	O
MonetDB	B-Application
data	O
sources	O
and	O
process	O
them	O
in	O
an	O
R	B-Language
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
newer	O
R	B-Language
integration	O
feature	O
of	O
MonetDB	B-Application
does	O
not	O
require	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
transferred	O
between	O
the	O
RDBMS	O
and	O
the	O
R	B-Language
session	O
,	O
reducing	O
overhead	O
and	O
improving	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feature	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
give	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
functions	O
of	O
the	O
R	B-Language
statistical	O
software	O
for	O
in-line	O
analysis	O
of	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
RDBMS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
complements	O
the	O
existing	O
support	O
for	O
C	B-Language
UDFs	B-Language
and	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
in-database	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
to	O
the	O
embedded	O
R	B-Language
UDFs	B-Language
in	O
MonetDB	B-Application
,	O
the	O
database	O
now	O
has	O
support	O
for	O
UDFs	B-Language
written	O
in	O
Python/NumPy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
uses	O
Numpy	B-Application
arrays	O
(	O
themselves	O
Python	B-Language
wrappers	O
for	O
C	B-Language
arrays	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
there	O
is	O
limited	O
overhead	O
-	O
providing	O
a	O
functional	O
Python	B-Language
integration	O
with	O
speed	O
matching	O
native	O
SQL	B-Language
functions	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Embedded	O
Python	B-Language
functions	O
also	O
support	O
mapped	O
operations	O
,	O
allowing	O
user	O
to	O
execute	O
Python	B-Language
functions	O
in	O
parallel	O
within	O
SQL	B-Language
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
practical	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
feature	O
gives	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
Python/NumPy/SciPy	O
libraries	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
provide	O
a	O
large	O
selection	O
of	O
statistical/analytical	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
remote	O
driver	O
for	O
R	B-Language
(	O
MonetDB.R	O
)	O
and	O
R	B-Language
UDFs	B-Language
in	O
MonetDB	B-Application
(	O
MonetDB/R	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
authors	O
created	O
an	O
embedded	O
version	O
of	O
MonetDB	B-Application
in	O
R	B-Language
called	O
MonetDBLite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
distributed	O
as	O
an	O
R	B-Language
package	O
,	O
removing	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
manage	O
a	O
database	O
server	O
,	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
previous	O
R	B-Language
integrations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DBMS	B-Application
runs	O
within	O
the	O
R	B-Language
process	O
itself	O
,	O
eliminating	O
socket	O
communication	O
and	O
serialisation	O
overhead	O
-	O
greatly	O
improving	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
behind	O
it	O
is	O
to	O
deliver	O
an	O
SQLite-like	O
package	O
for	O
R	B-Language
,	O
with	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
an	O
in-memory	O
optimized	O
columnar	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
notable	O
examples	O
include	O
an	O
XQuery	B-Language
extension	O
removed	O
in	O
MonetDB	B-Application
version	O
5	O
;	O
a	O
JAQL	B-Application
extension	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
streaming	B-Operating_System
data	I-Operating_System
extension	O
called	O
Data	O
Cell	O
.	O
</s>
