<s>
Modding	B-Device
is	O
a	O
slang	O
expression	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
English	O
verb	O
"	O
to	O
modify	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
refers	O
to	O
modification	O
of	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
software	O
,	O
or	O
anything	O
else	O
,	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
function	O
not	O
originally	O
intended	O
by	O
the	O
designer	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
achieve	O
bespoke	O
specification	O
or	O
appearance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
may	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
overclocking	B-Application
of	O
computers	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
frequency	O
at	O
which	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
operates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Case	B-Architecture
modding	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
popular	O
activity	O
amongst	O
many	O
computer	O
enthusiasts	O
which	O
involves	O
the	O
customization	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
case	I-General_Concept
or	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
water	O
cooling	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
connection	O
with	O
automobiles	O
,	O
modding	B-Device
can	O
connote	O
engine	O
tuning	O
,	O
remapping	O
of	O
a	O
vehicle	O
's	O
engine	B-Device
control	I-Device
unit	I-Device
or	O
customization	O
of	O
the	O
coachwork	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modding	B-Device
may	O
sometimes	O
infringe	O
the	O
legal	O
rights	O
of	O
the	O
copyright	O
owner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
nations	O
have	O
laws	O
prohibiting	O
modding	B-Device
and	O
accuse	O
modders	B-Device
of	O
attempting	O
to	O
overcome	O
copy	B-Application
protection	I-Application
schemes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
22-year-old	O
man	O
was	O
convicted	O
by	O
Caerphilly	O
Magistrates	O
 '	O
Court	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
in	O
July	O
2005	O
for	O
selling	O
a	O
modded	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
with	O
built	O
in	O
software	O
and	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modding	B-Device
may	O
be	O
an	O
unauthorized	O
change	O
made	O
to	O
a	O
software	O
or	O
hardware	B-Architecture
to	O
a	O
platform	O
in	O
gaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Case	B-Architecture
mods	I-Architecture
are	O
modifications	O
to	O
a	O
device	O
with	O
the	O
altering	O
of	O
certain	O
styles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
people	O
who	O
mod	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
can	O
alter	O
the	O
LED	O
lights	O
on	O
the	O
controller	O
to	O
glow	O
different	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
5	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Matthew	O
Crippen	O
,	O
a	O
27-year-old	O
student	O
at	O
California	O
State	O
University	O
,	O
Fullerton	O
,	O
was	O
arrested	O
for	O
modifying	O
game	O
consoles	O
including	O
the	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
,	O
PlayStation	B-Device
3	O
,	O
and	O
Nintendo	O
Wii	O
for	O
profit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
example	O
of	O
one	O
kind	O
of	O
modding	B-Device
is	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
mod	O
chips	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
play	O
homemade	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
games	O
legitimately	O
purchased	O
in	O
other	O
regions	O
,	O
or	O
legal	O
backup	O
copies	O
,	O
but	O
can	O
also	O
allow	O
illegal	O
unauthorized	O
copies	O
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
play	O
personally	O
recorded	O
CD	O
or	O
DVD	O
copies	O
of	O
video	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modchips	O
,	O
in	O
their	O
current	O
form	O
,	O
were	O
first	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
Sony	B-Device
PlayStation	I-Device
(	O
and	O
later	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
copyright	O
circumvention	O
systems	O
also	O
existed	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
64	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
older	O
Game	O
Boy	O
consoles	O
(	O
though	O
neither	O
include	O
actual	O
modding	B-Device
,	O
but	O
instead	O
backup	O
devices	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
is	O
through	O
soft	B-Device
modding	I-Device
(	O
modifying	O
software	O
,	O
normally	O
using	O
a	O
softmod	B-Device
)	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
change	O
data	O
contained	O
on	O
its	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
type	O
of	O
modding	B-Device
,	O
known	O
as	O
hard	O
modding	B-Device
,	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
modifying	O
the	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
such	O
as	O
components	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Hypervisor	B-Operating_System
in	O
order	O
to	O
run	O
exploits	O
to	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
console	O
or	O
to	O
run	O
unsigned	O
code	O
and	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
form	O
of	O
'	O
modding	B-Device
 '	O
(	O
more	O
correctly	O
termed	O
as	O
hacking	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
not	O
as	O
popular	O
as	O
softmodding	B-Device
,	O
is	O
mostly	O
done	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
'	O
run	O
 '	O
many	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soft	B-Device
modding	I-Device
is	O
more	O
popular	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
ease	O
of	O
installation	O
and	O
its	O
relatively	O
low	O
price	O
(	O
it	O
can	O
even	O
be	O
done	O
for	O
free	O
with	O
the	O
right	O
tools	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
type	O
of	O
console	O
modding	B-Device
is	O
about	O
appearances	O
,	O
much	O
like	O
computer	B-General_Concept
case	I-General_Concept
modification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cutting	O
the	O
game	O
system	O
case	O
,	O
to	O
fit	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and/or	O
expose	O
the	O
internal	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cooling	O
is	O
a	O
large	O
part	O
of	O
console	O
hard	O
'	O
modding	B-Device
 '	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
heat	O
sink	O
upgrades	O
,	O
more	O
powerful	O
or	O
quieter	O
fans	O
,	O
some	O
even	O
go	O
so	O
far	O
as	O
to	O
abandon	O
common	O
heat	O
exchange	O
to	O
air	O
all	O
together	O
by	O
liquid	O
cooling	O
a	O
console	O
(	O
most	O
notably	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
initially	O
had	O
some	O
heat	O
problems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
side	O
,	O
some	O
companies	O
actively	O
encourage	O
modding	B-Device
of	O
their	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cases	O
such	O
as	O
TiVo	B-Application
and	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
informal	O
agreement	O
between	O
the	O
modders	B-Device
and	O
the	O
company	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
modders	B-Device
agree	O
not	O
to	O
do	O
anything	O
that	O
destroys	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
business	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
agrees	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
modding	B-Device
community	O
by	O
providing	O
technical	O
specifications	O
and	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
commercial	O
video	O
games	O
thrive	O
through	O
a	O
modding	B-Device
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Half-Life	B-Application
and	O
Warcraft	B-Application
III	I-Application
,	O
mods	O
called	O
Counter-Strike	B-Application
and	O
Defense	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
the	I-Operating_System
Ancients	I-Operating_System
(	O
DotA	B-Operating_System
)	O
respectively	O
,	O
drove	O
sales	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
software	O
for	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modded	O
drivers	B-Application
are	O
made	O
for	O
improved	O
performance	O
which	O
official	O
versions	O
of	O
drivers	B-Application
do	O
not	O
offer	O
or	O
in	O
cases	O
where	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
official	O
versions	O
of	O
drivers	B-Application
for	O
new	O
hardware	B-Architecture
designed	O
for	O
older	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Case	B-Architecture
modding	I-Architecture
may	O
range	O
from	O
simple	O
case	O
(	O
or	O
chassis	O
)	O
painting	O
,	O
to	O
extensive	O
case	B-Architecture
modifications	I-Architecture
with	O
custom-fabricated	O
pieces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
modding	B-Device
and	O
modder	B-Device
have	O
expanded	O
to	O
encompass	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
customization	O
by	O
personal-computer	O
enthusiasts	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
gaming	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
,	O
including	O
:	O
custom	O
and	O
homemade	O
hard	O
-	O
and	O
soft-line	O
liquid	O
cooling	O
loops	O
;	O
installation	O
of	O
LED	O
strips	O
and	O
other	O
lighting	O
effects	O
;	O
replacement	O
of	O
stock	O
cooling	O
fans	O
with	O
high-performance	O
ones	O
(	O
on	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
coolers	O
,	O
power	O
supplies	O
,	O
cases	O
,	O
drive	O
bays	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
components	O
)	O
;	O
"	O
delidding	O
"	O
of	O
CPUs	B-Device
and	O
GPUs	B-Device
to	O
replace	O
their	O
stock	O
thermal	O
paste	O
and	O
pads	O
with	O
high-thermal-conductivity	O
ones	O
;	O
addition	O
of	O
individually	O
sleeved	O
(	O
and	O
often	O
color-coordinated	O
)	O
cabling	O
;	O
replacement	O
of	O
various	O
heat	O
sinks	O
with	O
custom	O
liquid-cooling	O
water	O
blocks	O
on	O
components	O
normally	O
air-cooled	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
GPUs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
SSDs	B-Device
)	O
;	O
addition	O
of	O
new	O
components	O
not	O
usually	O
found	O
in	O
PCs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
electronic	O
timers	O
or	O
temperature	O
and	O
humidity	O
alarms	O
;	O
custom	O
soldering	O
to	O
replace	O
or	O
change	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
components	O
;	O
expansion	O
of	O
the	O
motherboard	O
's	O
capabilities	O
with	O
PCIe	O
add-in	O
cards	O
and	O
risers	O
(	O
the	O
latter	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
mount	O
graphics	B-Device
cards	I-Device
sideways	O
to	O
show	O
them	O
off	O
better	O
)	O
;	O
addition	O
of	O
server	O
hardware	B-Architecture
into	O
a	O
consumer-grade	O
system	O
;	O
and	O
extensive	O
overclocking	B-Application
through	O
detailed	O
benchmarking	O
that	O
seeks	O
to	O
squeeze	O
out	O
every	O
last	O
percentage	O
of	O
performance	O
improvement	O
without	O
the	O
system	O
becoming	O
unstable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ortho-modding	O
is	O
the	O
car	O
adaptation	O
(	O
seats	O
,	O
pedals	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
help	O
drivers	B-Application
to	O
prevent	O
,	O
correct	O
and	O
diminish	O
light	O
orthopedic	O
and	O
backbone/spine	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eco-modding	O
is	O
the	O
reduction	O
of	O
drag	O
,	O
petroleum	O
car	O
adaptation	O
to	O
use	O
renewable	O
energy	O
(	O
generally	O
,	O
changing	O
or	O
adding	O
a	O
new	O
engine	O
or	O
motor	O
)	O
,	O
generally	O
hydrogen	O
or	O
electricity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pen-modding	O
is	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
combining	O
many	O
pen	O
parts	O
either	O
to	O
help	O
with	O
pen	O
spinning	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
perfect	O
balance	O
is	O
desired	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
ideal	O
spinning	O
pen	O
,	O
or	O
simply	O
for	O
decoration	O
.	O
</s>
