<s>
The	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
mobile	O
browser-based	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
services	O
accessed	O
from	O
handheld	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
or	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
,	O
through	O
a	O
mobile	O
or	O
other	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
,	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
has	O
been	O
accessed	O
via	O
fixed-line	B-Application
services	O
on	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
desktop	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
2010	O
ITU	O
(	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
)	O
report	O
said	O
that	O
with	O
current	O
growth	O
rates	O
,	O
web	O
access	O
by	O
people	O
on	O
the	O
go	O
via	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
smart	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
was	O
likely	O
to	O
exceed	O
web	O
access	O
from	O
desktop	O
computers	O
within	O
the	O
following	O
five	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2014	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
internet	I-Application
use	O
exceeded	O
desktop	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
shift	O
to	O
mobile	B-Application
Web	I-Application
access	O
has	O
accelerated	O
since	O
2007	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
larger	O
multitouch	B-Application
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
and	O
since	O
2010	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
multitouch	B-Application
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	I-Device
</s>
<s>
Both	O
platforms	B-Device
provide	O
better	O
Internet	O
access	O
,	O
screens	O
,	O
and	O
mobile	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
or	O
application-based	O
user	O
Web	O
experiences	O
than	O
previous	O
generations	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Faster	O
speeds	O
,	O
smaller	O
,	O
feature-rich	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
applications	B-Application
continue	O
to	O
drive	O
explosive	O
growth	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
internet	I-Application
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distinction	O
between	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	B-Application
and	O
native	B-Application
applications	I-Application
is	O
anticipated	O
to	O
become	O
increasingly	O
blurred	O
,	O
as	O
mobile	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
gain	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
hardware	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
(	O
including	O
accelerometers	O
and	O
GPS	O
chips	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
abilities	O
of	O
browser-based	O
applications	B-Application
improve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Persistent	B-Application
storage	I-Application
and	O
access	O
to	O
sophisticated	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
graphics	O
functions	O
may	O
further	O
reduce	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
platform-specific	O
native	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
called	O
Web	O
3.0	O
,	O
drawing	O
parallels	O
to	O
the	O
changes	O
users	O
were	O
experiencing	O
as	O
Web	O
2.0	O
websites	O
proliferated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
was	O
first	O
popularized	O
by	O
the	O
silicon	O
valley	O
company	O
,	O
Unwired	O
Planet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WAP	O
standard	O
was	O
built	O
on	O
a	O
three-layer	O
,	O
middleware	O
architecture	O
that	O
fueled	O
the	O
early	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
but	O
was	O
made	O
virtually	O
irrelevant	O
with	O
faster	O
networks	O
,	O
larger	O
displays	O
,	O
and	O
advanced	O
smartphones	B-Application
based	O
on	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Android	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
Internet	O
access	O
and	O
mainly	O
usage	O
of	O
Internet	O
using	O
a	O
cellular	O
telephone	O
service	O
provider	O
or	O
mobile	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
desktop	O
computer	O
or	O
other	O
not	O
in	O
move	O
device	O
that	O
stays	O
connected	O
to	O
one	O
tower	O
as	O
using	O
mobile	B-Application
internet	I-Application
,	O
but	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
prime	O
meaning	O
of	O
"	O
mobile	O
"	O
here	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mobile	O
phone	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
that	O
connects	O
to	O
Internet	O
hypertext	O
data	O
or	O
voice	O
services	O
without	O
going	O
through	O
the	O
cellular	O
base	O
station	O
is	O
not	O
on	O
the	O
service	O
mobile	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
but	O
connected	O
to	O
wireless	O
mobile	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
laptop	B-Device
with	O
a	O
broadband	B-Device
modem	I-Device
and	O
a	O
cellular	O
service	O
provider	O
subscription	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
traveling	O
on	O
a	O
bus	O
through	O
the	O
city	O
is	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mobile	B-Device
broadband	I-Device
modem	I-Device
"	O
tethers	O
"	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
computers	O
or	O
other	O
end-user	O
devices	O
to	O
provide	O
access	O
and	O
usage	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
via	O
the	O
protocols	O
that	O
cellular	O
telephone	O
service	O
providers	O
may	O
offer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
BuzzCity	O
,	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
internet	I-Application
increased	O
by	O
30%	O
from	O
Q1	O
to	O
Q2	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
July	O
2012	O
,	O
approximately	O
10.5	O
%	O
of	O
all	O
web	O
traffic	O
occurs	O
through	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
(	O
up	O
from	O
4%	O
in	O
December	O
2010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
access	O
today	O
still	O
suffers	O
from	O
interoperability	O
and	O
usability	B-General_Concept
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interoperability	O
issues	O
stem	O
from	O
the	O
platform	B-Device
fragmentation	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
browsers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usability	B-General_Concept
problems	O
are	O
centered	O
on	O
the	O
small	O
physical	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
form	O
factors	O
(	O
limits	O
on	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
and	O
user	O
input/operating	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
these	O
shortcomings	O
,	O
many	O
mobile	O
developers	O
choose	O
to	O
create	O
apps	O
using	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
June	O
2011	O
research	O
on	O
mobile	O
development	O
found	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
the	O
third	O
most	O
used	O
platform	B-Device
,	O
trailing	O
Android	O
and	O
iOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mobile	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Initiative	O
(	O
MWI	O
)	O
was	O
set	O
up	O
by	O
the	O
W3C	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
best	O
practices	O
and	O
technologies	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
initiative	O
is	O
to	O
make	O
browsing	O
the	O
web	O
from	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
more	O
reliable	O
and	O
accessible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
aim	O
is	O
to	O
evolve	O
standards	O
of	O
data	O
formats	O
from	O
Internet	O
providers	O
that	O
are	O
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
specifications	O
of	O
particular	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
W3C	O
is	O
also	O
developing	O
a	O
validating	O
scheme	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
readiness	O
of	O
content	O
for	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
,	O
through	O
its	O
mobileOK	O
Scheme	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
help	O
content	O
developers	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
their	O
content	O
is	O
web-ready	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
are	O
being	O
documented	O
and	O
explored	O
for	O
particular	O
applications	B-Application
by	O
interested	O
industry	O
groups	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
for	O
education	O
and	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
was	O
commercially	O
offered	O
in	O
Finland	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1996	O
on	O
the	O
Nokia	O
9000	O
Communicator	O
phone	O
via	O
the	O
Sonera	O
and	O
Radiolinja	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
primarily	O
utilizes	O
lightweight	O
pages	O
like	O
this	O
one	O
written	O
in	O
Extensible	B-Language
Hypertext	I-Language
Markup	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
XHTML	B-Language
)	O
or	O
Wireless	B-General_Concept
Markup	I-General_Concept
Language	I-General_Concept
(	O
WML	O
)	O
to	O
deliver	O
content	O
to	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
new	O
mobile	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
are	O
moving	O
beyond	O
these	O
limits	O
by	O
supporting	O
a	O
wider	O
range	O
of	O
Web	O
formats	O
,	O
including	O
variants	O
of	O
HTML	B-Language
commonly	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
desktop	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
data	O
connections	O
are	O
following	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
mobile	O
phone	O
connections	O
albeit	O
at	O
a	O
lower	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
there	O
were	O
1.57	O
billion	O
smartphone	B-Application
owners	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
2.32	O
billion	O
in	O
2017	O
(	O
now	O
)	O
and	O
2.87	O
billion	O
are	O
predicted	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Growth	O
is	O
fastest	O
in	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
where	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
PC	O
)	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
user	O
experience	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
India	O
,	O
South	O
Africa	O
,	O
Indonesia	O
,	O
and	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
are	O
seeing	O
the	O
fastest	O
growth	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
internet	I-Application
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
widespread	O
deployment	O
of	O
Web-enabled	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
(	O
such	O
as	O
phones	O
)	O
make	O
them	O
a	O
target	O
of	O
choice	O
for	O
content	O
creators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
has	O
155	O
million	O
mobile	B-Application
internet	I-Application
users	O
as	O
of	O
June	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
.mobi	O
sponsored	O
top-level	O
domain	O
was	O
launched	O
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
by	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
companies	O
including	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Nokia	O
,	O
Samsung	O
,	O
and	O
Vodafone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
forcing	O
sites	O
to	O
comply	O
with	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
standards	O
,	O
.mobi	O
tries	O
to	O
ensure	O
visitors	O
a	O
consistent	O
and	O
optimized	O
experience	O
on	O
their	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
fundamentally	O
useful	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
quote	O
the	O
URI	B-Protocol
for	O
some	O
information	O
and	O
then	O
look	O
up	O
that	O
URI	B-Protocol
in	O
an	O
entirely	O
different	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
I	O
may	O
want	O
to	O
look	O
up	O
a	O
restaurant	O
on	O
my	O
laptop	B-Device
,	O
bookmark	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
,	O
when	O
I	O
only	O
have	O
my	O
phone	O
,	O
check	O
the	O
bookmark	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
look	O
at	O
the	O
evening	O
menu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advertisers	O
are	O
increasingly	O
using	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
as	O
a	O
platform	B-Device
to	O
reach	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
recent	O
study	O
by	O
the	O
Online	O
Publishers	O
Association	O
,	O
now	O
called	O
Digital	O
Content	O
Next	O
(	O
DCN	O
)	O
,	O
reported	O
that	O
about	O
one-in-ten	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
users	O
said	O
they	O
have	O
made	O
a	O
purchase	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
ad	O
,	O
while	O
23%	O
said	O
they	O
had	O
visited	O
a	O
Web	O
site	O
,	O
13%	O
said	O
they	O
have	O
requested	O
more	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
product	O
or	O
service	O
and	O
11%	O
said	O
they	O
have	O
gone	O
to	O
a	O
store	O
to	O
check	O
out	O
a	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
fall	O
of	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
rolling	O
out	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
initiative	O
called	O
"	O
Accelerated	B-General_Concept
Mobile	I-General_Concept
Pages	I-General_Concept
"	O
or	O
AMP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
the	O
population	O
now	O
consumes	O
the	O
web	O
through	O
tablets	B-Device
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
having	O
web	O
pages	O
that	O
are	O
optimized	O
for	O
these	O
products	O
is	O
the	O
primary	O
need	O
to	O
AMP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
three	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
AMP	O
are	O
AMP	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
AMP	O
JS	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Google	B-General_Concept
AMP	I-General_Concept
Cache	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
recent	O
requirement	O
beginning	O
1	O
February	O
2018	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
requires	O
the	O
canonical	O
page	O
content	O
should	O
match	O
the	O
content	O
on	O
accelerated	B-General_Concept
mobile	I-General_Concept
pages	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
creating	O
a	O
great	O
user	O
experience	O
and	O
to	O
avoid	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
traps	O
it	O
's	O
important	O
to	O
display	O
the	O
same	O
content	O
on	O
Accelerated	B-General_Concept
Mobile	I-General_Concept
Pages	I-General_Concept
as	O
there	O
are	O
with	O
the	O
standard	O
canonical	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
Internet	O
access	O
"	O
on	O
the	O
go	O
"	O
provides	O
advantages	O
to	O
many	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
communicate	O
by	O
email	O
with	O
others	O
and	O
obtain	O
information	O
anywhere	O
,	O
the	O
web	O
,	O
accessed	O
from	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
has	O
many	O
limits	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
vary	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
newer	O
smartphones	B-Application
overcome	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
display	O
more	O
information	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
screen	O
sizes	O
have	O
been	O
getting	O
bigger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
,	O
only	O
one	O
page	O
could	O
be	O
displayed	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
pages	O
could	O
only	O
be	O
viewed	O
in	O
the	O
sequence	O
they	O
were	O
originally	O
accessed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Opera	B-Protocol
Mini	I-Protocol
was	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
allowing	O
multiple	O
windows	O
,	O
and	O
browser	O
tabs	O
have	O
become	O
commonplace	O
but	O
few	O
mobile	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
allow	O
overlapping	O
windows	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Navigation	O
–	O
Navigation	O
is	O
a	O
problem	O
for	O
websites	O
not	O
optimized	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
as	O
the	O
content	O
area	O
is	O
large	O
,	O
the	O
screen	O
size	O
is	O
small	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
scroll	O
wheel	O
or	O
hover	O
box	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lack	O
of	O
JavaScript	O
and	O
cookies	O
–	O
most	O
devices	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
client-side	O
scripting	O
and	O
storage	O
of	O
cookies	O
(	O
smartphones	B-Application
excluded	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
now	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
web	O
sites	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
user	O
experience	O
,	O
facilitating	O
the	O
validation	O
of	O
data	O
entered	O
by	O
the	O
page	O
visitor	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
also	O
results	O
in	O
web	O
analytics	O
tools	O
being	O
unable	O
to	O
uniquely	O
identify	O
visitors	O
using	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Types	O
of	O
pages	O
accessible	O
–	O
many	O
sites	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
on	O
a	O
desktop	O
cannot	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
devices	O
cannot	O
access	O
pages	O
with	O
a	O
secured	O
connection	O
,	O
Flash	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
similar	O
software	O
,	O
PDFs	B-Application
,	O
or	O
video	O
sites	O
,	O
although	O
as	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
this	O
has	O
been	O
changing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speed	O
–	O
on	O
most	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
service	O
is	O
slow	O
,	O
sometimes	O
slower	O
than	O
dial-up	O
Internet	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
inability	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	B-Application
to	O
access	O
the	O
local	O
capabilities	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
can	O
limit	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
same	O
features	O
as	O
native	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OMTP	O
BONDI	O
activity	O
is	O
acting	O
as	O
a	O
catalyst	O
to	O
enable	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
JavaScript	O
APIs	O
which	O
can	O
securely	O
access	O
local	O
capabilities	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
aspect	O
of	O
this	O
provision	O
to	O
protect	O
users	O
from	O
malicious	O
web	O
applications	B-Application
and	O
widgets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Mobile	I-Protocol
Telecommunications	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
)	O
signals	O
,	O
used	O
in	O
3G	O
networks	O
,	O
have	O
a	O
smaller	O
exclusion	O
zone	O
of	O
just	O
a	O
few	O
centimeters	O
.	O
</s>
