<s>
Mobile	O
computing	O
involves	O
mobile	O
communication	O
,	O
mobile	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
mobile	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
software	I-Application
deals	O
with	O
the	O
characteristics	O
and	O
requirements	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
compact	O
,	O
lightweight	O
units	O
including	O
a	O
full	O
character	O
set	O
keyboard	O
and	O
primarily	O
intended	O
as	O
hosts	O
for	O
software	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
parameterized	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
laptops/desktops	O
,	O
smartphones/tablets	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
phones	B-Application
,	O
telephony	O
devices	O
which	O
can	O
call	O
from	O
a	O
distance	O
through	O
cellular	O
networking	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearable	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
,	O
mostly	O
limited	O
to	O
functional	O
keys	O
and	O
primarily	O
intended	O
for	O
the	O
incorporation	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
agents	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
bracelets	O
,	O
keyless	O
implants	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expandability	O
,	O
replaceability	O
and	O
modularity	B-Architecture
:	O
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
common	O
traditional	O
motherboard-based	O
PC	O
the	O
SoC	B-Architecture
architecture	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
are	O
embedded	O
makes	O
these	O
features	O
impossible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lack	O
of	O
a	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
:	O
As	O
most	O
smart	O
devices	O
lack	O
a	O
proper	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
their	O
bootloading	O
capabilities	O
are	O
limited	O
as	O
they	O
can	O
only	O
boot	O
into	O
the	O
single	O
operative	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
with	O
which	O
it	O
came	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
with	O
the	O
PC	B-Operating_System
BIOS	I-Operating_System
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Range	O
and	O
bandwidth	O
:	O
Mobile	O
Internet	O
access	O
is	O
generally	O
slower	O
than	O
direct	O
cable	O
connections	O
,	O
using	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
GPRS	B-General_Concept
and	O
EDGE	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
HSDPA	O
,	O
HSUPA	O
,	O
3G	B-Architecture
and	O
4G	B-Architecture
networks	O
and	O
also	O
the	O
proposed	O
5G	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
standards	O
:	O
When	O
working	O
mobile	O
,	O
one	O
is	O
dependent	O
on	O
public	O
networks	O
,	O
requiring	O
careful	O
use	O
of	O
VPN	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
can	O
easily	O
attack	O
the	O
VPN	B-Application
through	O
a	O
huge	O
number	O
of	O
networks	O
interconnected	O
through	O
the	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cell	O
phones	B-Application
may	O
interfere	O
with	O
sensitive	O
medical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternate	O
input	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
speech	O
or	O
handwriting	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
require	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
commercial	O
and	O
government	O
field	O
forces	O
deploy	O
a	O
rugged	O
portable	B-Device
computer	I-Device
with	O
their	O
fleet	O
of	O
vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rugged	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
rated	O
for	O
severe	O
vibration	O
associated	O
with	O
large	O
service	O
vehicles	O
and	O
off-road	O
driving	O
and	O
the	O
harsh	O
environmental	O
conditions	O
of	O
constant	O
professional	O
use	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
emergency	O
medical	O
services	O
,	O
fire	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vibration	O
can	O
decrease	O
the	O
life	O
expectancy	O
of	O
computer	O
components	O
,	O
notably	O
rotational	O
storage	O
such	O
as	O
HDDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreen	B-Device
users	O
easily	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
units	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
without	O
removing	O
gloves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
of	O
particular	O
concern	O
as	O
it	O
relates	O
to	O
the	O
security	O
of	O
personal	O
information	O
now	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
might	O
copy	O
user	O
data	O
from	O
these	O
devices	O
to	O
a	O
remote	O
server	O
without	O
the	O
users’	O
permission	O
and	O
often	O
without	O
the	O
users’	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
profiles	O
automatically	O
created	O
in	O
the	O
cloud	O
for	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
raise	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
on	O
all	O
major	O
platforms	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
,	O
including	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
,	O
location	O
tracking	O
and	O
personal	O
data	O
collection	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
user	O
settings	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
and	O
more	O
users	O
and	O
businesses	O
use	O
smartphones	B-Application
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
planning	O
and	O
organizing	O
their	O
work	O
and	O
private	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
collect	O
and	O
compile	O
an	O
increasing	O
amount	O
of	O
sensitive	O
information	O
to	O
which	O
access	O
must	O
be	O
controlled	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
privacy	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
the	O
intellectual	O
property	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
smartphones	B-Application
are	O
preferred	O
targets	O
of	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
attacks	O
exploit	O
weaknesses	O
related	O
to	O
smartphones	B-Application
that	O
can	O
come	O
from	O
means	O
of	O
wireless	O
telecommunication	O
like	O
WiFi	O
networks	O
and	O
GSM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
attacks	O
that	O
exploit	O
software	O
vulnerabilities	O
from	O
both	O
the	O
web	O
browser	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
security	O
counter-measures	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
and	O
applied	O
to	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
from	O
security	O
in	O
different	O
layers	O
of	O
software	O
to	O
the	O
dissemination	O
of	O
information	O
to	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
good	O
practices	O
to	O
be	O
observed	O
at	O
all	O
levels	O
,	O
from	O
design	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
software	O
layers	O
,	O
and	O
downloadable	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
categories	O
of	O
portable	O
computing	O
devices	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
batteries	O
but	O
are	O
not	O
usually	O
classified	O
as	O
laptops	B-Device
:	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
PDAs	B-Application
,	O
ultra	B-Device
mobile	I-Device
PCs	I-Device
(	O
UMPCs	B-Device
)	O
,	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
portable	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
discontinued	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	O
computer	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
moved	O
from	O
place	O
to	O
place	O
,	O
but	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
while	O
in	O
transit	O
,	O
usually	O
because	O
it	O
requires	O
some	O
"	O
setting-up	O
"	O
and	O
an	O
AC	O
power	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
famous	O
example	O
is	O
Osborne	B-Device
1	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
also	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
transportable	O
"	O
or	O
a	O
"	O
luggable	B-Device
"	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistant	I-Application
(	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
(	O
discontinued	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
small	O
,	O
usually	O
pocket-sized	O
,	O
computer	O
with	O
limited	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
supplement	O
and	O
to	O
synchronize	O
with	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
giving	O
access	O
to	O
contacts	O
,	O
address	O
book	O
,	O
notes	O
,	O
e-mail	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
ultra	B-Device
mobile	I-Device
PC	I-Device
(	O
discontinued	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
full-featured	O
,	O
PDA-sized	O
computer	O
running	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tablets/phones	O
:	O
a	O
slate	O
tablet	B-Device
is	O
shaped	O
like	O
a	O
paper	O
notebook	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
are	O
the	O
same	O
devices	O
as	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
difference	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
is	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
much	O
smaller	O
and	O
pocketable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
a	O
physical	O
keyboard	O
,	O
these	O
devices	O
have	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
including	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
virtual	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
but	O
can	O
also	O
link	O
to	O
a	O
physical	O
keyboard	O
via	O
wireless	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
or	O
USB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
devices	O
include	O
features	O
other	O
computer	O
systems	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
incorporate	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
built-in	O
cameras	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
portability	O
-	O
although	O
some	O
laptops	B-Device
possess	O
camera	O
integration	O
,	O
and	O
desktops	B-Device
and	O
laptops	B-Device
can	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
webcam	B-Protocol
by	O
way	O
of	O
USB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
carputer	B-Operating_System
is	O
installed	O
in	O
an	O
automobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
contains	O
word	O
processing	O
software	O
and	O
is	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Ferranti	O
introduced	O
a	O
handheld	O
application-specific	O
mobile	O
computer	O
(	O
the	O
MRT-100	B-Device
)	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
clipboard	O
for	O
conducting	O
opinion	O
polls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
OQO	O
UMPC	B-Device
is	O
also	O
a	O
PDA-sized	O
tablet	B-Device
PC	I-Device
;	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
eMate	I-Device
had	O
the	O
clamshell	O
form	O
factor	O
of	O
a	O
laptop	B-Device
but	O
ran	O
PDA	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HP	B-Device
Omnibook	I-Device
line	O
of	O
laptops	B-Device
included	O
some	O
devices	O
small	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
called	O
ultra	B-Device
mobile	I-Device
PCs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hardware	O
of	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Application
770	I-Application
internet	I-Application
tablet	I-Application
is	O
essentially	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
PDA	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
Zaurus	B-Operating_System
6000	O
;	O
the	O
only	O
reason	O
it	O
's	O
not	O
called	O
a	O
PDA	B-Application
is	O
that	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
PIM	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
both	O
the	O
770	O
and	O
the	O
Zaurus	B-Operating_System
can	O
run	O
some	O
desktop	O
Linux	O
software	O
,	O
usually	O
with	O
modifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cellular	O
data	O
service	O
uses	O
technologies	O
GSM	O
,	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
or	O
GPRS	B-General_Concept
,	O
3G	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
such	O
as	O
W-CDMA	O
,	O
EDGE	O
or	O
CDMA2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
more	O
recently	O
4G	B-Architecture
and	O
5G	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
connections	O
offer	O
higher	O
performance	O
,	O
may	O
be	O
either	O
on	O
a	O
private	O
business	O
network	O
or	O
accessed	O
through	O
public	O
hotspots	B-Application
,	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
typical	O
range	O
of	O
100	O
feet	O
indoors	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
1000	O
feet	O
outdoors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
using	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
networks	O
,	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
virtual	I-Application
private	I-Application
network	I-Application
(	O
mobile	B-Application
VPN	I-Application
)	O
not	O
only	O
handles	O
the	O
security	O
concerns	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
performs	O
the	O
multiple	O
network	O
logins	B-General_Concept
automatically	O
and	O
keeps	O
the	O
application	O
connections	O
alive	O
to	O
prevent	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
or	O
data	O
loss	O
during	O
network	O
transitions	O
or	O
coverage	O
loss	O
.	O
</s>
