<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
collecting	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
from	O
a	O
mobile	O
vehicle	O
,	O
typically	O
fitted	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
GNSS	O
,	O
photographic	O
,	O
radar	B-Application
,	O
laser	O
,	O
LiDAR	O
or	O
any	O
number	O
of	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
systems	O
are	O
composed	O
of	O
an	O
integrated	O
array	O
of	O
time	O
synchronised	O
navigation	O
sensors	O
and	O
imaging	O
sensors	O
mounted	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
platform	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
output	O
from	O
such	O
systems	O
include	O
GIS	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
digital	O
maps	O
,	O
and	O
georeferenced	O
images	O
and	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
direct	O
reading	O
georeferencing	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
opened	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPS	O
and	O
Inertial	O
Navigation	O
Systems	O
,	O
have	O
allowed	O
rapid	O
and	O
accurate	O
determination	O
of	O
position	O
and	O
attitude	O
of	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
equipment	O
,	O
effectively	O
leading	O
to	O
direct	O
mapping	O
of	O
features	O
of	O
interest	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
complex	O
post-processing	O
of	O
observed	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
techniques	O
of	O
geo-referencing	B-General_Concept
aerial	O
photography	O
,	O
ground	O
profiling	O
radar	B-Application
,	O
or	O
Lidar	O
are	O
prohibitively	O
expensive	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
inaccessible	O
areas	O
,	O
or	O
where	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
data	O
collected	O
makes	O
interpretation	O
of	O
individual	O
features	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	O
direct	O
georeferencing	B-General_Concept
,	O
simplifies	O
the	O
mapping	O
control	O
for	O
large	O
scale	O
mapping	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
systems	O
allow	O
rapid	O
collection	O
of	O
data	O
to	O
allow	O
accurate	O
assessment	O
of	O
conditions	O
on	O
the	O
ground	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
users	O
,	O
are	O
increasingly	O
utilising	O
geo-spatial	O
information	O
,	O
either	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
mapping	O
,	O
or	O
geo-referenced	B-General_Concept
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Street	B-Application
View	I-Application
type	O
images	O
are	O
also	O
an	O
increasing	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location	O
aware	O
PDA	B-Application
systems	O
rely	O
on	O
geo-referenced	B-General_Concept
features	O
collated	O
from	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laser	O
scanning	O
technologies	O
,	O
applied	O
in	O
the	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
sense	O
,	O
allow	O
full	O
3D	O
data	O
collection	O
of	O
slope	O
,	O
bankings	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
combined	O
with	O
indoor	O
mapping	O
are	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
creation	O
of	O
digital	O
twins	O
.	O
</s>
