<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
interaction	O
between	O
mobile	O
users	O
and	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
aspect	O
of	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
that	O
emerged	O
when	O
computers	O
became	O
small	O
enough	O
to	O
enable	O
mobile	O
usage	O
,	O
around	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
are	O
a	O
pervasive	O
part	O
of	O
people	O
's	O
everyday	O
lives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
use	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
PDAs	B-Application
,	O
and	O
portable	O
media	O
players	O
almost	O
everywhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
affect	O
the	O
way	O
people	O
interact	O
,	O
share	O
,	O
and	O
communicate	O
with	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
growing	O
in	O
diversity	O
and	O
complexity	O
,	O
featuring	O
new	O
interaction	O
paradigms	O
,	O
modalities	B-General_Concept
,	O
shapes	O
,	O
and	O
purposes	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
e-readers	O
,	O
portable	O
media	O
players	O
,	O
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
strong	O
differentiating	O
factors	O
that	O
characterize	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
from	O
traditional	O
personal	O
computing	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
)	O
,	O
are	O
their	O
ubiquitous	O
use	O
,	O
usual	O
small	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
mixed	O
interaction	O
modalities	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
includes	O
different	O
design	O
trends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
six	O
design	O
trends	O
are	O
portability	O
,	O
miniaturization	O
,	O
connectivity	O
,	O
convergence	B-Application
,	O
divergence	B-Application
,	O
and	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
apps	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
reason	O
behind	O
those	O
trends	O
is	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
requirements	O
and	O
needs	O
of	O
mobile	O
users	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
goal	O
for	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
multidisciplinary	O
area	O
with	O
various	O
academic	O
subjects	O
making	O
contributions	O
to	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
disciplines	O
involved	O
in	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
are	O
psychology	O
,	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
sociology	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
information	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processes	O
in	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
design	O
includes	O
three	O
main	O
activities	O
:	O
understanding	O
users	O
,	O
developing	O
prototype	O
designs	O
,	O
and	O
evaluation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
eras	O
,	O
or	O
waves	O
,	O
each	O
characterized	O
by	O
a	O
particular	O
technological	O
focus	O
,	O
interaction	O
design	O
trends	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
leading	O
to	O
fundamental	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
discipline	O
was	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
Dynabook	B-General_Concept
by	O
Alan	O
Kay	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
first	O
laptops	B-Device
were	O
built	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
they	O
were	O
seen	O
as	O
transportable	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
were	O
introduced	O
such	O
as	O
labelled	O
palmtop	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
,	O
digital	O
organizers	O
,	O
or	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
(	O
PDAs	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1973	O
,	O
Martin	O
Cooper	O
worked	O
at	O
Motorola	O
developed	O
a	O
handheld	B-Application
mobile	O
phone	O
concept	O
,	O
which	O
later	O
on	O
by	O
1983	O
,	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
mobile	O
phone	O
called	O
the	O
DynaTAC	O
8000X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
era	O
,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
specialized	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
started	O
to	O
converge	O
into	O
new	O
types	O
of	O
hybrid	O
devices	O
with	O
primarily	O
different	O
form	O
factors	O
and	O
interaction	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
device	O
of	O
such	O
technique	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
smartphones	B-Application
"	O
was	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
smart	B-Application
phone	I-Application
was	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Simon	I-Device
and	O
it	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
making	O
phone	O
calls	O
,	O
calendars	O
,	O
addresses	O
,	O
notes	O
,	O
e-mail	O
,	O
fax	O
and	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
basic	O
idea	O
behind	O
divergence	B-Application
is	O
that	O
specialized	O
tools	O
facilitate	O
optimization	O
of	O
functionality	O
over	O
time	O
and	O
enhancement	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
famous	O
device	O
of	O
this	O
era	O
was	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
iPod	I-Device
on	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
2007	O
,	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
truly	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
cellular	O
phone	O
;	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
converged	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
with	O
different	O
features	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
important	O
thing	O
is	O
that	O
it	O
represents	O
a	O
significant	O
rethinking	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interactions	I-General_Concept
and	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
notable	O
interaction	O
design	O
choices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
both	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
the	O
users	O
are	O
becoming	O
more	O
demanding	O
of	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
provide	O
both	O
functionality	O
and	O
pleasant	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
researches	O
is	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
requirements	O
and	O
needs	O
of	O
mobile	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
with	O
stationary	O
devices	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
have	O
specific	O
,	O
often	O
restricted	O
,	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
goal	O
that	O
is	O
often	O
named	O
is	O
to	O
overcome	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
multidisciplinary	O
area	O
with	O
various	O
academic	O
subjects	O
making	O
contributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
the	O
task	O
the	O
user	O
wants	O
to	O
perform	O
with	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
tools	O
,	O
software	B-Application
packages	I-Application
that	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
achieve	O
this	O
and	O
an	O
understanding	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
are	O
the	O
main	O
disciplines	O
involved	O
in	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
user	O
characteristics	O
such	O
as	O
age	O
,	O
or	O
personality	O
physical	O
disabilities	O
such	O
as	O
blindness	O
,	O
all	O
have	O
an	O
effect	O
on	O
users	O
 '	O
performance	O
when	O
they	O
are	O
using	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
these	O
individual	O
differences	O
can	O
also	O
affect	O
people	O
's	O
attitude	O
towards	O
the	O
mobile	O
service	O
or	O
device	O
that	O
they	O
interact	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
from	O
2020	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
found	O
that	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
initiated	O
89%	O
of	O
the	O
interactions	O
with	O
their	O
phones	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
11%	O
of	O
the	O
interactions	O
resulting	O
from	O
a	O
notification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
(	O
along	O
with	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
providing	O
software	B-Application
tools	I-Application
to	O
develop	O
the	O
interfaces	O
that	O
users	O
need	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
the	O
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
tools	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
bring	O
methods	O
and	O
techniques	O
from	O
the	O
social	O
sciences	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
observational	O
studies	O
,	O
ethnography	O
)	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
evaluation	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
and	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
working	O
in	O
this	O
area	O
are	O
concerned	O
with	O
looking	O
at	O
the	O
design	O
layout	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
colors	O
,	O
positioning	O
of	O
text	O
or	O
graphics	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
of	O
a	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
crucial	O
area	O
of	O
mobile	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
research	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
limited	O
screen	O
space	O
available	O
for	O
most	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
crucial	O
that	O
services	O
and	O
applications	O
reflect	O
this	O
limitation	O
by	O
reducing	O
information	O
complexity	O
to	O
fit	O
the	O
parameters	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
,	O
without	O
losing	O
any	O
substantial	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
organisational	O
context	O
,	O
information	O
system	O
professionals	O
and	O
researchers	O
are	O
interested	O
in	O
looking	O
at	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
mobile	O
technologies	O
and	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
organisation	O
more	O
effective	O
in	O
conducting	O
its	O
business	O
on	O
a	O
day-to-day	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
design	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
interaction	O
design	O
which	O
heavily	O
focused	O
on	O
satisfying	O
the	O
needs	O
and	O
desires	O
of	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
people	O
who	O
will	O
use	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processes	O
in	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
design	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
activity	O
:	O
</s>
