<s>
A	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
,	O
or	O
smartphone	B-Application
game	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
that	O
is	O
typically	O
played	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
also	O
refers	O
to	O
all	O
games	O
that	O
are	O
played	O
on	O
any	O
portable	B-Application
device	I-Application
,	O
including	O
from	O
mobile	O
phone	O
(	O
feature	B-Device
phone	I-Device
or	O
smartphone	B-Application
)	O
,	O
tablet	B-Device
,	O
PDA	B-Application
to	O
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
,	O
portable	O
media	O
player	O
or	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
,	O
with	O
and	O
without	O
network	O
availability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
known	O
game	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
was	O
a	O
Tetris	B-Device
variant	I-Device
on	O
the	O
Hagenuk	O
MT-2000	O
device	O
from	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
Nokia	O
launched	O
Snake	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snake	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
pre-installed	B-Application
in	O
most	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
manufactured	O
by	O
Nokia	O
,	O
has	O
since	O
become	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
played	O
games	O
and	O
is	O
found	O
on	O
more	O
than	O
350	O
million	O
devices	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
Snake	B-Application
game	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Nokia	O
6110	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
infrared	O
port	O
,	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
many	O
two-player	O
game	O
for	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
usually	O
downloaded	B-Application
from	O
an	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
but	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
are	O
also	O
preloaded	O
in	O
the	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
by	O
the	O
OEM	O
or	O
by	O
the	O
mobile	O
operator	O
when	O
purchased	O
,	O
via	O
infrared	O
connection	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
or	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
,	O
or	O
side	O
loaded	O
onto	O
the	O
handset	O
with	O
a	O
cable	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Downloadable	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
were	O
first	O
commercialised	O
in	O
Japan	O
circa	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
's	O
I-mode	O
platform	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
were	O
available	O
through	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
platforms	O
throughout	O
Asia	O
,	O
Europe	O
,	O
North	O
America	O
and	O
ultimately	O
most	O
territories	O
where	O
modern	O
carrier	O
networks	O
and	O
handsets	O
were	O
available	O
by	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
distributed	O
by	O
mobile	O
operators	O
and	O
third	O
party	O
portals	B-Application
(	O
channels	O
initially	O
developed	O
to	O
monetise	O
downloadable	B-Application
ringtones	O
,	O
wallpapers	O
and	O
other	O
small	O
pieces	O
of	O
content	O
using	O
premium	O
SMS	B-Device
or	O
direct	O
carrier	O
charges	O
as	O
a	O
billing	O
mechanism	O
)	O
remained	O
a	O
marginal	O
form	O
of	O
gaming	O
until	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
first	O
mobile	O
content	O
marketplace	O
operated	O
directly	O
by	O
a	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
platform	I-Operating_System
holder	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
significantly	O
changed	O
the	O
consumer	O
behaviour	O
and	O
quickly	O
broadened	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
as	O
almost	O
every	O
smartphone	B-Application
owner	O
started	O
to	O
download	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
these	O
technological	O
advances	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
phone	I-Application
games	I-Application
also	O
became	O
increasingly	O
sophisticated	O
,	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
exponential	O
improvements	O
in	O
display	B-Device
,	O
processing	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
interfaces	B-Application
,	O
network	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
such	O
game	O
that	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
desire	O
for	O
handset	O
games	O
was	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Snake	B-Application
that	O
Nokia	O
had	O
included	O
on	O
its	O
devices	O
since	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
NTT	O
Docomo	O
launched	O
the	O
i-mode	O
mobile	B-Application
platform	I-Application
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
allowing	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
to	O
be	O
downloaded	B-Application
onto	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Japanese	O
video	O
game	O
developers	B-Application
announced	O
games	O
for	O
the	O
i-mode	O
platform	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Konami	O
announcing	O
its	O
dating	O
simulation	O
Tokimeki	B-Application
Memorial	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
and	O
Bandai	O
were	O
developing	O
mobile	O
phone	O
adapters	O
for	O
their	O
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Color	I-Device
and	O
WonderSwan	B-Operating_System
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2001	O
,	O
i-mode	O
had	O
users	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
more	O
advanced	O
handsets	O
with	O
graphics	O
comparable	O
to	O
8-bit	B-Application
consoles	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
games	O
were	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
i-mode	O
service	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
announcements	O
from	O
established	O
video	O
game	O
developers	B-Application
such	O
as	O
Taito	O
,	O
Konami	O
,	O
Namco	O
,	O
and	O
Hudson	O
Soft	O
,	O
including	O
ports	O
of	O
classic	O
arcade	O
games	O
and	O
8-bit	O
console	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
launch	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
iPhone	B-Device
in	O
2007	O
and	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
in	O
2008	O
radically	O
changed	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
iPhone	B-Device
's	O
focus	O
on	O
larger	O
memory	O
,	O
multitasks	O
,	O
and	O
additional	O
sensing	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
in	O
later	O
model	O
,	O
made	O
it	O
ideal	O
for	O
casual	O
games	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
made	O
it	O
easy	O
for	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
create	O
and	O
post	O
apps	O
to	O
publish	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
search	O
for	O
and	O
obtain	O
new	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
added	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
support	O
in-app	O
purchases	O
in	O
October	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
games	O
like	O
Angry	B-Application
Birds	I-Application
and	O
Cut	B-Application
the	I-Application
Rope	I-Application
to	O
find	O
new	O
monetization	O
models	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
traditional	O
premium	O
"	O
pay	O
once	O
"	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
disruption	O
caused	O
the	O
market	O
to	O
stabilized	O
around	O
iPhone	B-Device
devices	O
and	O
Google	O
's	O
Android-based	O
phones	O
which	O
offered	O
a	O
similar	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
through	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
further	O
major	O
shift	O
game	O
with	O
2012	O
's	O
Candy	B-Application
Crush	I-Application
Saga	I-Application
and	O
Puzzle	B-Application
&	I-Application
Dragons	I-Application
,	O
games	O
that	O
used	O
a	O
stamina-like	O
gameplay	O
feature	O
found	O
in	O
social-network	O
games	O
like	O
FarmVille	B-Application
to	O
limit	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
times	O
one	O
could	O
play	O
it	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
period	O
,	O
but	O
allowed	O
optional	O
in-app	O
purchases	O
to	O
restore	O
that	O
stamina	O
immediately	O
and	O
continue	O
playing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
monetization	O
brought	O
in	O
millions	O
of	O
players	O
to	O
both	O
games	O
and	O
millions	O
of	O
dollars	O
in	O
revenue	O
,	O
establishing	O
the	O
"	O
freemium	O
"	O
model	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
common	O
approach	O
for	O
many	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
going	O
forward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
grew	O
rapidly	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
several	O
years	O
,	O
buoyed	O
by	O
rapid	O
expansion	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2016	O
,	O
top	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
were	O
earning	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
total	O
revenue	O
for	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
sector	O
had	O
surpassed	O
that	O
of	O
other	O
video	O
game	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
major	O
trends	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
have	O
include	O
the	O
hyper-casual	O
game	O
such	O
as	O
Flappy	B-Application
Bird	I-Application
and	O
Crossy	B-Application
Road	I-Application
and	O
location-based	O
games	O
like	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
has	O
impacted	O
the	O
larger	O
video	O
game	O
market	O
by	O
drawing	O
demand	O
away	O
from	O
handheld	B-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
;	O
both	O
Nintendo	O
and	O
Sony	O
had	O
seen	O
major	O
drops	O
in	O
sales	O
of	O
their	O
2011	O
handhelds	B-Application
compared	O
to	O
their	O
2004	O
predecessors	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
introduced	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
microconsoles	B-Device
,	O
low-cost	O
,	O
low-powered	O
home	B-Device
video	I-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
that	O
used	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
games	O
available	O
on	O
these	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calculator	O
gaming	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
gaming	O
in	O
which	O
games	O
are	O
played	O
on	O
programmable	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
,	O
especially	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1980	O
,	O
Casio	O
's	O
MG-880	O
pocket	O
calculator	O
had	O
a	O
built-in	O
"	O
Invaders	O
"	O
game	O
(	O
essentially	O
a	O
downscaled	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
clone	O
)	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
Summer	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
early	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
type-in	O
program	O
Darth	O
Vader	O
's	O
Force	O
Battle	O
for	O
the	O
TI-59	B-Device
,	O
published	O
in	O
BYTE	B-Application
in	O
October	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
also	O
published	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Hunt	B-Application
the	I-Application
Wumpus	I-Application
for	O
the	O
HP-41C	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Few	O
other	O
games	O
exist	O
for	O
the	O
earliest	O
of	O
programmable	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
(	O
including	O
the	O
Hewlett-Packard	B-Device
9100A	I-Device
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
scientific	O
calculators	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
long-popular	O
Lunar	B-Application
Lander	I-Application
game	O
often	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
early	O
programming	O
exercise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
not	O
until	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
when	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
became	O
more	O
powerful	O
and	O
cheap	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
common	O
among	O
high	O
school	O
students	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
mathematics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
,	O
with	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
transfer	O
files	O
to	O
one	O
another	O
and	O
from	O
a	O
computer	O
for	O
backup	O
,	O
could	O
double	O
as	O
game	O
consoles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calculators	O
such	O
as	O
HP-48	B-Device
and	O
TI-82	B-Device
could	O
be	O
programmed	O
in	O
proprietary	O
programming	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
RPL	B-Device
programming	I-Device
language	I-Device
or	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
directly	O
on	O
the	O
calculator	O
;	O
programs	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
or	O
(	O
less	O
often	O
)	O
C	B-Language
on	O
a	O
desktop	O
computer	O
and	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
calculator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
programmable	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
were	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
implementations	O
by	O
hobbyists	O
of	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Lemmings	B-Application
and	O
Doom	B-Application
(	O
Lemmings	B-Application
for	O
HP-48	B-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
1993	O
;	O
Doom	B-Application
for	O
HP-48	B-Device
was	O
created	O
in	O
1995	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Dope	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
caused	O
controversy	O
when	O
students	O
played	O
them	O
in	O
school	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
look	O
and	O
feel	O
of	O
these	O
games	O
on	O
an	O
HP-48	B-Device
class	O
calculator	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
dedicated	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
circuitry	O
providing	O
hardware	O
acceleration	O
,	O
can	O
at	O
most	O
be	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
one	O
offered	O
by	O
8-bit	O
handheld	B-Application
consoles	I-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
early	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
or	O
the	O
Gameking	B-Application
(	O
low	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
,	O
monochrome	O
or	O
grayscale	O
graphics	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
the	O
built-in	O
games	O
of	O
non-Java	O
or	O
BREW	B-Application
enabled	O
cell	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
continue	O
to	O
be	O
programmed	O
on	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
with	O
increasing	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wave	O
of	O
games	O
appeared	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
TI-83	O
Plus/TI	O
-84	O
Plus	O
series	O
,	O
among	O
TI	O
's	O
first	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
to	O
natively	O
support	O
assembly	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
TI-BASIC	B-Language
programming	O
also	O
rose	O
in	O
popularity	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
third-party	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assembly	B-Language
remained	O
the	O
language	O
of	O
choice	O
for	O
these	O
calculators	O
,	O
which	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
processor	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
assembly	B-Language
implements	O
have	O
been	O
created	O
to	O
ease	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
learning	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
those	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
processor	I-Device
(	O
like	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
)	O
,	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
(	O
possible	O
using	O
TIGCC	B-Language
)	O
has	O
begun	O
to	O
displace	O
assembly	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
they	O
are	O
easy	O
to	O
program	O
without	O
outside	O
tools	O
,	O
calculator	O
games	O
have	O
survived	O
despite	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
PDAs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Total	O
global	O
revenue	O
from	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
was	O
estimated	O
at	O
$2.6	O
billion	O
in	O
2005	O
by	O
Informa	O
Telecoms	O
and	O
Media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
markets	I-Application
were	O
in	O
the	O
Asia-Pacific	O
nations	O
Japan	O
and	O
China	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
market	O
had	O
already	O
reached	O
$7.8	O
billion	O
A	O
new	O
report	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
November	O
2015	O
showing	O
that	O
1887	O
app	O
developers	B-Application
would	O
make	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
million	O
dollars	O
on	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
app	I-Application
stores	I-Application
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
revenue	O
reached	O
$50.4	O
billion	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
occupying	O
43%	O
of	O
the	O
entire	O
global	O
gaming	O
market	O
and	O
poised	O
for	O
further	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
platforms	O
and	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
the	O
(	O
today	O
largely	O
defunct	O
)	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Lite	I-Operating_System
,	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
's	O
DoJa	B-Language
,	O
Sun	O
's	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Qualcomm	O
's	O
BREW	B-Application
,	O
WIPI	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Nook	B-Application
and	O
early	O
incarnations	O
of	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
supported	O
platforms	O
are	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Android	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	O
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
(	O
formerly	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
also	O
actively	O
supported	O
,	O
although	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
market	O
share	O
remains	O
marginal	O
compared	O
to	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
was	O
at	O
one	O
time	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
platform	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
however	O
its	O
performance	O
limits	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
various	O
native	O
binary	O
formats	O
for	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
ease	O
of	O
porting	O
between	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
and	O
extensive	O
developer	B-Application
community	O
,	O
Unity	B-Application
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
engines	O
used	O
by	O
modern	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
provide	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
proprietary	O
technologies	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Metal	B-Library
)	O
intended	O
to	O
allow	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
make	O
more	O
effective	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
hardware	O
in	O
iOS-native	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
and	O
support	O
for	O
in-app	O
purchases	O
by	O
October	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
methods	O
through	O
which	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
earn	O
revenue	O
have	O
diverged	O
significantly	O
away	O
from	O
traditional	O
game	O
models	O
on	O
consoles	O
or	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2009	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
models	O
have	O
developed	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
developer/publisher	O
may	O
use	O
one	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
these	O
models	O
to	O
make	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
downloadable	B-Protocol
content	I-Protocol
may	O
be	O
available	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
purchased	O
separately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
games	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
before	O
in-app	O
purchases	O
were	O
available	O
used	O
this	O
approach	O
,	O
and	O
still	O
common	O
for	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
games	O
shortly	O
after	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
in-app	O
purchase	O
feature	O
used	O
this	O
approach	O
such	O
as	O
Cut	B-Application
the	I-Application
Rope	I-Application
and	O
Fruit	B-Application
Ninja	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commonly	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
this	O
is	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
energy	O
or	O
stamina	O
that	O
limits	O
how	O
many	O
turns	O
or	O
actions	O
a	O
player	O
can	O
take	O
each	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
free-to-play	O
games	O
had	O
been	O
common	O
on	O
computers	O
prior	O
to	O
mobile	O
,	O
the	O
method	O
was	O
popularized	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
with	O
Candy	B-Application
Crush	I-Application
Saga	I-Application
and	O
Puzzle	B-Application
&	I-Application
Dragons	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
ad-supported	O
game	O
will	O
be	O
free	O
to	O
download	B-Application
and	O
play	O
,	O
but	O
periodically	O
or	O
persistently	O
,	O
the	O
game	O
will	O
show	O
an	O
advertisement	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
which	O
they	O
will	O
have	O
to	O
watch	O
through	O
before	O
they	O
can	O
continue	O
with	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developer	B-Application
earns	O
revenue	O
from	O
the	O
advertising	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
developers	I-Application
of	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
apps	O
have	O
observed	O
that	O
the	O
bulk	O
of	O
their	O
players	O
do	O
not	O
spend	O
any	O
funds	O
on	O
their	O
game	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
revenues	O
are	O
generated	O
from	O
a	O
small	O
fraction	O
,	O
typically	O
under	O
10%	O
of	O
their	O
total	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
split	O
on	O
revenue	O
had	O
been	O
seen	O
in	O
social-network	O
games	O
played	O
in	O
browsers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
social	O
nature	O
of	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
found	O
to	O
affect	O
its	O
revenue	O
,	O
as	O
games	O
that	O
encourage	O
players	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
teams	O
or	O
clans	O
will	O
lead	O
to	O
increased	O
spending	O
from	O
engaged	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
tend	O
to	O
be	O
small	O
in	O
scope	O
(	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
mainstream	O
PC	O
and	O
console	B-Application
games	I-Application
)	O
and	O
many	O
prioritize	O
innovative	O
design	O
and	O
ease	O
of	O
play	O
over	O
visual	O
spectacle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Storage	O
and	O
memory	O
limitations	O
(	O
sometimes	O
dictated	O
at	O
the	O
platform	O
level	O
)	O
place	O
constraints	O
on	O
file	O
size	O
that	O
presently	O
rule	O
out	O
the	O
direct	O
migration	O
of	O
many	O
modern	O
PC	O
and	O
console	B-Application
games	I-Application
to	O
mobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
major	O
problem	O
for	O
developers	B-Application
and	O
publishers	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
is	O
describing	O
a	O
game	O
in	O
such	O
detail	O
that	O
it	O
gives	O
the	O
customer	O
enough	O
information	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
purchasing	O
decision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
played	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
using	O
localization	O
technology	O
like	O
GPS	O
are	O
called	O
location-based	O
games	O
or	O
location-based	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
while	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
matter	O
for	O
a	O
normal	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
where	O
exactly	O
the	O
player	O
is	O
(	O
play	O
them	O
anywhere	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
coordinate	O
and	O
movement	O
are	O
the	O
main	O
elements	O
in	O
a	O
location-based	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
well	O
known	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
treasure	O
hunt	O
game	O
Geocaching	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
on	O
any	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
with	O
integrated	O
or	O
external	O
GPS	O
receiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	O
GPS	O
receivers	O
are	O
usually	O
connected	O
via	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
other	O
location-based	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
BotFighters	B-Application
,	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
stage	O
of	O
research	O
prototypes	B-Application
rather	O
than	O
being	O
commercial	O
successes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location-based	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
sometimes	O
have	O
augmented	O
reality	O
functionality	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Pokemon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
have	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
Augmented	O
reality	O
(	O
AR	O
in	O
short	O
)	O
games	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
camera(s )	O
to	O
as	O
an	O
input	O
for	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
playing	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
the	O
player	O
aims	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
camera	O
at	O
a	O
location	O
and	O
through	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
screen	O
,	O
sees	O
the	O
area	O
captured	O
by	O
the	O
camera	O
plus	O
computer-generated	O
graphics	O
atop	O
it	O
,	O
augmenting	O
the	O
display	B-Device
and	O
then	O
allowing	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
interact	O
that	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
successful	O
and	O
notable	O
example	O
for	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
that	O
has	O
an	O
augmented	O
reality	O
feature	O
is	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
(	O
2016	O
)	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
travels	O
to	O
locations	O
marked	O
on	O
their	O
GPS	O
map	O
and	O
then	O
can	O
enable	O
the	O
augmented	O
reality	O
mode	O
to	O
find	O
Pokémon	B-Application
creatures	I-Application
to	O
capture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
have	O
become	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
households	O
(	O
at	O
least	O
in	O
the	O
developed	O
countries	O
)	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
games	O
created	O
with	O
educational	O
,	O
lifestyle	O
and	O
,	O
health	O
improvement	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
speech-language	O
pathology	O
,	O
children	O
's	O
rehabilitation	O
in	O
hospitals	O
(	O
Finnish	O
startup	O
Rehaboo	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
acquiring	O
new	O
useful	O
or	O
healthy	O
habits	O
(	O
Habitica	B-Application
)	O
,	O
memorizing	O
things	O
and	O
learning	O
languages	O
(	O
Memrise	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
support	O
multiple	O
players	O
,	O
either	O
remotely	O
over	O
a	O
network	O
or	O
locally	O
via	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
or	O
similar	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
using	O
different	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
Game	B-Operating_System
Center	I-Operating_System
,	O
Google+	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
asynchronous	O
tournaments	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
two	O
methods	O
used	O
by	O
game	O
developers	B-Application
centered	O
around	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
players	O
matches	O
are	O
recorded	O
and	O
then	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
at	O
a	O
later	O
time	O
to	O
other	O
players	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
tournament	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
using	O
different	O
networks	O
including	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
take	O
screen	B-Protocol
recordings	I-Protocol
of	O
live	O
players	O
and	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
them	O
to	O
other	O
players	O
at	O
a	O
later	O
point	O
in	O
time	O
to	O
allow	O
players	O
to	O
feel	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
always	O
interacting	O
with	O
another	O
human	O
opponent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
can	O
be	O
distributed	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
four	O
ways	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
Air	O
(	O
OTA	O
)	O
:	O
a	O
game	O
binary	O
file	O
is	O
delivered	O
to	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
via	O
wireless	O
carrier	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sideloaded	B-Protocol
:	O
a	O
game	O
binary	O
file	O
is	O
loaded	O
onto	O
the	O
phone	O
while	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
PC	O
,	O
either	O
via	O
USB	B-Protocol
cable	B-Device
or	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pre-installed	B-Application
:	O
a	O
game	O
binary	O
file	O
is	O
preloaded	O
onto	O
the	O
device	O
by	O
the	O
original	O
equipment	O
manufacturer	O
(	O
OEM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
browser	I-Application
download	B-Application
:	O
a	O
game	O
file	O
is	O
downloaded	B-Application
directly	O
from	O
a	O
mobile	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
were	O
sold	O
by	O
wireless	O
carriers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
AT&T	O
Mobility	O
,	O
Verizon	B-Application
Wireless	I-Application
,	O
Sprint	O
Corporation	O
and	O
T-Mobile	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
the	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
platforms	O
like	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
iOS	I-Operating_System
,	O
Google	B-Application
Android	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
Windows	I-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
developers	B-Application
themselves	O
have	O
launched	O
digital	O
download	B-Application
storefronts	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
devices	O
using	O
the	O
OS	O
or	O
from	O
software	O
used	O
on	O
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
storefronts	O
(	O
like	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
)	O
act	O
as	O
centralized	O
digital	O
download	B-Application
services	O
from	O
which	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
entertainment	O
media	O
and	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	B-Application
,	O
including	O
games	O
and	O
nowadays	O
majority	O
of	O
games	O
are	O
distributed	O
through	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
popularity	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
has	O
increased	O
in	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
as	O
over	O
US$3	O
billion	O
worth	O
of	O
games	O
were	O
sold	O
in	O
2007	O
internationally	O
,	O
and	O
projected	O
annual	O
growth	O
of	O
over	O
40%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ownership	O
of	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
alone	O
increases	O
the	O
likelihood	O
that	O
a	O
consumer	O
will	O
play	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
90%	O
of	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
play	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
game	I-Application
at	O
least	O
once	O
a	O
week	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
distributed	O
free	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
,	O
but	O
carry	O
paid	O
advertising	O
:	O
examples	O
are	O
Flappy	B-Application
Bird	I-Application
and	O
Doodle	B-Application
Jump	I-Application
.	O
</s>
