<s>
A	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
(	O
or	O
handheld	B-Application
computer	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
small	O
enough	O
to	O
hold	O
and	O
operate	O
in	O
the	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
typically	O
have	O
a	O
flat	O
LCD	B-Device
or	O
OLED	B-Device
screen	I-Device
,	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
interface	I-Device
,	O
and	O
digital	O
or	O
physical	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
such	O
devices	O
can	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
connect	O
with	O
other	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
car	O
entertainment	O
systems	O
or	O
headsets	B-Device
via	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
cellular	O
networks	O
or	O
near	O
field	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
may	O
run	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
that	O
allow	O
third-party	O
applications	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
smartphones	B-Application
were	O
joined	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
by	O
larger	O
tablets	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Input	O
and	O
output	O
are	O
usually	O
via	O
a	O
touch-screen	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phones/tablets	O
and	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
may	O
provide	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
a	O
laptop/desktop	O
computer	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
exclusive	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
can	O
provide	O
additional	O
business	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
integrated	O
data	O
capture	O
via	O
barcode	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
and	O
smart	O
card	O
readers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2010	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
often	O
contained	O
sensors	O
such	O
as	O
accelerometers	O
,	O
magnetometers	O
and	O
gyroscopes	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
detection	O
of	O
orientation	O
and	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
may	O
provide	O
biometric	O
user	O
authentication	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
face	O
recognition	O
or	O
fingerprint	O
recognition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
global	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
are	O
Samsung	O
,	O
Huawei	O
,	O
Meizu	O
,	O
Zte	O
,	O
Xiaomi	O
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
HTC	B-Application
,	O
LG	O
,	O
TCL	O
,	O
Motorola	O
Mobility	O
,	O
Nokia	O
,	O
Realme	B-Application
and	O
Micromax	O
Informatics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strictly	O
speaking	O
,	O
many	O
so-called	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
are	O
not	O
mobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
host	O
that	O
is	O
mobile	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
a	O
mobile	O
human	O
host	O
carries	O
a	O
non-mobile	O
smartphone	B-Application
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
true	O
mobile	B-Application
computing	I-Application
device	I-Application
,	O
where	O
the	O
device	O
itself	O
is	O
mobile	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
robot	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
basic	O
ways	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
can	O
be	O
physically	O
bound	O
to	O
mobile	O
hosts	O
:	O
accompanied	O
,	O
surface-mounted	O
,	O
or	O
embedded	O
into	O
the	O
fabric	O
of	O
a	O
host	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
an	O
embedded	O
controller	O
in	O
a	O
host	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accompanied	O
refers	O
to	O
an	O
object	O
being	O
loosely	O
bound	O
and	O
accompanying	O
a	O
mobile	O
host	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
can	O
be	O
carried	O
in	O
a	O
bag	O
or	O
pocket	O
but	O
can	O
easily	O
be	O
misplaced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
computing	I-Application
device	I-Application
is	O
pocket-sized	O
,	O
but	O
other	O
sizes	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	O
Weiser	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
father	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
referred	O
to	O
device	O
sizes	O
that	O
are	O
tab-sized	O
,	O
pad	O
and	O
board	O
sized	O
,	O
where	O
tabs	O
are	O
defined	O
as	O
accompanied	O
or	O
wearable	O
centimetre-sized	O
devices	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
phablets	B-Application
and	O
pads	B-Device
are	O
defined	O
as	O
hand-held	B-Application
decimeter-sized	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
one	O
changes	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
in	O
terms	O
of	O
being	O
non-planar	O
,	O
one	O
can	O
also	O
have	O
skin	O
devices	O
and	O
tiny	O
dust-sized	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dust	O
refers	O
to	O
miniaturized	O
devices	O
without	O
direct	O
HCI	O
interfaces	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
micro-electro-mechanical	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
(	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
nanometres	O
through	O
micrometres	O
to	O
millimeters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
also	O
Smart	B-Device
dust	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
can	O
be	O
formed	O
into	O
more	O
flexible	O
non-planar	O
display	O
surfaces	O
and	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
clothes	O
and	O
curtains	O
,	O
see	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
see	O
smart	B-Device
device	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
network	O
access	O
by	O
mobile	O
users	O
,	O
applications	O
and	O
devices	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
via	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
mobile	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
devices	I-Device
to	O
access	O
the	O
Internet	O
while	O
moving	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
do	O
this	O
and	O
many	O
phone	O
functions	O
or	O
applications	O
are	O
still	O
operational	O
even	O
while	O
disconnected	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
makes	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
unique	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
technologies	O
is	O
the	O
inherent	O
flexibility	O
in	O
the	O
hardware	O
and	O
also	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
become	O
ubiquitous	O
,	O
there	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
proliferation	O
of	O
services	O
which	O
include	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
cloud	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
a	O
common	O
form	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
,	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
has	O
a	O
display	O
,	O
another	O
perhaps	O
even	O
more	O
common	O
form	O
of	O
smart	O
computing	O
device	O
,	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
bank	O
card	O
or	O
travel	O
card	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
often	O
has	O
a	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
and	O
memory	O
but	O
needs	O
to	O
connect	O
or	O
be	O
inserted	O
into	O
a	O
reader	O
to	O
display	O
its	O
internal	O
data	O
or	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
kinds	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
designed	O
for	O
different	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
have	O
become	O
more	O
rugged	B-Device
for	O
use	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
field	I-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
involves	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
digitizing	O
notes	O
,	O
sending	O
and	O
receiving	O
invoices	O
,	O
asset	B-Operating_System
management	I-Operating_System
,	O
recording	O
signatures	O
,	O
managing	O
parts	O
and	O
scanning	B-Device
barcodes	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
developments	O
in	O
mobile	B-Protocol
collaboration	I-Protocol
systems	O
enabled	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
that	O
combine	O
video	O
,	O
audio	O
and	O
on-screen	O
drawing	O
capabilities	O
to	O
enable	O
multi-party	O
conferencing	O
in	O
real-time	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Handheld	B-Application
computers	I-Application
are	O
available	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
form	O
factors	O
,	O
including	O
smartphones	B-Application
on	O
the	O
low	O
end	O
,	O
handheld	B-Application
PDAs	B-Application
,	O
Ultra-Mobile	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
and	O
Tablet	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
(	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
WebOS	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
watch	O
television	O
through	O
the	O
Internet	O
by	O
IPTV	O
on	O
some	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
were	O
observed	O
to	O
frequently	O
include	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
sync	B-General_Concept
and	O
share	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
data	O
despite	O
the	O
distance	O
or	O
specifications	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
medical	O
field	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
are	O
quickly	O
becoming	O
essential	O
tools	O
for	O
accessing	O
clinical	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
drugs	O
,	O
treatment	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
medical	O
calculation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
popularity	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
,	O
the	O
gambling	O
industry	O
started	O
offering	O
casino	O
games	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
these	O
devices	O
in	O
the	O
anti-hazard	O
legislature	O
as	O
devices	O
that	O
could	O
potentially	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
illegal	O
gambling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
potentially	O
illegal	O
activities	O
might	O
include	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
in	O
distributing	O
child	O
pornography	O
and	O
the	O
legal	O
sex	O
industry	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
mobile	O
apps	O
and	O
hardware	O
to	O
promote	O
its	O
activities	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
using	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
to	O
perform	O
trans-border	O
services	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
all	O
issues	O
that	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
regulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
military	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
have	O
created	O
new	O
opportunities	O
for	O
the	O
armed	O
forces	O
to	O
deliver	O
training	O
and	O
educational	O
materials	O
to	O
soldiers	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
stationed	O
.	O
</s>
