<s>
Mobile	B-Device
computer-supported	I-Device
collaborative	I-Device
learning	I-Device
may	O
have	O
different	O
meanings	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
context	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
is	O
applied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
CSCL	O
includes	O
any	O
in-class	O
and	O
out-of-class	O
use	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
such	O
as	O
cell	O
phones	O
,	O
smart	B-Application
phones	I-Application
,	O
and	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
(	O
PDAs	B-Application
)	O
to	O
enable	O
collaborative	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
adoption	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
as	O
tools	O
for	O
teaching	O
and	O
learning	O
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
M-Learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
M-Learning	O
research	O
comprises	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
and	O
teaching	O
and	O
learning	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
research	O
available	O
for	O
collaborative	O
applications	O
that	O
involve	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
is	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
collaborative	O
mobile	O
learning	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
examples	O
from	O
early	O
adoption	O
of	O
PDA	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
recent	O
examples	O
of	O
location-based	O
,	O
mobile	O
collaborative	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless-enabled	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
have	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
2004	O
to	O
facilitate	O
collaborative	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
such	O
as	O
PDAs	B-Application
and	O
PocketPC	B-Device
's	I-Device
traditionally	O
lack	O
cellular	O
connectivity	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
wireless	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	B-Application
interconnected	I-Application
handhelds	I-Application
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
foster	O
collaborative	O
construction	O
of	O
words	O
among	O
elementary	O
school	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
student	O
was	O
issued	O
a	O
handheld	B-Application
which	O
identified	O
their	O
group	O
and	O
presented	O
one	O
syllable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cooties	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
interactive	O
,	O
collaborative	O
simulation	O
designed	O
for	O
wireless	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Networked	O
handhelds	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
mediate	O
collaborative	O
group	O
decision-making	O
for	O
science	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Students	O
in	O
a	O
high-school	O
physics	O
class	O
in	O
Chile	O
were	O
issued	O
networked	O
PocketPCs	B-Device
and	O
organized	O
into	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
research	O
projects	O
have	O
been	O
conducted	O
on	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
for	O
applications	O
in	O
museum	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musex	O
is	O
an	O
application	O
in	O
which	O
elementary	O
school	O
students	O
can	O
enhance	O
their	O
understanding	O
of	O
exhibits	O
by	O
collaboratively	O
(	O
in	O
pairs	O
)	O
answering	O
related	O
questions	O
via	O
PDA	B-Application
in	O
museums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
mobile	O
users	O
were	O
less	O
likely	O
than	O
non-mobile	O
internet	O
users	O
to	O
use	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
to	O
learn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Respondents	O
identified	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
usage	O
as	O
a	O
key	O
teaching	O
and	O
learning	O
trend	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location-based	O
mobile	O
games	O
mediate	O
play	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
at	O
specified	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
way	O
to	O
create	O
location-based	O
games	O
is	O
by	O
creating	O
social	O
scavenger	O
hunts	O
using	O
the	O
SCVNGR	O
software	O
on	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	O
play	O
is	O
designed	O
with	O
the	O
Wherigo	O
mobile	B-Application
platform	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Game	O
software	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
Garmin	O
GPS	O
handsets	O
and	O
HP	B-Application
IPAQ	I-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
as	O
an	O
iOS	B-Application
application	O
,	O
Mentira	O
is	O
an	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
game	I-General_Concept
designed	O
to	O
help	O
University	O
of	O
New	O
Mexico	O
students	O
learn	O
to	O
speak	O
Spanish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mentira	O
was	O
developed	O
using	O
the	O
ARIS	O
iOS	B-Application
game	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mobile-device-supported	O
peer-assisted	O
learning	O
(	O
MPAL	O
)	O
system	O
runs	O
on	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
facilitate	O
collaborative	O
reading	O
activities	O
of	O
elementary	O
English	O
as	O
a	O
foreign	O
language	O
(	O
EFL	O
)	O
learners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discussion	B-Application
boards	I-Application
provide	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
students	O
to	O
collaborate	O
with	O
others	O
and	O
build	O
knowledge	O
collectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
students	O
may	O
use	O
personal	O
computers	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
discussion	B-Application
boards	I-Application
,	O
computer-based	O
discussions	O
do	O
not	O
offer	O
frequent	O
,	O
integrated	O
access	O
to	O
learning	O
applications	O
anytime	O
,	O
and	O
anywhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
help	O
students	O
to	O
keep	O
up-to-date	O
with	O
the	O
current	O
discussions	O
and	O
eliminate	O
the	O
accumulation	O
of	O
unread	O
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
use	O
of	O
discussion	B-Application
boards	I-Application
promotes	O
collaborative	O
learning	O
by	O
making	O
it	O
easier	O
for	O
students	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
audience	O
response	O
system	O
(	O
ARS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
system	O
in	O
which	O
learners	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
provide	O
instantaneous	O
feedback	O
via	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
to	O
questions	O
posed	O
by	O
an	O
instructor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Students	O
 '	O
feedback	O
is	O
provided	O
by	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
linked	O
to	O
an	O
ARS	O
.	O
</s>
