<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
(	O
MCC	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
mobile	O
computing	O
to	O
bring	O
rich	O
computational	O
resources	O
to	O
mobile	O
users	O
,	O
network	O
operators	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ultimate	O
goal	O
of	O
MCC	O
is	O
to	O
enable	O
execution	O
of	O
rich	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
applications	I-Application
on	O
a	O
plethora	O
of	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
rich	O
user	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
comprehensively	O
,	O
MCC	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
rich	O
mobile	O
computing	O
technology	O
that	O
leverages	O
unified	O
elastic	O
resources	O
of	O
varied	O
clouds	O
and	O
network	O
technologies	O
toward	O
unrestricted	O
functionality	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
mobility	O
to	O
serve	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
mobile	O
devices	O
anywhere	O
,	O
anytime	O
through	O
the	O
channel	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
or	O
Internet	O
regardless	O
of	O
heterogeneous	O
environments	O
and	O
platforms	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
pay-as-you-use	B-General_Concept
principle.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
MCC	O
uses	O
computational	O
augmentation	O
approaches	O
(	O
computations	O
are	O
executed	O
remotely	O
instead	O
of	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
)	O
by	O
which	O
resource-constraint	O
mobile	O
devices	O
can	O
utilize	O
computational	O
resources	O
of	O
varied	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
MCC	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
four	O
types	O
of	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
resources	O
,	O
namely	O
distant	O
immobile	O
clouds	O
,	O
proximate	O
immobile	O
computing	O
entities	O
,	O
proximate	O
mobile	O
computing	O
entities	O
,	O
and	O
hybrid	O
(	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
three	O
model	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Giant	O
clouds	O
such	O
as	O
Amazon	O
EC2	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
distant	O
immobile	O
groups	O
whereas	O
cloudlet	B-Operating_System
or	O
surrogates	O
are	O
member	O
of	O
proximate	O
immobile	O
computing	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	O
,	O
tablets	O
,	O
handheld	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
wearable	O
computing	O
devices	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
third	O
group	O
of	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
resources	O
which	O
is	O
proximate	O
mobile	O
computing	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vodafone	O
,	O
Orange	O
and	O
Verizon	B-Application
have	O
started	O
to	O
offer	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
services	O
for	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
MCC	O
landscape	O
,	O
an	O
amalgam	O
of	O
mobile	O
computing	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
communication	O
networks	O
(	O
to	O
augment	O
smartphones	O
)	O
creates	O
several	O
complex	O
challenges	O
such	O
as	O
Mobile	O
Computation	O
Offloading	O
,	O
Seamless	O
Connectivity	O
,	O
Long	O
WAN	O
Latency	O
,	O
Mobility	O
Management	O
,	O
Context-Processing	O
,	O
Energy	O
Constraint	O
,	O
Vendor/data	O
Lock-in	O
,	O
Security	O
and	O
Privacy	O
,	O
Elasticity	O
that	O
hinder	O
MCC	O
success	O
and	O
adoption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
InIT	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
Lab	O
is	O
a	O
research	O
lab	O
within	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Applied	O
Information	O
Technology	O
(	O
InIT	O
)	O
of	O
Zürich	O
University	O
of	O
Applied	O
Sciences	O
(	O
ZHAW	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
covers	O
topic	O
areas	O
across	O
the	O
entire	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
technology	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
&	O
Cloud	O
Lab	O
conducts	O
research	O
and	O
teaching	O
in	O
the	O
mobile	O
computing	O
and	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
research	O
topics	O
of	O
the	O
group	O
include	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
mobile	O
application	O
development	O
,	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
cloud	I-General_Concept
,	O
mobile	O
web	O
services	O
and	O
migrating	O
scientific	O
computing	O
and	O
enterprise	O
applications	O
to	O
the	O
cloud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
Networking	O
:	O
Mobile	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
Networking	O
(	O
MCN	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
EU	O
FP7	O
Large-scale	O
Integrating	O
Project	O
(	O
IP	O
,	O
15m	O
Euro	O
)	O
funded	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
total	O
19	O
top-tier	O
partners	O
from	O
industry	O
and	O
academia	O
established	O
the	O
very	O
first	O
vision	O
of	O
Mobile	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
primarily	O
motivated	O
by	O
an	O
ongoing	O
transformation	O
that	O
drives	O
the	O
convergence	O
between	O
the	O
Mobile	O
Communications	O
and	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
industry	O
enabled	O
by	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
is	O
considered	O
the	O
very	O
first	O
pioneer	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
Network	B-Architecture
Function	I-Architecture
Virtualization	I-Architecture
.	I-Architecture
</s>
