<s>
Mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
development	I-Application
is	O
the	O
act	O
or	O
process	O
by	O
which	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
is	O
developed	O
for	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
include	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
(	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
,	O
enterprise	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
(	O
EDA	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
software	O
applications	O
are	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
taking	O
numerous	O
hardware	O
constraints	O
into	O
consideration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
applications	O
(	O
or	O
'	O
apps	O
 '	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
pre-installed	B-Application
on	O
phones	O
during	O
manufacturing	O
or	O
delivered	O
as	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
using	O
server-side	O
or	O
client-side	O
processing	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
)	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
"	O
application-like	O
"	O
experience	O
within	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
development	I-Application
has	O
been	O
steadily	O
growing	O
,	O
in	O
revenues	O
and	O
jobs	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2013	O
analyst	O
report	O
estimates	O
there	O
are	O
529,000	O
direct	O
app	O
economy	O
jobs	O
within	O
the	O
EU	O
then	O
28	O
members	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
UK	O
)	O
,	O
60	O
percent	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
applications	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
and	O
consistency	O
thereof	O
,	O
various	O
approaches	O
have	O
been	O
taken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
,	O
iPod/iPhone/iPad	O
)	O
provide	O
an	O
official	O
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
(	O
SDK	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
exchange	O
for	O
being	O
provided	O
the	O
SDK	B-Application
or	O
other	O
tools	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
necessary	O
for	O
a	O
prospective	O
developer	O
to	O
sign	O
a	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
non-disclosure	O
agreement	O
,	O
or	O
NDA	O
,	O
which	O
restricts	O
the	O
sharing	O
of	O
privileged	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
process	O
,	O
mobile	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
UI	O
)	O
design	O
is	O
an	O
essential	O
step	O
in	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
UI	B-Application
designers	I-Application
consider	O
constraints	O
,	O
contexts	O
,	O
screen	O
space	O
,	O
input	O
methods	O
,	O
and	O
mobility	O
as	O
outlines	O
for	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Constraints	O
in	O
mobile	O
UI	O
design	O
in	O
constraints	O
include	O
the	O
limited	O
attention	O
span	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
form	O
factors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
's	O
screen	O
size	O
for	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
hand(s )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
UI	O
context	O
includes	O
signal	O
cues	O
from	O
user	O
activity	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
location	O
where	O
or	O
the	O
time	O
when	O
the	O
device	O
is	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
observed	O
from	O
user	O
interactions	O
within	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Functionality	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
mobile	B-Application
enterprise	I-Application
application	I-Application
platforms	I-Application
or	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environments	I-Application
(	O
IDEs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
must	O
also	O
consider	O
a	O
large	O
array	O
of	O
devices	O
with	O
different	O
screen	O
sizes	O
,	O
hardware	O
specifications	O
,	O
and	O
configurations	O
because	O
of	O
intense	O
competition	O
in	O
mobile	O
hardware	O
and	O
changes	O
within	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
are	O
usually	O
distributed	O
via	O
an	O
official	O
online	O
outlet	O
or	O
marketplace	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
-	O
The	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
Google	O
-	O
Google	O
Play	O
)	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
formalized	O
process	O
by	O
which	O
developers	O
submit	O
their	O
apps	O
for	O
approval	O
and	O
inclusion	O
in	O
those	O
marketplaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
functionality	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
components	O
including	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
server	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
backend	I-Application
as	I-Application
a	I-Application
service	I-Application
(	O
MBaaS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
service-oriented	O
architecture	O
(	O
SOA	O
)	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
development	O
packages	O
needed	O
to	O
develop	O
,	O
deploy	O
,	O
and	O
manage	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
are	O
made	O
from	O
many	O
components	O
and	O
tools	O
which	O
allow	O
a	O
developer	O
to	O
write	O
,	O
test	O
,	O
and	O
deploy	O
applications	O
for	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
target	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Front-end	O
development	O
tools	O
are	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
(	O
UI-UX	O
)	O
and	O
provide	O
the	O
following	O
abilities	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
design	O
of	O
a	O
particular	O
hardware	B-Device
platform	I-Device
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
,	O
Google	O
,	O
etc	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
any	O
third-party	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
officially	O
supported	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
developing	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
for	O
that	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Platform	B-Device
Programming	O
language	O
Debuggers	B-Application
available	O
Emulator	B-Application
available	O
Integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
available	O
Cross-platform	B-Operating_System
deployment	O
Installer	O
packaging	O
options	O
Development	O
tool	O
cost	O
Android	B-Application
Java	B-Language
but	O
portions	O
of	O
code	O
can	O
be	O
in	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
</s>
<s>
Kotlin	B-Language
Debugger	B-Application
integrated	O
in	O
Eclipse	B-Application
,	O
standalone	O
debugging	O
monitor	O
available	O
Eclipse	B-Application
,	O
IntelliJ	B-Language
IDEA	I-Language
,	O
Android	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
Project	O
Kenai	O
Android	B-Application
plugin	O
for	O
NetBeans	B-Application
Android	B-Application
only	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
Dalvik	O
VM	O
,	O
March	O
2009	O
apk	O
Free	O
,	O
IntelliJ	B-Language
IDEA	I-Language
Community	O
Edition	O
-	O
Free	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
Java	B-Language
Debugger	B-Application
integrated	O
in	O
IDE	B-Application
Eclipse	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
JDE	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
only	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
RIM	O
API	O
alx	O
,	O
cod	O
Free	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
SDK	I-Operating_System
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
Swift	B-Application
Debugger	B-Application
integrated	O
in	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
IDE	B-Application
Bundled	O
with	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
SDK	I-Operating_System
,	O
integrated	O
with	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
IDE	B-Application
Xcode	B-Operating_System
,	O
AppCode	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
Only	O
via	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
needs	O
review	O
and	O
approval	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
Apple	O
tools	O
are	O
free	O
for	O
an	O
Intel-based	O
Mac	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
iOS	B-Operating_System
SDK	I-Operating_System
Object	B-Language
Pascal	I-Language
Debugger	B-Application
integrated	O
in	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
IDE	B-Application
Included	O
in	O
Delphi	B-Language
XE2	O
professional	O
or	O
higher	O
Embarcadero	B-Language
Delphi	I-Language
XE2	I-Language
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
Only	O
via	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
needs	O
review	O
and	O
approval	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
Development	O
requires	O
Intel-based	O
Mac	B-Device
besides	O
the	O
IDE	B-Application
on	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Design	O
is	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Compiling	O
and	O
deploying	O
must	O
be	O
done	O
on	O
Mac	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Platform	B-Device
Programming	O
language	O
Debuggers	B-Application
available	O
Emulator	B-Application
available	O
Integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
available	O
Cross-platform	B-Operating_System
deployment	O
Installer	O
packaging	O
options	O
Development	O
tool	O
cost	O
Accelerator	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
C#	B-Application
Microsoft	O
Visual	O
Studio(no lock-in )	O
All	O
platforms	B-Device
,	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
are	O
browser-based	B-Application
Mobile	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
MobileTogether	O
XPath/XQuery	O
,	O
Action	O
Trees	O
visual	O
programming	O
language	O
Proprietary	O
IDE	B-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
browser	B-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
for	O
each	O
format	O
Free	O
App	B-Application
Inventor	I-Application
for	I-Application
Android	I-Application
Visual	O
blocks-based	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
with	O
Interface	O
designer	O
Limited	O
debugging	B-Application
tools	I-Application
built	O
into	O
IDE	B-Application
Web-based	B-Application
interface	O
designer	O
,	O
with	O
connection	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
web-start	O
program	O
for	O
blocks	O
programming	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
apk	O
Free	O
Appcelerator	B-Language
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
in	O
Titanium	O
Studio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emulator	B-Application
is	O
available	O
using	O
native	O
emulators	B-Application
Titanium	O
Studio	O
based	O
on	O
Eclipse	B-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iPhone	B-Device
;	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Tizen	B-Application
,	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
,	O
open-sourced	O
Apache	O
2.0	O
licensed	O
,	O
commercial	O
and	O
enterprise	O
licenses	O
available	O
Basic4android	B-Application
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
similar	O
syntax	O
Emulator	B-Application
is	O
available	O
using	O
native	O
emulators	B-Application
Proprietary	O
IDE	B-Application
Android	B-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
Codename	B-Language
One	I-Language
Java	B-Language
Eclipse	B-Application
,	O
Netbeans	B-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
,	O
J2ME	B-Language
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Open	O
Source	O
GPLv2	O
and	O
subscription-based	O
build	O
server	O
Corona	B-Operating_System
SDK	I-Operating_System
Lua	B-Language
Xcode	B-Operating_System
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Nook	B-Application
Color	I-Application
Native	O
deployment	O
for	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
unlimited	O
trial	O
;	O
commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
for	O
deployment	O
DragonRAD	B-Application
Visual	O
drag	O
&	O
drop	O
tiles	O
Uses	O
third-party	O
emulators	B-Application
Proprietary	O
IDE	B-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
OTA	O
deployment	O
Free	O
&	O
commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
GeneXus	B-Application
for	O
Mobile	O
and	O
Smart	O
Devices	O
Knowledge	O
representation	O
and	O
declarative	O
programming-modeling	O
for	O
easy	O
development	O
,	O
then	O
code	O
is	O
automatically	O
generated	O
for	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
GeneXus	B-Application
utilizes	O
pre-tested	O
code	O
libraries	O
and	O
user	O
debugging	O
of	O
code	O
not	O
necessary	O
after	O
code	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Publish	O
in	O
the	O
cloud	O
,	O
test	O
native	O
in	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
no	O
emulator	B-Application
needed	O
Proprietary	O
IDE	B-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
)	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
and	O
even	O
HTML5	B-Application
if	O
needed	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
and	O
also	O
cloud-browser-based	O
Free	O
to	O
try	O
,	O
commercial	O
and	O
enterprise	O
licenses	O
available	O
IBM	O
MobileFirst	O
Studio	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS3	O
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
and	O
native	O
SDK	B-Application
languages	O
w/	O
Native	O
Worklight	O
API	O
,	O
Mobile	O
Browser	B-Application
Simulator	O
or	O
integration	O
with	O
Native	O
SDK	B-Application
Debugger	B-Application
Emulator	B-Application
is	O
available	O
using	O
native	O
emulators	B-Application
or	O
Browser	B-Application
Simulator	O
w/	O
Cordova	O
Plugin	O
Eclipse	B-Application
plugin	O
,	O
Eclipse-based	O
stand-alone	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
6	I-Application
,	O
7	O
,	O
&	O
10	O
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
7.5	O
&	O
8	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
(	O
desktop	O
,	O
tablets	O
)	O
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
AIR	I-Operating_System
,	O
Mobile	B-Application
Web	I-Application
App	O
,	O
desktop	O
browser	B-Application
web	O
page	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Developer	O
edition	O
free	O
via	O
Eclipse	B-Application
Marketplace	O
,	O
commercial	O
license	O
for	O
deployment	O
Lazarus	B-Language
Object	B-Language
Pascal	I-Language
,	O
can	O
debug	O
in	O
IDE	B-Application
via	O
ActiveSync	O
for	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
Uses	O
the	O
emulators	B-Application
of	O
the	O
platforms	B-Device
Lazarus	B-Language
IDE	I-Language
,	O
including	O
integrated	O
GUI	O
designer	O
and	O
debugger	B-Application
Compiled	B-Language
language	I-Language
available	O
for	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
,	O
Linux-based	O
devices	O
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
port	O
in	O
development	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
LambdaNative	B-Application
Scheme	B-Language
but	O
can	O
build	O
and	O
test	O
on	O
the	O
localhost	O
Eclipse	B-Application
(	O
software	O
)	O
(	O
optional	O
)	O
All	O
native	O
binaries	O
:	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
10	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
OpenWrt	B-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
(	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
)	O
LiveCode	B-Application
LiveCode	B-Application
(	O
integrated	O
into	O
IDE	B-Application
)	O
(	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
emulators	B-Application
may	O
be	O
used	O
)	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
server	O
,	O
HTML5	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installer	O
packaging	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
free	O
open-source	O
edition	O
,	O
commercial	O
and	O
enterprise	O
editions	O
available	O
Macromedia	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Lite	I-Operating_System
ActionScript	B-Operating_System
Bundled	O
with	O
IDE	B-Application
Macromedia	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
MX2004/8	O
,	O
Eclipse	B-Application
SIS-CAB	O
deployment	O
or	O
OTA-IR-Bluetooth	O
SWF	O
files	O
Varies	O
,	O
free	O
but	O
limited	O
with	O
MTASC	B-Operating_System
Marmalade	B-Application
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
All	O
native	O
:	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
BREW	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Maemo	B-Operating_System
,	O
Palm-webOS	O
,	O
Samsung	O
bada	O
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
6.x	O
and	O
desktop	O
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
Meme	B-Application
IDE	I-Application
MemeScript	O
Validation	O
is	O
provided	O
in	O
the	O
problems	O
view	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
emulator	B-Application
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
Eclipse	B-Application
RCP	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
for	O
development	O
Monaca	B-Language
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Preview	O
is	O
available	O
on	O
cloud	O
IDE	B-Application
and	O
local	O
tool	O
Cloud-based	O
IDE	B-Application
,	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
third-party	O
IDE/editors	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
windows8.1	O
,	O
10	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
3	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
and	O
enterprise	O
license	O
available	O
Mono	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
C#	B-Application
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2005	O
and	O
MonoDevelop	O
Android	B-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
the	O
platform	B-Device
MonoTouch	O
C#	B-Application
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2005	O
and	O
MonoDevelop	O
iOS	B-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
the	O
platform	B-Device
MoSync	B-Application
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Lua	B-Language
,	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Eclipse	B-Application
,	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2005	O
and	O
later	O
,	O
MoBuild	O
w/	O
text	O
editors	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
ME	I-Language
,	O
Moblin	O
,	O
Smartphone	B-Operating_System
2003	I-Operating_System
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
(	O
Pocket	O
PC	O
)	O
,	O
Blackberry	B-Operating_System
(	O
experimental	O
)	O
SIS	B-Language
,	O
CAB	O
,	O
JAD	B-Language
,	O
JAR	B-Language
,	O
APK	O
,	O
OTA	O
deployment	O
Free	O
,	O
GPL	O
2.0	O
,	O
Free	O
Indie	O
Subscription	O
;	O
commercial	O
subscription	O
available	O
NetBeans	B-Application
C++	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
Java	B-Language
development	O
tools	O
Android	B-Application
(	O
Mobile	O
and	O
Tablet	O
)	O
,	O
Nokia	O
(	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Seria	O
60	O
–	O
40	O
–	O
80	O
)	O
,	O
etc	O
...	O
Free	O
OpenPlug	O
ActionScript	B-Operating_System
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
OpenPlug	O
ELIPS	O
plugin	O
for	O
Adobe	B-Application
Flash	I-Application
Builder	I-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
)	O
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
&	O
commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
OutSystems	B-General_Concept
OutSystems	B-General_Concept
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Test	O
directly	O
in	O
browser	B-Application
OutSystems	B-General_Concept
Service	O
Studio	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
7	O
NA	O
Free	O
community	O
edition	O
for	O
personal	O
use	O
,	O
or	O
subscription	O
licensing	O
for	O
commercial	O
use	O
PhoneGap	B-Protocol
and	O
Apache	B-Protocol
Cordova	I-Protocol
HTML	B-Language
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
A	O
lot	O
of	O
functionality	O
can	O
be	O
tested	O
directly	O
in	O
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Running	O
native	O
emulators	B-Application
on	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
is	O
also	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
IDEs	O
exist	O
for	O
Cordova-based	O
tools	O
like	O
Ionic	B-General_Concept
Studio	I-General_Concept
or	O
Appery.io	B-Application
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Tizen	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Palm	O
,	O
Bada	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Apache	O
2	O
Qt	B-Language
SDK	B-Application
C++	B-Language
,	O
QML	B-Language
Qt	B-Language
Creator	I-Language
Android	B-Application
(	O
technology	O
preview	O
)	O
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
technology	O
preview	O
)	O
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Maemo	B-Operating_System
,	O
MeeGo	B-Operating_System
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
and	O
commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
Rhomobile	B-Device
Ruby	B-Language
with	O
HTML	B-Language
interface	O
features	O
compiled	O
through	O
an	O
interpreter	B-Application
into	O
native	O
applications	O
N/A	O
,	O
applications	O
can	O
run	O
in	O
Win32	O
runner	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
device	O
emulators	B-Application
for	O
supported	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Xcode	B-Operating_System
or	O
Eclipse	B-Application
,	O
on-demand	O
RhoHub	O
version	O
includes	O
full	O
IDE	B-Application
,	O
supports	O
Android	B-Application
1.6	O
+	O
,	O
iOS	B-Application
3.0	O
+	O
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
6.1	O
Professional	O
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
6.0	O
Standard	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
4.6	O
,	O
4.7	O
,	O
5.0	O
,	O
6.0	O
(	O
4.2	O
and	O
4.5	O
supported	O
but	O
database	O
access	O
is	O
very	O
slow	O
on	O
these	O
devices	O
)	O
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
OTA	O
deployment	O
,	O
iOS	B-Application
through	O
App	B-Application
store	I-Application
,	O
.SIS	B-Language
,	O
.CAB	O
,	O
.APK	O
,	O
.COD	O
Rhodes	O
is	O
free	O
and	O
open	O
source	O
under	O
the	O
MIT	O
License	O
,	O
RhoSync	O
is	O
under	O
GPL	O
or	O
commercial	O
,	O
Commercial	O
support	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subscription	O
for	O
RhoHub	O
RubyMotion	B-Application
Ruby	B-Language
Any	O
text	O
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
IDE	B-Application
,	O
RubyMine	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
the	O
platform	B-Device
RubyMotion	B-Application
is	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sencha	B-Language
Touch	I-Language
HTML	B-Language
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Sencha	O
Architect	O
2	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
touch	I-Device
)	O
,	O
Kindle	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Bada	O
Web	O
delivered	O
,	O
or	O
hybrid	O
via	O
native	O
shells	O
for	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
GPLv3	O
,	O
free	O
for	O
commercial	O
,	O
paid	O
for	O
OEM	O
and	O
embedded	O
systems	O
Smartface	B-Application
WYSIWYG	B-Application
design	O
editor	O
with	O
JavaScript	B-Language
code	O
editor	O
Smartface	B-Application
IDE	B-Application
and	O
SDK	B-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
touch	I-Device
)	O
,	O
Kindle	O
,	O
Gear	O
,	O
Google	O
Glass	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Community	O
license	O
and	O
commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
Stencyl	B-Application
Drag-and-drop	O
editor	O
based	O
on	O
Scratch	B-Language
,	O
Objective-C	B-Language
Xcode	B-Operating_System
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
)	O
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
and	O
commercial	O
development	O
licenses	O
Telerik	B-Application
Platform	B-Device
,	O
and	O
AppBuilder	B-Language
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS	B-Language
and	O
Javascript	B-Language
Test	O
right	O
in	O
browser	B-Application
or	O
device	O
In-browser	O
client	O
,	O
desktop	O
client	O
,	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
Sublime	O
Text	O
or	O
command-line	O
interface	O
(	O
CLI	O
)	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
phone	I-Protocol
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
to	O
try	O
,	O
commercial	O
and	O
enterprise	O
licenses	O
available	O
Unity	B-Application
C#	B-Application
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Boo	B-Application
,	O
other	O
.NET-based	O
languages	O
Remote	O
used	O
to	O
simulate	O
device	O
interaction	O
before	O
app	O
is	O
uploaded	O
to	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unity	B-Application
Editor	O
,	O
also	O
works	O
with	O
Visual	B-Application
Studios	I-Application
and	O
MonoDevelop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
)	O
,	O
PC	O
,	O
Mac	B-Device
,	O
desktop	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
Xbox	O
360	O
,	O
PS3	O
,	O
Wii	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
Playbook	O
,	O
Nokia	B-Operating_System
Symbian	I-Operating_System
,	O
Roku	O
2	O
and	O
others	O
available	O
through	O
company	O
's	O
Union	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
and	O
commercial	O
development	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verivo	B-Application
AppStudio	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
,	O
graphical	O
drag	O
and	O
drop	O
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
.NET-based	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Platform	B-Device
Programming	O
language	O
Integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
available	O
Cross-platform	B-Operating_System
deployment	O
Deployment	O
options	O
Development	O
tool	O
cost	O
Altova	O
MobileTogether	O
Server	O
Browser-based	B-Application
interface	O
Proprietary	O
IDE	B-Application
Server	O
available	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supports	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
running	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
,	O
HTML5	B-Application
browser-based	B-Application
client	O
On-prem	O
,	O
cloud	O
,	O
or	O
hybrid	O
Development	O
tools	O
are	O
free	O
,	O
commercial	O
license	O
needed	O
for	O
deployment	O
GO	O
!	O
AppZone	O
by	O
Globo	O
plc	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Custom	O
integrations	O
connectors/server	O
-side	O
logic	O
:	O
C#	B-Application
,	O
VB.NET	B-Language
Yes	O
,	O
GO	O
!	O
AppZone	O
Studio	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Phone	I-Operating_System
,	I-Operating_System
8.x	I-Operating_System
,	I-Operating_System
RT	I-Operating_System
On-prem	O
,	O
cloud	O
or	O
hybrid	O
Development	O
tools	O
are	O
free	O
,	O
commercial	O
license	O
or	O
subscription	O
needed	O
for	O
deployment	O
IBM	O
MobileFirst	O
Server	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS3	O
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
and	O
native	O
SDK	B-Application
languages	O
w/	O
Native	O
Worklight	O
API	O
Eclipse	B-Application
plugin	O
,	O
Eclipse-based	O
stand-alone	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
6	I-Application
,	O
7	O
,	O
&	O
10	O
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
7.5	O
&	O
8	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
(	O
desktop	O
,	O
tablets	O
)	O
,	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
AIR	I-Operating_System
,	O
Mobile	B-Application
Web	I-Application
App	O
,	O
desktop	O
browser	B-Application
web	O
page	O
On-prem	O
Developer	O
edition	O
free	O
via	O
Eclipse	B-Application
Marketplace	O
,	O
commercial	O
license	O
for	O
deployment	O
Metismo	O
Java	B-Application
Eclipse	I-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
ME	I-Language
,	O
BREW	B-Application
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Nintendo	O
DS	O
,	O
Palm/webOS	O
,	O
Sony	O
PSP	O
,	O
Samsung	O
bada	O
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
7	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Desktop	O
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
On-prem	O
Commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
Wakanda	B-Language
JavaScript	B-Language
Use	O
Wakanda	B-Language
Studio	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Phone	I-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
(	O
soon	O
)	O
,	O
HTML5	B-Application
app	O
On-prem	O
or	O
cloud	O
Community	O
and	O
commercial	O
editions	O
Verivo	B-Application
Akula	O
Java	B-Language
Use	O
any	O
front-end	O
IDE	B-Application
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Phone7	O
On-prem	O
,	O
cloud	O
,	O
or	O
hybrid	O
Free	O
development	O
licenses	O
;	O
per-CPU	O
deployment	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Replaced	O
by	O
Appery.io	B-Application
WebORB	B-Operating_System
Integration	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
C#	B-Application
,	O
VB.NET	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
ActionScript	B-Operating_System
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
bring	O
your	O
own	O
device	O
(	O
BYOD	O
)	O
becoming	O
the	O
norm	O
within	O
more	O
enterprises	O
,	O
IT	O
departments	O
often	O
need	O
stop-gap	O
,	O
tactical	O
solutions	O
that	O
layer	O
atop	O
existing	O
apps	O
,	O
phones	O
,	O
and	O
platform	B-Device
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
system-level	O
components	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
functioning	O
platform	B-Device
for	O
developing	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Platform	B-Device
Programming	O
language	O
Debuggers	B-Application
available	O
Emulator	B-Application
available	O
Integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
available	O
Cross-platform	B-Operating_System
deployment	O
Installer	O
packaging	O
options	O
Development	O
tool	O
cost	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
AIR	I-Operating_System
ActionScript	B-Operating_System
,	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Flash	B-Application
Builder	I-Application
,	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
Professional	I-Operating_System
,	O
IntelliJ	B-Language
IDEA	I-Language
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
touch	I-Device
)	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Flash	B-Application
Builder	I-Application
,	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
Professional	I-Operating_System
,	O
IntelliJ	B-Language
IDEA	I-Language
-	O
commercial	O
licenses	O
available	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
AIR	I-Operating_System
SDK	B-Application
(	O
command	O
line	O
tool	O
)	O
-	O
Free	O
BREW	B-Application
C	B-Language
;	O
the	O
APIs	O
are	O
provided	O
in	O
C	B-Language
with	O
a	O
C++	B-Language
style	O
interface	O
Debugger	B-Application
support	O
for	O
the	O
native	O
ARM	O
target	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Can	O
use	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
to	O
debug	O
the	O
x86	O
testing	O
code	O
No	O
Emulator	B-Application
for	O
the	O
target	O
ARM	O
code	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
simulator	O
for	O
the	O
x86	O
testing	O
code	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
6.0	O
,	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2003	O
.NET	B-Application
,	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2005	O
Compile	O
for	O
the	O
specific	O
BREW	B-Application
version	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
handset	O
OTA	O
Related	O
dev	O
fees	O
typically	O
needed	O
for	O
Brew	B-Application
App	O
Certification	O
-	O
VeriSign	O
annual	O
fee	O
for	O
becoming	O
a	O
certified	O
developer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Realview	O
ARM	O
compiler	O
for	O
BREW	B-Application
(	O
the	O
free	O
GNU	O
C/C	O
++	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
limited	O
function	O
and	O
support	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TRUE	O
BREW	B-Application
testing	O
fee	O
for	O
distributing	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
No	O
,	O
but	O
simulator	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
Firebug	B-Operating_System
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
on	O
other	O
platform	B-Device
Firefox	B-Application
Marketplace	O
,	O
Web	O
URL	O
Development	O
requires	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
and	O
the	O
simulator	O
add-on	O
.NET	B-Operating_System
Compact	I-Operating_System
Framework	I-Operating_System
C#	B-Application
,	O
VB.NET	B-Language
,	O
Basic4ppc	B-Language
Free	O
emulator	B-Application
,	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
,	O
also	O
bundled	O
with	O
IDE	B-Application
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2008	I-Application
,	O
2005	O
,	O
2003	O
,	O
Basic4ppc	B-Language
IDE	B-Application
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
,	O
Symbian-based	O
devices	O
via	O
third-party	O
tools	O
OTA	O
deployment	O
,	O
CAB	O
files	O
,	O
ActiveSync	O
Most	O
tools	O
free	O
,	O
but	O
commercial	O
editions	O
of	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
needed	O
for	O
visual	O
designers	O
OpenFL	B-Application
Haxe	B-Language
(	O
similar	O
to	O
Actionscript	B-Operating_System
and	O
Java	B-Language
)	O
IntelliJ	B-Language
IDEA	I-Language
,	O
FlashDevelop	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPod	B-Device
touch	I-Device
)	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
Playbook	O
,	O
WebOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
Flash	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
(	O
exe	O
)	O
,	O
Linux	B-Application
The	O
native	O
distribution	O
format	O
of	O
each	O
platform	B-Device
Free	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
OS	O
1.0	O
–	O
4.1	O
:	O
free	O
emulator	B-Application
provided	O
by	O
PalmSource	O
(	O
Access	O
)	O
;	O
OS	O
5.0	O
:	O
-	O
5.4	O
device-specific	O
simulators	O
provided	O
by	O
Palm	O
(	O
palmOne	O
)	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
Development	O
System	O
(	O
Eclipse	B-Application
)	O
,	O
CodeWarrior	B-Operating_System
,	O
PocketStudio	B-Application
,	O
HB++	O
,	O
Satellite	O
Forms	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
handhelds	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
with	O
StyleTap	O
emulator	B-Application
PRC	B-Application
files	O
,	O
PalmSource	O
Installer	O
(	O
.psi	O
)	O
Free	O
(	O
POSE	O
or	O
GCC	O
for	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
or	O
commercial	O
(	O
CodeWarrior	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
or	O
various	O
commercial	O
rapid-development	O
frameworks	O
Python	B-Language
Python	B-Language
Add-on	O
to	O
Nokia	O
Emulator	B-Application
Several	O
,	O
including	O
plugins	O
for	O
Eclipse	B-Application
Interpreted	B-Application
language	I-Application
available	O
natively	O
only	O
on	O
Nokia	B-Language
Series60	I-Language
(	O
and	O
desktops	O
)	O
though	O
ports	O
exist	O
to	O
other	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
platforms	I-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
Sis	B-Language
deployment	O
with	O
py2sis	O
or	O
can	O
use	O
Python	B-Language
Runtime	O
Free	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
C++	B-Language
Free	O
emulator	B-Application
Many	B-Operating_System
choices	I-Operating_System
Compile	O
per	O
target	O
SIS	B-Language
deployment	O
Commercial	O
and	O
free	O
tools	O
available	O
Tizen	B-Application
Web-based	B-Application
:	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Native	O
:	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
Free	O
emulator	B-Application
Tizen	B-Application
SDK	B-Application
Web-based	B-Application
app	O
to	O
be	O
available	O
on	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
Tizen	B-Application
through	O
App	B-Application
store	I-Application
,	O
Web	O
URL	O
Development	O
needs	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
Ubuntu	O
Desktop	O
Ubuntu	B-Protocol
Touch	I-Protocol
Web-based	B-Application
:	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Native	O
:	O
QML	B-Language
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
Ubuntu	O
SDK	B-Application
HTML5	B-Application
app	O
to	O
be	O
available	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Criteria	O
for	O
selecting	O
a	O
development	O
platform	B-Device
usually	O
contains	O
the	O
target	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
platforms	I-Operating_System
,	O
existing	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
development	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
targeting	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
platform	B-Device
with	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
development	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
important	O
to	O
consider	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
the	O
tool	O
on	O
the	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
is	O
another	O
important	O
criteria	O
,	O
as	O
research	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
indicates	O
a	O
strong	O
correlation	O
between	O
application	O
performance	O
and	O
user	O
satisfaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
performance	O
and	O
other	O
criteria	O
,	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
and	O
the	O
project	O
's	O
requirement	O
may	O
drive	O
the	O
development	O
between	O
native	O
and	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
aid	O
the	O
choice	O
between	O
native	O
and	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
environments	O
,	O
some	O
guidelines	O
and	O
benchmarks	O
have	O
been	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
environments	O
are	O
reusable	O
across	O
multiple	B-Operating_System
platforms	I-Operating_System
,	O
leveraging	O
a	O
native	O
container	O
while	O
using	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
for	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
native	O
environments	O
are	O
targeted	O
at	O
one	O
platform	B-Device
for	O
each	O
of	O
those	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
development	O
occurs	O
in	O
the	O
Eclipse	B-Application
IDE	I-Application
using	O
Android	B-Application
Developer	O
Tools	O
(	O
ADT	O
)	O
plugins	O
,	O
Apple	O
iOS	B-Application
development	O
occurs	O
using	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
IDE	B-Application
with	O
Objective-C	B-Language
and/or	O
Swift	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
and	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
each	O
have	O
their	O
own	O
development	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
are	O
first	O
tested	O
within	O
the	O
development	O
environment	O
using	O
emulators	B-Application
and	O
later	O
subjected	O
to	O
field	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emulators	B-Application
provide	O
an	O
inexpensive	O
way	O
to	O
test	O
applications	O
on	O
mobile	O
phones	O
to	O
which	O
developers	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
physical	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
tools	O
used	O
for	O
testing	O
application	O
across	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Android	I-Application
Emulator	B-Application
-	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
emulator	B-Application
that	O
is	O
patched	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
Windows	B-Application
PC	I-Application
as	O
a	O
standalone	O
app	O
,	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
download	O
and	O
install	O
the	O
complete	O
and	O
complex	O
Android	B-Application
SDK	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
compatible	O
apps	O
can	O
be	O
tested	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
Android	B-Application
SDK	I-Application
Emulator	B-Application
-	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
emulator	B-Application
which	O
mimics	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
features	O
of	O
a	O
typical	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
(	O
without	O
the	O
calls	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TestiPhone	O
-	O
a	O
web	O
browser-based	O
simulator	O
for	O
quickly	O
testing	O
iPhone	B-Device
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
tool	O
has	O
been	O
tested	O
and	O
works	O
using	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
7	I-Application
,	O
Firefox	B-Language
2	I-Language
and	O
Safari	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
iPhoney	O
-	O
gives	O
a	O
pixel-accurate	O
web	O
browsing	O
environment	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
powered	O
by	O
Safari	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
while	O
developing	O
web	O
sites	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
simulator	I-Operating_System
but	O
instead	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
web	O
developers	O
who	O
want	O
to	O
create	O
320	O
by	O
480	O
(	O
or	O
480	O
by	O
320	O
)	O
websites	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
iPhoney	O
will	O
only	O
run	O
on	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.4.7	O
or	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
Simulator	O
-	O
There	O
are	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
official	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
simulators	O
available	O
to	O
emulate	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
actual	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
products	O
and	O
test	O
how	O
the	O
device	O
software	O
,	O
screen	O
,	O
keyboard	O
and	O
trackwheel	O
will	O
work	O
with	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
UI	O
Automation	O
-	O
To	O
test	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
UI	O
Automation	O
technology	O
,	O
it	O
requires	O
Windows	B-Application
Automation	O
API	O
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
pre-installed	B-Application
on	O
Windows	B-Application
7	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	O
2008	O
R2	O
and	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
you	O
can	O
install	O
using	O
Windows	B-Application
Update	O
or	O
download	O
it	O
from	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Web	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MobiOne	O
Developer	O
-	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
Web	I-Application
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	B-Application
)	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
that	O
helps	O
developers	O
to	O
code	O
,	O
test	O
,	O
debug	O
,	O
package	O
and	O
deploy	O
mobile	B-Application
Web	I-Application
applications	O
to	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Palm	B-Application
Pre	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
eggPlant	B-Application
:	O
A	O
GUI-based	O
automated	O
test	O
tool	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
across	O
all	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Testdroid	B-Application
:	O
Real	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
and	O
test	O
automation	O
tools	O
for	O
testing	O
mobile	O
and	O
web	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
patent	O
applications	O
are	O
pending	O
for	O
new	O
mobile	B-Application
phone	I-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
