<s>
A	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
or	O
app	O
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
or	O
software	B-Application
application	I-Application
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
such	O
as	O
a	O
phone	B-Application
,	O
tablet	B-Device
,	O
or	O
watch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
often	O
stand	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
desktop	B-Application
applications	I-Application
which	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
which	O
run	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
browsers	I-Application
rather	O
than	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
were	O
originally	O
intended	O
for	O
productivity	O
assistance	O
such	O
as	O
email	O
,	O
calendar	B-Application
,	O
and	O
contact	O
databases	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
public	O
demand	O
for	O
apps	O
caused	O
rapid	O
expansion	O
into	O
other	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
factory	O
automation	O
,	O
GPS	O
and	O
location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
,	O
order-tracking	O
,	O
and	O
ticket	O
purchases	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
now	O
millions	O
of	O
apps	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
are	O
generally	O
downloaded	O
from	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
,	O
which	O
are	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
digital	O
distribution	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
app	O
"	O
,	O
short	O
for	O
"	O
application	B-Application
"	O
,	O
has	O
since	O
become	O
very	O
popular	O
;	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
listed	O
as	O
"	O
Word	O
of	O
the	O
Year	O
"	O
by	O
the	O
American	O
Dialect	O
Society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
are	O
broadly	O
classified	O
into	O
three	O
types	O
:	O
native	B-Language
apps	O
,	O
hybrid	O
and	O
web	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	B-Language
applications	O
are	O
designed	O
specifically	O
for	O
a	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
typically	O
iOS	B-Application
or	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	B-Application
apps	I-Application
are	O
written	O
in	O
HTML5	B-Application
or	O
CSS	B-Language
and	O
typically	O
run	O
through	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hybrid	O
apps	O
are	O
built	O
using	O
web	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
and	O
HTML5	B-Application
and	O
function	O
like	O
web	B-Application
apps	I-Application
disguised	O
in	O
a	O
native	B-Language
container	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
are	O
sold	O
with	O
several	O
apps	O
bundled	O
as	O
pre-installed	O
software	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
email	B-Protocol
client	I-Protocol
,	O
calendar	B-Application
,	O
mapping	O
program	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
app	O
for	O
buying	O
music	O
,	O
other	O
media	O
,	O
or	O
more	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
the	O
software	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
this	O
,	O
some	O
devices	O
can	O
be	O
rooted	B-Application
to	O
eliminate	O
the	O
undesired	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
preinstalled	O
are	O
usually	O
available	O
through	O
distribution	O
platforms	B-Device
called	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
may	O
operated	O
by	O
the	O
owner	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
(	O
iOS	B-Application
)	O
or	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Store	I-Application
;	O
by	O
the	O
device	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Store	I-Application
and	O
Huawei	B-Application
AppGallery	I-Application
;	O
or	O
by	O
third	O
parties	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Amazon	O
Appstore	B-Application
and	O
F-Droid	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
downloaded	O
from	O
the	O
platform	B-Device
to	O
a	O
target	O
device	O
,	O
but	O
sometimes	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
to	O
laptops	B-Device
or	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
installed	O
manually	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
by	O
running	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
application	I-Application
package	I-Application
on	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
apps	O
are	O
freeware	B-License
,	O
while	O
others	O
have	O
a	O
price	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
upfront	O
or	O
a	O
subscription	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
any	O
case	O
,	O
the	O
revenue	O
is	O
usually	O
split	O
between	O
the	O
application	B-Application
's	O
creator	O
and	O
the	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
app	O
can	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
cost	O
a	O
different	O
price	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
platform	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
were	O
originally	O
offered	O
for	O
general	O
productivity	O
and	O
information	O
retrieval	O
,	O
including	O
email	O
,	O
calendar	B-Application
,	O
contacts	O
,	O
the	O
stock	O
market	O
and	O
weather	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
public	O
demand	O
and	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
developer	B-Application
tools	O
drove	O
rapid	O
expansion	O
into	O
other	O
categories	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
handled	O
by	O
desktop	B-Application
application	I-Application
software	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
government	O
regulatory	O
agencies	O
began	O
trying	O
to	O
regulate	O
and	O
curate	O
apps	O
,	O
particularly	O
medical	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
growing	O
number	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
available	O
at	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
and	O
the	O
improved	O
capabilities	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
people	O
are	O
downloading	O
more	O
applications	O
to	O
their	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usage	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
has	O
become	O
increasingly	O
prevalent	O
across	O
mobile	O
phone	B-Application
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
found	O
that	O
usage	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
strongly	O
correlates	O
with	O
user	O
context	O
and	O
depends	O
on	O
user	O
's	O
location	O
and	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
are	O
playing	O
an	O
ever-increasing	O
role	O
within	O
healthcare	O
and	O
when	O
designed	O
and	O
integrated	O
correctly	O
can	O
yield	O
many	O
benefits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
Q2	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
and	O
Apple	O
stores	O
alone	O
generated	O
$5	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
may	O
be	O
classified	O
by	O
numerous	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
scheme	O
is	O
to	O
distinguish	O
native	B-Language
,	O
web-based	B-Application
,	O
and	O
hybrid	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
apps	O
targeted	O
toward	O
a	O
particular	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
platform	I-Operating_System
are	O
known	O
as	O
native	B-Language
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
an	O
app	O
intended	O
for	O
Apple	O
device	O
does	O
not	O
run	O
in	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
most	O
businesses	O
develop	O
apps	O
for	O
multiple	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
developing	O
native	B-Language
apps	O
,	O
professionals	O
incorporate	O
best-in-class	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
also	O
benefit	O
from	O
wider	O
access	O
to	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
and	O
make	O
limitless	O
use	O
of	O
all	O
apps	O
from	O
the	O
particular	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
purpose	O
for	O
creating	O
such	O
apps	O
is	O
to	O
ensure	O
best	O
performance	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
web-based	B-Application
app	O
is	O
implemented	O
with	O
the	O
standard	O
web	O
technologies	O
of	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
all	O
,	O
user	O
data	O
is	O
stored	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
performance	O
of	O
these	O
apps	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
running	O
in	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
noticeably	O
slower	O
than	O
the	O
equivalent	O
native	B-Language
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
of	O
features	O
as	O
the	O
native	B-Language
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
hybrid	O
app	O
is	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
native	B-Language
and	O
web-based	B-Application
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
developed	O
using	O
Apache	B-Protocol
Cordova	I-Protocol
,	O
Flutter	B-Application
,	O
Xamarin	O
,	O
React	B-Application
Native	I-Application
,	O
Sencha	B-Language
Touch	I-Language
,	O
and	O
other	O
frameworks	B-Architecture
fall	O
into	O
this	O
category	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
made	O
to	O
support	O
web	O
and	O
native	B-Language
technologies	O
across	O
multiple	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
involves	O
use	O
of	O
single	O
codebase	B-General_Concept
which	O
works	O
in	O
multiple	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
apps	O
fail	O
to	O
bear	O
the	O
same	O
look-and-feel	O
in	O
different	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developing	O
apps	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
requires	O
considering	O
the	O
constraints	O
and	O
features	O
of	O
these	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
run	O
on	O
battery	O
and	O
have	O
less	O
powerful	O
processors	B-Device
than	O
personal	O
computers	O
and	O
also	O
have	O
more	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
location	O
detection	O
and	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	B-Application
also	O
have	O
to	O
consider	O
a	O
wide	O
array	O
of	O
screen	O
sizes	O
,	O
hardware	O
specifications	O
and	O
configurations	O
because	O
of	O
intense	O
competition	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
changes	O
within	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
platforms	B-Device
(	O
although	O
these	O
issues	O
can	O
be	O
overcome	O
with	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
detection	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
development	O
requires	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
specialized	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environments	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
are	O
first	O
tested	O
within	O
the	O
development	O
environment	O
using	O
emulators	B-Application
and	O
later	O
subjected	O
to	O
field	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emulators	B-Application
provide	O
an	O
inexpensive	O
way	O
to	O
test	O
applications	O
on	O
mobile	O
phones	O
to	O
which	O
developers	B-Application
may	O
not	O
have	O
physical	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
UI	O
)	O
Design	O
is	O
also	O
essential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
UI	O
design	O
constraints	O
include	O
limited	O
attention	O
and	O
form	O
factors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
's	O
screen	O
size	O
for	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
UI	O
contexts	O
signal	O
cues	O
from	O
user	O
activity	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
location	O
and	O
scheduling	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
shown	O
from	O
user	O
interactions	O
within	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
functionality	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
components	O
including	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
servers	O
,	O
Mobile	B-Application
Backend	I-Application
as	I-Application
a	I-Application
service	I-Application
(	O
MBaaS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
SOA	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
conversational	O
interfaces	O
:	O
voice	O
assistants	O
(	O
like	O
the	O
Amazon	B-Device
Echo	I-Device
)	O
and	O
chatbots	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversational	O
interfaces	O
are	O
growing	O
particularly	O
practical	O
as	O
users	O
are	O
starting	O
to	O
feel	O
overwhelmed	O
with	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
(	O
a	O
term	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
app	O
fatigue	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Limp	O
,	O
Amazon	O
's	O
senior	O
vice	O
president	O
of	O
devices	O
,	O
says	O
in	O
an	O
interview	O
with	O
Bloomberg	O
,	O
"	O
We	O
believe	O
the	O
next	O
big	O
platform	B-Device
is	O
voice.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
three	O
biggest	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
are	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
for	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
for	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Store	I-Application
for	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Xbox	B-Device
One	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
Market	I-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
international	O
online	B-Architecture
software	I-Architecture
store	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
apps	O
downloaded	O
via	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Store	I-Application
surpassed	O
50	O
billion	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
over	O
1	O
million	O
apps	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
80%	O
of	O
apps	O
in	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Store	I-Application
are	O
free	O
to	O
download	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Application
's	I-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
for	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
app	O
distribution	O
service	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
ignited	O
the	O
mobile	O
revolution	O
and	O
was	O
opened	O
on	O
July	O
10	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
of	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
reported	O
over	O
140billion	O
downloads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
AppStore	B-Application
was	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
in	O
1993	O
by	O
Jesse	O
Tayler	O
at	O
NeXTWorld	O
Expo	O
As	O
of	O
June	O
6	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
425,000	O
apps	O
available	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
downloaded	O
by	O
200million	O
iOS	B-Application
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
Apple	O
's	O
2012	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	B-Application
Conference	O
,	O
CEO	O
Tim	O
Cook	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
has	O
650,000	O
available	O
apps	O
to	O
download	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
30billion	O
apps	O
downloaded	O
from	O
the	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
until	O
that	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Store	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
Store	I-Application
)	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
2012	O
for	O
its	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
RT	I-Operating_System
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
carry	O
listings	O
for	O
traditional	O
desktop	O
programs	O
certified	O
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
primarily	O
used	O
to	O
distribute	O
"	O
Windows	B-Application
Store	I-Application
apps	O
"	O
—	O
which	O
are	O
primarily	O
built	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
tablets	B-Device
and	O
other	O
touch-based	O
devices	O
(	O
but	O
can	O
still	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
on	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
laptops	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	O
Appstore	B-Application
is	O
an	O
alternative	O
application	B-Application
store	O
for	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
opened	O
in	O
March	O
2011	O
and	O
as	O
of	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
has	O
nearly	O
334,000	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amazon	O
Appstore	B-Application
's	O
Android	B-Application
Apps	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
run	O
on	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
10	I-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BlackBerry	B-Application
World	I-Application
is	O
the	O
application	B-Application
store	O
for	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
10	I-Application
and	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
OS	I-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
opened	O
in	O
April	O
2009	O
as	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
App	I-Application
World	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ovi	B-Application
(	O
Nokia	O
)	O
for	O
Nokia	O
phones	O
was	O
launched	O
internationally	O
in	O
May	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2011	O
,	O
Nokia	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
rebrand	O
its	O
Ovi	B-Application
product	O
line	O
under	O
the	O
Nokia	O
brand	O
and	O
Ovi	B-Application
Store	I-Application
was	O
renamed	O
Nokia	B-Application
Store	I-Application
in	O
October	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nokia	B-Application
Store	I-Application
will	O
no	O
longer	O
allow	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
publish	O
new	O
apps	O
or	O
app	O
updates	O
for	O
its	O
legacy	O
Symbian	O
and	O
MeeGo	O
operating	O
systems	O
from	O
January	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Phone	I-Application
Store	I-Application
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
for	O
its	O
Windows	O
Phone	B-Application
platform	B-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
October	O
2010	O
.	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
over	O
120,000	O
apps	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
Apps	I-Application
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
September	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
October	O
2011	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
Apps	I-Application
reached	O
10million	O
downloads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
store	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
125	O
countries	O
and	O
it	O
offers	O
apps	O
for	O
Windows	O
Mobile	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
Bada	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
F-Droid	B-Application
—	O
Free	O
and	O
open	O
Source	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Opera	B-Application
Mobile	I-Application
Store	I-Application
is	O
a	O
platform	B-Device
independent	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
for	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Java	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
Symbian	O
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	O
Mobile	O
,	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
based	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
numerous	O
other	O
independent	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
for	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
management	O
(	O
MAM	O
)	O
describes	O
software	O
and	O
services	O
responsible	O
for	O
provisioning	O
and	O
controlling	O
access	O
to	O
internally	O
developed	O
and	O
commercially	O
available	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
used	O
in	O
business	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
an	O
employee	O
brings	O
a	O
personal	O
device	O
into	O
an	O
enterprise	O
setting	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
management	O
enables	O
the	O
corporate	O
IT	O
staff	O
to	O
transfer	O
required	O
applications	O
,	O
control	O
access	O
to	O
business	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
remove	O
locally	O
cached	O
business	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
device	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
lost	O
,	O
or	O
when	O
its	O
owner	O
no	O
longer	O
works	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Containerization	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
alternate	O
approach	O
to	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
controlling	O
an	O
employee/s	O
entire	O
device	O
,	O
containerization	B-General_Concept
apps	O
create	O
isolated	O
pockets	O
separate	O
from	O
personal	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Especially	O
when	O
employees	O
"	O
bring	O
your	O
own	O
device	O
"	O
(	O
BYOD	O
)	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
can	O
be	O
a	O
significant	O
security	O
risk	O
for	O
businesses	O
,	O
because	O
they	O
transfer	O
unprotected	O
sensitive	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
without	O
knowledge	O
and	O
consent	O
of	O
the	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professional	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
management	O
helps	O
companies	O
protect	O
their	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
app	O
wrapper	O
is	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
made	O
wholly	O
from	O
an	O
existing	O
website	O
or	O
platform	B-Device
,	O
with	O
few	O
or	O
no	O
changes	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
underlying	O
application	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
wrapper	O
"	O
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
new	O
management	O
layer	O
that	O
allows	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
set	O
up	O
usage	O
policies	O
appropriate	O
for	O
app	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
most	O
app	O
wrappers	O
are	O
often	O
websites	O
first	O
,	O
they	O
often	O
do	O
not	O
align	O
with	O
iOS	B-Application
or	O
Android	B-Application
Developer	B-Application
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
offer	O
native	B-Language
apps	O
securely	O
through	O
enterprise	O
mobility	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
