<s>
The	O
Mobile	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Part	I-Protocol
(	O
MAP	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
SS7	O
protocol	O
that	O
provides	O
an	O
application	O
layer	O
for	O
the	O
various	O
nodes	O
in	O
GSM	O
and	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
mobile	O
core	O
networks	O
and	O
GPRS	B-General_Concept
core	O
networks	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
services	O
to	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mobile	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Part	I-Protocol
is	O
the	O
application-layer	O
protocol	O
used	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
Home	O
Location	O
Register	O
,	O
Visitor	O
Location	O
Register	O
,	O
Mobile	B-Device
Switching	I-Device
Center	I-Device
,	O
Equipment	O
Identity	O
Register	O
,	O
Authentication	O
Centre	O
,	O
Short	O
message	O
service	O
center	O
and	O
Serving	O
GPRS	B-General_Concept
Support	O
Node	O
(	O
SGSN	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mobile	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Part	I-Protocol
specifications	O
were	O
originally	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
GSM	O
Association	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
now	O
controlled	O
by	O
ETSI/3GPP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MAP	O
is	O
a	O
Transaction	O
Capabilities	O
Application	O
Part	O
(	O
TCAP	O
)	O
user	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
can	O
be	O
transported	O
using	O
'	O
traditional	O
 '	O
SS7	O
protocols	O
or	O
over	O
IP	B-Protocol
using	O
Transport	O
Independent	O
Signalling	O
Connection	O
Control	O
Part	O
(	O
TI-SCCP	O
)	O
;	O
or	O
using	O
SIGTRAN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yate	B-Language
is	O
a	O
partial	O
open	O
source	O
implementation	O
of	O
MAP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mobile	O
cellular	O
telephony	O
networks	O
like	O
GSM	O
and	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
the	O
SS7	O
application	O
MAP	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voice	O
connections	O
are	O
Circuit	B-Protocol
Switched	I-Protocol
(	O
CS	O
)	O
and	O
data	O
connections	O
are	O
Packet	B-Protocol
Switched	I-Protocol
(	O
PS	O
)	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
GSM/UMTS	O
Circuit	B-Protocol
Switched	I-Protocol
interfaces	O
in	O
the	O
Mobile	B-Device
Switching	I-Device
Center	I-Device
(	O
MSC	O
)	O
transported	O
over	O
SS7	O
include	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
several	O
GSM/UMTS	O
PS	O
interfaces	O
in	O
the	O
Serving	O
GPRS	B-General_Concept
Support	O
Node	O
(	O
SGSN	O
)	O
transported	O
over	O
SS7	O
:	O
</s>
