<s>
MINIX	B-Operating_System
(	O
from	O
mini-Unix	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
based	O
on	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
architecture	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
version	O
2.0	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
Portable	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
Interface	O
(	O
POSIX	O
)	O
compliant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
were	O
created	O
by	O
Andrew	O
S	O
.	O
Tanenbaum	O
for	O
educational	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
,	O
the	O
primary	O
aim	O
of	O
development	O
shifted	O
from	O
education	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
highly	O
reliable	O
and	O
self-healing	B-General_Concept
microkernel	B-Operating_System
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
was	O
developed	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Operating_System
was	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
complete	O
source	O
code	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
universities	O
for	O
study	O
in	O
courses	O
and	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
since	O
it	O
was	O
relicensed	O
under	O
the	O
BSD-3-Clause	B-Operating_System
license	B-License
in	O
April	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andrew	O
S	O
.	O
Tanenbaum	O
created	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
at	O
Vrije	O
Universiteit	O
in	O
Amsterdam	O
to	O
exemplify	O
the	O
principles	O
conveyed	O
in	O
his	O
textbook	O
,	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
Systems	I-General_Concept
:	O
Design	O
and	O
Implementation	O
(	O
1987	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Despite	O
sharing	O
a	O
name	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
no	O
relation	O
to	O
the	O
older	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
from	O
Digital	O
Systems	O
House	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
based	O
on	O
AT&T	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
code	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
abridged	O
12,000	O
lines	O
of	O
the	O
C	B-Language
source	O
code	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
memory	B-General_Concept
manager	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
1.0	O
are	O
printed	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prentice-Hall	O
also	O
released	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
source	O
code	O
and	O
binaries	O
on	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
with	O
a	O
reference	O
manual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Operating_System
1	O
was	O
system-call	O
compatible	O
with	O
Seventh	B-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tanenbaum	O
originally	O
developed	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
and	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
PC/AT	I-Operating_System
8088	B-Device
microcomputers	B-Architecture
available	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Operating_System
1.5	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
included	O
support	O
for	O
MicroChannel	B-Device
IBM	B-Device
PS/2	I-Device
systems	O
and	O
was	O
also	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
and	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
architectures	O
,	O
supporting	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
Sun	B-Device
SPARCstation	I-Device
computer	B-Device
platforms	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
also	O
unofficial	O
ports	O
to	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
386	I-General_Concept
PC	O
compatibles	O
(	O
in	O
32-bit	O
protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
)	O
,	O
National	O
Semiconductor	O
NS32532	B-Device
,	O
ARM	B-Architecture
and	O
Inmos	B-General_Concept
transputer	I-General_Concept
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meiko	B-Device
Scientific	I-Device
used	O
an	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
MeikOS	B-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
its	O
transputer-based	O
Computing	B-Device
Surface	I-Device
parallel	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
running	O
as	O
a	O
user	O
process	O
under	O
SunOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
Solaris	B-Application
was	O
also	O
available	O
,	O
a	O
simulator	O
named	O
SMX	O
(	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
)	O
or	O
just	O
SMX	O
for	O
short	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Demand	O
for	O
the	O
68k-based	O
architectures	O
waned	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
and	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
was	O
only	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
Solaris-hosted	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
edition	O
of	O
Tanenbaum	O
's	O
textbook	O
,	O
cowritten	O
with	O
Albert	O
Woodhull	O
and	O
was	O
distributed	O
on	O
a	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
included	O
with	O
the	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
added	O
POSIX.1	O
compliance	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
386	B-General_Concept
and	O
later	O
processors	O
in	O
32-bit	O
mode	O
and	O
replaced	O
the	O
Amoeba	B-Operating_System
network	O
protocols	O
included	O
in	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
1.5	O
with	O
a	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
after	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
relicensed	O
under	O
the	O
BSD-3-Clause	B-Operating_System
license	B-License
,	O
which	O
was	O
retroactively	O
applied	O
to	O
all	O
previous	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minix-vmd	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
for	O
Intel	O
IA-32-compatible	O
processors	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
two	O
Vrije	O
Universiteit	O
researchers	O
,	O
which	O
adds	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
and	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
was	O
publicly	O
announced	O
on	O
24	O
October	O
2005	O
by	O
Tanenbaum	O
during	O
his	O
keynote	O
speech	O
at	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
(	O
ACM	O
)	O
Symposium	O
on	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
Systems	I-General_Concept
Principles	O
(	O
SOSP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
it	O
still	O
serves	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
edition	O
of	O
Tanenbaum	O
's	O
textbook	O
,	O
coauthored	O
by	O
Albert	O
S	O
.	O
Woodhull	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
comprehensively	O
redesigned	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
usable	O
as	O
a	O
serious	O
system	O
on	O
resource-limited	O
and	O
embedded	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
and	O
for	O
applications	O
requiring	O
high	O
reliability.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
currently	O
supports	O
IA-32	B-Device
and	O
ARM	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
a	O
live	O
CD	O
format	O
that	O
allows	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
without	O
installing	O
it	O
on	O
the	O
hard	O
drive	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
versions	O
compatible	O
with	O
hardware	O
emulating	O
and	O
virtualizing	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
Bochs	B-Language
,	O
QEMU	B-Application
,	O
VMware	B-Operating_System
Workstation	I-Operating_System
and	O
Fusion	B-Operating_System
,	O
VirtualBox	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Virtual	I-Application
PC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
after	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
relicensed	O
under	O
the	O
BSD-3-Clause	B-Operating_System
license	B-License
with	O
a	O
new	O
fourth	O
clause	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contains	O
X11	B-Operating_System
,	O
emacs	B-Application
,	O
vi	B-Application
,	O
cc	O
,	O
gcc	B-Application
,	O
perl	B-Language
,	O
python	B-Language
,	O
ash	B-Operating_System
,	O
bash	B-Operating_System
,	O
zsh	B-Application
,	O
ftp	B-Protocol
,	O
ssh	B-Protocol
,	O
telnet	B-Protocol
,	O
pine	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
over	O
400	O
other	O
common	O
Unix	B-Application
utility	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
X11	B-Operating_System
,	O
this	O
version	O
marks	O
the	O
transition	O
away	O
from	O
a	O
text-only	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
is	O
self-healing	B-General_Concept
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
applications	O
demanding	O
high	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
also	O
has	O
support	O
for	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
management	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
suitable	O
for	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Desktop	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
Firefox	B-Application
and	O
OpenOffice.org	B-Application
are	O
not	O
yet	O
available	O
for	O
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
however	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
version	O
3.2.0	O
,	O
the	O
userland	B-Operating_System
was	O
mostly	O
replaced	O
by	O
that	O
of	O
NetBSD	B-Device
and	O
support	O
from	O
pkgsrc	B-Application
became	O
possible	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
available	O
software	O
applications	O
that	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
can	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clang	B-Application
replaced	O
the	O
prior	O
compiler	O
(	O
with	O
GCC	B-Application
now	O
having	O
to	O
be	O
manually	O
compiled	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
GDB	B-Language
,	O
the	O
GNU	B-Language
debugger	I-Language
,	O
was	O
ported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	O
3.3.0	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
brought	O
ARM	B-Architecture
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
stable	O
release	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
3.4.0	O
is	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
announced	O
,	O
and	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
development	O
has	O
been	O
dormant	O
since	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Operating_System
supports	O
many	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
including	O
C	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
,	O
Modula-2	B-Language
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Tcl	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
50	O
people	O
attended	O
MINIXCon	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
conference	O
to	O
discuss	O
the	O
history	O
and	O
future	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Intel	O
chipsets	O
post-2015	O
are	O
running	O
MINIX	B-Application
3	I-Application
internally	O
as	O
the	O
software	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
Management	I-Device
Engine	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
used	O
and	O
appreciated	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
his	O
design	O
deviated	O
from	O
the	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
architecture	B-Architecture
in	O
significant	O
ways	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
by	O
employing	O
a	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
instead	O
of	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
disapproved	O
of	O
by	O
Tanenbaum	O
in	O
the	O
Tanenbaum	B-Language
–	I-Language
Torvalds	I-Language
debate	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tanenbaum	O
explained	O
again	O
his	O
rationale	O
for	O
using	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
in	O
May	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
development	O
was	O
done	O
on	O
a	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
host	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
inheriting	O
various	O
features	O
from	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
MINIX	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eric	O
Raymond	O
claimed	O
that	O
Linus	O
has	O
n't	O
actually	O
written	O
Linux	B-Application
from	O
scratch	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
reused	O
source	O
code	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
itself	O
to	O
have	O
working	O
codebase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
development	O
progressed	O
,	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
code	O
was	O
gradually	O
phased	O
out	O
completely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2004	O
,	O
Kenneth	O
Brown	O
of	O
the	O
Alexis	O
de	O
Tocqueville	O
Institution	O
made	O
the	O
accusation	O
that	O
major	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
copied	O
from	O
the	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
codebase	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
book	O
named	O
Samizdat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
's	O
original	O
development	O
,	O
its	O
license	B-License
was	O
relatively	O
liberal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
licensing	O
fee	O
was	O
very	O
small	O
( $69	O
)	O
relative	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tanenbaum	O
wished	O
for	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
as	O
accessible	O
as	O
possible	O
to	O
students	O
,	O
but	O
his	O
publisher	O
was	O
unwilling	O
to	O
offer	O
material	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
)	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
copied	O
freely	O
,	O
so	O
a	O
restrictive	O
license	B-License
requiring	O
a	O
nominal	O
fee	O
(	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
Tanenbaum	O
's	O
book	O
)	O
was	O
applied	O
as	O
a	O
compromise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
prevented	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
a	O
freely	O
distributed	O
software	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
386BSD	B-Operating_System
became	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
many	O
volunteer	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
abandoned	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
in	O
favor	O
of	O
these	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2000	O
,	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
became	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
under	O
the	O
BSD-3-Clause	B-Operating_System
license	B-License
,	O
which	O
was	O
retroactively	O
applied	O
to	O
all	O
previous	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
by	O
this	O
time	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
had	O
surpassed	O
its	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
remained	O
primarily	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
students	O
and	O
hobbyists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2005	O
,	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
was	O
relicensed	O
with	O
a	O
fourth	O
clause	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
BSD-3-Clause	B-Operating_System
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
