<s>
Blu-ray	O
(	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
or	O
BD	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
supersede	O
the	O
DVD	O
format	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
storing	O
several	O
hours	O
of	O
high-definition	O
video	O
(	O
HDTV	B-Device
720p	O
and	O
1080p	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
application	O
of	O
Blu-ray	O
is	O
as	O
a	O
medium	O
for	O
video	O
material	O
such	O
as	O
feature	O
films	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
physical	O
distribution	O
of	O
video	O
games	O
for	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
,	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
,	O
PlayStation	B-Device
5	I-Device
,	O
Xbox	B-Device
One	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Xbox	B-Device
Series	I-Device
X	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVD	O
discs	O
were	O
limited	O
to	O
a	O
maximum	O
resolution	O
of	O
480	O
(	O
NTSC	O
,	O
720×480	O
pixels	O
)	O
or	O
576	O
lines	O
(	O
CCIR	O
625/50	O
,	O
720×576	O
pixels	O
,	O
commonly	O
used	O
with	O
PAL	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Afterward	O
,	O
it	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
until	O
its	O
official	O
worldwide	O
release	O
on	O
June	O
20	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
beginning	O
the	O
high-definition	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
format	O
war	O
,	O
where	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
competed	O
with	O
the	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toshiba	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
company	O
supporting	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
,	O
conceded	O
in	O
February	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
released	O
its	O
own	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
player	O
in	O
late	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blu-ray	O
'	O
s	O
competition	O
includes	O
video	B-Application
on	I-Application
demand	I-Application
(	O
VOD	O
)	O
and	O
DVD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
44%	O
of	O
U.S.	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
households	O
had	O
a	O
Blu-ray	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
playback	O
of	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
,	O
the	O
BDA	O
introduced	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Blu-ray	O
called	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
commenced	O
two	O
projects	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Panasonic	O
,	O
Philips	O
,	O
and	O
TDK	O
,	O
applying	O
the	O
new	O
diodes	O
:	O
UDO	B-Application
(	O
Ultra	B-Application
Density	I-Application
Optical	I-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
DVR	O
Blue	O
(	O
together	O
with	O
Pioneer	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
format	O
of	O
rewritable	O
discs	O
that	O
would	O
eventually	O
become	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
(	O
more	O
specifically	O
,	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
consumer	O
device	O
arrived	O
in	O
stores	O
on	O
April	O
10	O
,	O
2003	O
:	O
the	O
Sony	O
BDZ-S77	O
,	O
a	O
US$	O
3,800	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
recorder	O
that	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
only	O
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hollywood	O
studios	O
insisted	O
that	O
players	O
be	O
equipped	O
with	O
digital	O
rights	O
management	O
before	O
they	O
would	O
release	O
movies	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
format	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
wanted	O
a	O
new	O
DRM	O
system	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
more	O
secure	O
than	O
the	O
failed	O
Content	B-Algorithm
Scramble	I-Algorithm
System	I-Algorithm
(	O
CSS	O
)	O
used	O
on	O
DVDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cartridges	B-Device
,	O
originally	O
used	O
for	O
scratch	O
protection	O
,	O
were	O
no	O
longer	O
necessary	O
and	O
were	O
scrapped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
Access	O
Content	O
System	O
Licensing	O
Administrator	O
(	O
AACS	O
LA	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
consortium	B-Application
founded	O
in	O
2004	O
,	O
had	O
been	O
developing	O
the	O
DRM	O
platform	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
securely	O
distribute	O
movies	O
to	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
request	O
of	O
the	O
initial	O
hardware	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
including	O
Toshiba	O
,	O
Pioneer	O
,	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
an	O
interim	O
standard	O
was	O
published	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
some	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
managed	O
copy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
BD-ROM	O
players	O
(	O
Samsung	B-Application
BD-P1000	O
)	O
were	O
shipped	O
in	O
mid-June	O
2006	O
,	O
though	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
players	O
beat	O
them	O
to	O
market	O
by	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
titles	O
were	O
released	O
on	O
June	O
20	O
,	O
2006	O
:	O
50	O
First	O
Dates	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Fifth	I-Application
Element	I-Application
,	O
Hitch	O
,	O
House	O
of	O
Flying	O
Daggers	O
,	O
Underworld	O
:	O
Evolution	O
,	O
xXx	O
(	O
all	O
from	O
Sony	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
MGM	O
's	O
The	B-General_Concept
Terminator	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
releases	O
used	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
compression	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
method	O
used	O
on	O
standard	O
DVDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
releases	O
using	O
the	O
newer	O
VC-1	B-Operating_System
and	O
AVC	B-Application
formats	O
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
September	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
and	O
NEC	O
announced	O
their	O
competing	O
standard	O
,	O
the	O
Advanced	B-Operating_System
Optical	I-Operating_System
Disc	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
finally	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
DVD	O
Forum	O
and	O
renamed	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
the	O
next	O
year	O
,	O
after	O
being	O
voted	O
down	O
twice	O
by	O
DVD	O
Forum	O
members	O
who	O
were	O
also	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
Association	O
members	O
—	O
a	O
situation	O
that	O
drew	O
preliminary	O
investigations	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Justice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
had	O
a	O
head	O
start	O
in	O
the	O
high-definition	O
video	O
market	O
,	O
as	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
sales	O
were	O
slow	O
to	O
gain	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sony	B-Operating_System
PlayStation	I-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
contained	O
a	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
player	O
for	O
primary	O
storage	O
,	O
helped	O
support	O
Blu-ray	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
recordings	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
back	O
on	O
many	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
players	O
without	O
re-encoding	O
but	O
are	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
had	O
outsold	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVDs	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
three	O
quarters	O
of	O
2007	O
,	O
BD	O
outsold	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
by	O
about	O
two	O
to	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
CES	O
2007	O
,	O
Warner	O
proposed	O
Total	B-Device
Hi	I-Device
Def	I-Device
—	O
a	O
hybrid	O
disc	O
containing	O
Blu-ray	O
on	O
one	O
side	O
and	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
on	O
the	O
other	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
never	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
4	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
day	O
before	O
CES	O
2008	O
,	O
Warner	O
Bros.	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
major	O
studio	O
still	O
releasing	O
movies	O
in	O
both	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
and	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
format	O
,	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
release	O
only	O
in	O
Blu-ray	O
after	O
May	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
chain	O
reaction	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
,	O
with	O
major	O
American	O
retailers	O
such	O
as	O
Best	O
Buy	O
,	O
Walmart	O
,	O
and	O
Circuit	O
City	O
and	O
Canadian	O
chains	O
such	O
as	O
Future	O
Shop	O
dropping	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
in	O
their	O
stores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Woolworths	O
,	O
then	O
a	O
major	O
European	O
retailer	O
,	O
dropped	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
from	O
its	O
inventory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
DVD	O
rental	O
companies	O
Netflix	O
and	O
Blockbuster	O
said	O
they	O
would	O
no	O
longer	O
carry	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
these	O
new	O
developments	O
,	O
on	O
February	O
19	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
end	O
production	O
of	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
allowing	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
industry	O
standard	O
for	O
high-density	O
optical	B-Device
discs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universal	B-Application
Studios	I-Application
,	O
the	O
sole	O
major	O
studio	O
to	O
back	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
since	O
its	O
inception	O
,	O
said	O
shortly	O
after	O
Toshiba	O
's	O
announcement	O
:	O
"	O
While	O
Universal	O
values	O
the	O
close	O
partnership	O
we	O
have	O
shared	O
with	O
Toshiba	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
time	O
to	O
turn	O
our	O
focus	O
to	O
releasing	O
new	O
and	O
catalog	O
titles	O
on	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Paramount	O
Pictures	O
,	O
which	O
started	O
releasing	O
movies	O
only	O
in	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
format	O
during	O
late	O
2007	O
,	O
also	O
said	O
it	O
would	O
start	O
releasing	O
on	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
reason	O
given	O
for	O
this	O
difference	O
was	O
the	O
smaller	O
marketplace	O
(	O
26.5	O
million	O
HDTVs	B-Device
in	O
2007	O
compared	O
to	O
100	O
million	O
SDTVs	B-Device
in	O
1998	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Former	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
supporter	O
Microsoft	O
did	O
not	O
make	O
a	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
drive	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
360	B-Operating_System
's	O
successor	O
Xbox	B-Device
One	I-Device
features	O
a	O
Blu-ray	O
drive	O
,	O
as	O
does	O
the	O
PS4	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
both	O
supporting	O
3D	O
Blu-ray	O
after	O
later	O
firmware	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blu-ray	O
faces	O
competition	O
from	O
video	B-Application
on	I-Application
demand	I-Application
and	O
from	O
new	O
technologies	O
that	O
allow	O
access	O
to	O
movies	O
on	O
any	O
format	O
or	O
device	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Digital	O
Entertainment	O
Content	O
Ecosystem	O
or	O
Disney	O
's	O
Keychest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
distribute	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
,	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
,	O
PlayStation	B-Device
5	I-Device
,	O
Xbox	B-Device
One	I-Device
and	O
Xbox	B-Device
Series	I-Device
X	I-Device
games	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
game	O
consoles	O
can	O
play	O
back	O
regular	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
discs	O
and	O
players	O
became	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
quarter	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
having	O
a	O
storage	O
capacity	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
100GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Holographic	B-Device
Versatile	I-Device
Disc	I-Device
(	O
HVD	O
)	O
,	O
described	O
in	O
the	O
ECMA-377	B-Device
standard	O
,	O
was	O
in	O
development	O
by	O
the	O
Holography	O
System	O
Development	O
(	O
HSD	O
)	O
Forum	O
using	O
a	O
green	O
writing/reading	O
laser	O
(	O
532nm	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
red	O
positioning/addressing	O
laser	O
(	O
650nm	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
to	O
offer	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
,	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
AVC	I-Application
(	O
H.264	B-Application
)	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
(	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
VC-1	B-Operating_System
encoding	O
,	O
supporting	O
a	O
maximum	O
storage	O
capacity	O
of	O
6TB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hitachi	O
stated	O
that	O
such	O
a	O
disc	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
7hours	O
of	O
32Mbit/s	O
video	O
(	O
HDTV	B-Device
)	O
or	O
3hours	O
and	O
30minutes	O
of	O
64Mbit/s	O
video	O
(	O
ultra-high-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Behind	O
closed	O
doors	O
at	O
CES	O
2007	O
,	O
Ritek	O
revealed	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
successfully	O
developed	O
a	O
high-definition	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
process	O
that	O
extended	O
the	O
disc	O
capacity	O
to	O
ten	O
layers	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
discs	O
to	O
250GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JVC	O
developed	O
a	O
three-layer	O
technology	O
that	O
allows	O
putting	O
both	O
standard-definition	B-Device
DVD	O
data	O
and	O
HD	O
data	O
on	O
a	O
BD/	O
( standard	O
)	O
DVD	O
combination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japanese	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
manufacturer	O
Infinity	O
announced	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
hybrid	O
"	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc/	O
( standard	O
)	O
DVD	O
combo	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
February	O
18	O
,	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
CES	O
2009	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
unveiled	O
the	O
DMP-B15	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
portable	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
player	O
,	O
and	O
Sharp	O
introduced	O
the	O
LC-BD60U	O
and	O
LC-BD80U	O
series	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
LCD	O
HDTVs	B-Device
with	O
integrated	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharp	O
also	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
sell	O
HDTVs	B-Device
with	O
integrated	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
recorders	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
with	O
Blu-ray	O
recorder	O
drives	O
were	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
higher-capacity	O
discs	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Sony	O
,	O
would	O
be	O
readable	O
on	O
existing	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
players	O
with	O
a	O
firmware	B-Operating_System
upgrade	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
release	O
"	O
Mastered	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
titles	O
sourced	O
at	O
4K	B-Device
and	O
encoded	O
at	O
1080p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Mastered	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
titles	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
on	O
existing	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
players	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
larger	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
using	O
xvYCC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
14	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
Association	O
president	O
Andy	O
Parsons	O
stated	O
that	O
a	O
task	O
force	O
was	O
created	O
three	O
months	O
prior	O
to	O
conduct	O
a	O
study	O
concerning	O
an	O
extension	O
to	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
specification	O
that	O
would	O
add	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
contain	O
4K	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
HD	I-Device
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
5	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
Association	O
(	O
BDA	O
)	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
commence	O
licensing	O
the	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
format	I-Device
starting	O
on	O
August	O
24	O
,	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
format	I-Device
delivered	O
high	B-General_Concept
dynamic	I-General_Concept
range	I-General_Concept
content	O
that	O
significantly	O
expanded	O
the	O
range	O
between	O
the	O
brightest	O
and	O
darkest	O
elements	O
,	O
expanded	O
color	O
range	O
,	O
high	O
frame	O
rate	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
60fps	O
)	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
resolution	O
,	O
object-based	O
sound	O
formats	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
optional	O
"	O
digital	O
bridge	O
"	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
Discs	O
hold	O
up	O
to	O
66GB	O
and	O
100GB	O
of	O
data	O
on	O
dual	O
-	O
and	O
triple-layer	O
discs	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
compact	O
disc	O
for	O
information	O
on	O
optical	B-Device
discs	I-Device
 '	O
physical	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
discs	O
were	O
therefore	O
housed	O
in	O
cartridges	B-Device
for	O
protection	O
,	O
resembling	O
Professional	B-Device
Discs	I-Device
introduced	O
by	O
Sony	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verbatim	O
's	O
recordable	O
and	O
rewritable	B-Operating_System
Blu-ray	I-Operating_System
Discs	I-Operating_System
use	O
their	O
own	O
proprietary	O
technology	O
,	O
called	O
Hard	O
Coat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
the	O
lowest	O
speed	O
(	O
1×	O
)	O
is	O
sufficient	O
to	O
play	O
and	O
record	O
real-time	O
1080p	O
video	O
;	O
the	O
higher	O
speeds	O
are	O
relevant	O
for	O
general	O
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
and	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
handling	O
of	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
USB	O
3.0	O
interface	O
(	O
with	O
proper	O
cabling	O
)	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
this	O
limitation	O
,	O
nor	O
do	O
even	O
the	O
oldest	O
version	O
of	O
Serial	O
ATA	O
(	O
SATA	O
,	O
150	O
MB/s	O
)	O
nor	O
the	O
latest	O
Parallel	B-Protocol
ATA	I-Protocol
(	O
133	O
MB/s	O
)	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
half-height	O
Blu-Ray	O
writers	O
have	O
reached	O
writing	O
speeds	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
16×	O
(	O
constant	B-Device
angular	I-Device
velocity	I-Device
)	O
on	O
single-layer	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
media	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
highest	O
reading	O
speeds	O
are	O
12×	O
,	O
presumably	O
to	O
prevent	O
repeated	O
physical	O
stress	O
on	O
the	O
disc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slim	O
type	O
drives	O
are	O
limited	O
to	O
6×	O
speeds	O
(	O
constant	B-Device
angular	I-Device
velocity	I-Device
)	O
due	O
to	O
spacial	O
and	O
power	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quality	O
and	O
data	O
integrity	O
of	O
optical	B-Device
media	I-Device
can	O
be	O
determined	O
by	O
measuring	O
the	O
rate	O
of	O
errors	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
higher	O
rates	O
may	O
be	O
an	O
indication	O
for	O
deteriorating	B-Device
media	I-Device
,	O
low-quality	O
media	O
,	O
physical	O
damage	O
such	O
as	O
scratches	O
,	O
dust	O
,	O
and/or	O
media	O
written	O
using	O
a	O
defective	O
optical	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pre-recorded	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
titles	O
usually	O
ship	O
in	O
packages	O
similar	O
to	O
but	O
slightly	O
smaller	O
(	O
18.5mm	O
shorter	O
and	O
2mm	O
thinner	O
:	O
135mm	O
×	O
171.5mm	O
×	O
13mm	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
more	O
rounded	O
than	O
a	O
standard	O
DVD	O
keep	O
case	O
,	O
generally	O
with	O
the	O
format	O
prominently	O
displayed	O
in	O
a	O
horizontal	O
stripe	O
across	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
(	O
translucent	O
blue	O
for	O
Blu-ray	O
video	O
discs	O
,	O
clear	O
for	O
Blu-ray	O
3D	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
releases	O
,	O
red	O
for	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
Greatest	O
Hits	O
Games	O
,	O
transparent	O
for	O
regular	O
PlayStation	B-Device
3	I-Device
games	I-Device
,	O
transparent	O
dark	O
blue	O
for	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
and	O
PlayStation	B-Device
5	I-Device
games	I-Device
,	O
transparent	O
green	O
for	O
Xbox	B-Device
One	I-Device
and	O
Xbox	B-Device
Series	I-Device
X	I-Device
games	I-Device
and	O
black	O
for	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
video	O
releases	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Warren	O
Osborn	O
and	O
The	O
Seastone	O
Media	O
Group	O
,	O
LLC	O
created	O
the	O
package	O
that	O
was	O
adopted	O
worldwide	O
following	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
versus	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
market	O
adoption	O
choice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Mini	B-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
Disc	I-Device
"	O
(	O
also	O
,	O
"	O
Mini-BD	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Mini	O
Blu-ray	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
compact	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
that	O
can	O
store	O
7.8GB	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
its	O
single-layer	O
configuration	O
,	O
or	O
15.6GB	O
on	O
a	O
dual-layer	O
disc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
similar	O
in	O
concept	O
to	O
the	O
MiniDVD	B-Device
and	O
Mini	O
CD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recordable	O
(	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
rewritable	O
(	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
)	O
versions	O
of	O
Mini	B-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
Disc	I-Device
have	O
been	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
compact	O
camcorders	O
and	O
other	O
compact	O
recording	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Blu-ray	B-Operating_System
Disc	I-Operating_System
recordable	I-Operating_System
"	O
(	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
)	O
refers	O
to	O
two	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
formats	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
recorded	O
with	O
an	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
recorder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BD-Rs	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
written	O
to	O
once	O
,	O
whereas	O
Blu-ray	B-Operating_System
Disc	I-Operating_System
Recordable	I-Operating_System
Erasable	I-Operating_System
(	O
BD-REs	B-Operating_System
)	O
can	O
be	O
erased	O
and	O
re-recorded	O
multiple	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
September	O
2007	O
,	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
is	O
also	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
smaller	O
8cm	O
Mini	B-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
Disc	I-Device
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
18	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
Pioneer	O
and	O
Mitsubishi	O
codeveloped	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
LTH	O
(	O
"	O
Low	O
to	O
High	O
"	O
in	O
groove	O
recording	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
an	O
organic	O
dye	O
recording	O
layer	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
manufactured	O
by	O
modifying	O
existing	O
CD-R	O
and	O
DVD-R	O
production	O
equipment	O
,	O
significantly	O
reducing	O
manufacturing	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2008	O
,	O
Taiyo	O
Yuden	O
,	O
Mitsubishi	O
,	O
and	O
Maxell	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
LTH	O
Discs	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
March	O
2008	O
,	O
Sony	O
's	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
officially	O
gained	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
LTH	O
Discs	O
with	O
the	O
2.20	O
firmware	O
update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2009	O
Verbatim/Mitsubishi	O
announced	O
the	O
industry	O
's	O
first	O
6X	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
LTH	O
media	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
recording	O
a	O
25GB	O
disc	O
in	O
about	O
16	O
minutes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
with	O
the	O
previous	O
releases	O
of	O
120mm	O
optical	B-Device
discs	I-Device
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
BD-R	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
Format	O
Specification	O
(	O
BDXL	O
)	O
defined	O
a	O
multi-layered	O
disc	O
recordable	O
in	O
BDAV	O
format	O
with	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
2×	O
and	O
4×	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
100/128GB	O
and	O
usage	O
of	O
UDF2.5/2.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
4.0	O
Format	O
Specification	O
(	O
BDXL	O
)	O
defined	O
a	O
multi-layered	O
disc	O
rewritable	O
in	O
BDAV	O
with	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
2×	O
and	O
4×	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
100GB	O
and	O
usage	O
of	O
UDF2.5	O
as	O
file	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
66	O
GB	O
and	O
100	O
GB	O
BD-ROM	O
discs	O
used	O
for	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
use	O
the	O
same	O
linear	O
density	O
as	O
BDXL	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
formats	O
are	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
therefore	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
triple	O
layer	O
BDXL	O
disc	O
to	O
burn	O
an	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
Disc	O
playable	O
in	O
an	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
player	O
,	O
although	O
standard	O
50GB	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
DL	I-Operating_System
discs	O
can	O
be	O
burned	O
in	O
the	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IH-BD	O
(	O
Intra-Hybrid	O
Blu-ray	O
)	O
format	O
includes	O
a	O
25GB	O
rewritable	O
layer	O
(	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
a	O
25GB	O
write-once	O
layer	O
(	O
BD-ROM	O
)	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
existing	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
latest	O
specifications	O
of	O
BD-ROM	O
,	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
first	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
specification	O
(	O
defined	O
in	O
2002	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
BDFS	O
(	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
File	O
System	O
)	O
was	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
1.0	O
specification	O
was	O
defined	O
mainly	O
for	O
the	O
digital	O
recording	O
of	O
high-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
HDTV	B-Device
)	O
broadcast	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BDFS	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
UDF	O
2.50	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
specification	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
to	O
enable	O
interoperability	O
among	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
Blu-ray	O
recorders	O
and	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
recording	I-Device
technologies	I-Device
enabled	O
PC	O
recording	O
and	O
playback	O
of	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
BD-R	B-Operating_System
can	O
use	O
UDF	O
2.50/2.60	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
requirements	O
related	O
with	O
computer	B-Operating_System
file	I-Operating_System
system	O
have	O
been	O
specified	O
in	O
System	O
Description	O
Blu-ray	O
Rewritable	O
Disc	O
Format	O
part	O
2	O
File	O
System	O
Specifications	O
version	O
1.0	O
(	O
BDFS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
the	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
version	O
1.0	O
(	O
BDFS	O
)	O
was	O
specifically	O
developed	O
for	O
recording	O
of	O
digital	O
broadcasts	O
using	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
application	O
(	O
BDAV	O
application	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BDMV	O
Recording	O
specification	O
(	O
defined	O
in	O
September	O
2006	O
for	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
and	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Audio	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
streams	O
are	O
multiplexed	B-Architecture
and	O
stored	O
on	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
in	O
a	O
container	O
format	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
MPEG	O
transport	O
stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
BDAV	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
transport	O
stream	O
and	O
can	O
use	O
filename	O
extension	O
.m2ts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BDAV	O
format	O
is	O
used	O
on	O
BD-REs	B-Operating_System
and	O
BD-Rs	B-Operating_System
for	O
audio/video	O
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BDMV	O
format	O
was	O
later	O
defined	O
also	O
for	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
and	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
(	O
in	O
September	O
2006	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
third	O
revision	O
of	O
BD-RE	B-Operating_System
specification	O
and	O
second	O
revision	O
of	O
BD-R	B-Operating_System
specification	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Device
Media	I-Device
Player	I-Device
does	O
not	O
come	O
with	O
the	O
codecs	O
required	O
to	O
play	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
with	O
UHD	B-Device
BD-ROM	O
,	O
videos	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
at	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
pixel	O
resolution	O
at	O
up	O
to	O
60	O
(	O
59.94	O
)	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
progressively	O
scanned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
current	O
Blu-ray	O
players	O
and	O
recorders	O
can	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
video	O
at	O
the	O
full	O
59.94p	O
and	O
50p	O
progressive	O
format	O
,	O
new	O
players	O
for	O
the	O
UHD	B-Device
specifications	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
read	O
at	O
video	O
at	O
either	O
59.94p	O
and	O
50p	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
video	O
,	O
all	O
players	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
process	O
H.262/MPEG	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
Part	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
,	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
Part	I-Application
10	I-Application
:	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
,	O
and	O
SMPTE	O
VC-1	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Discs	O
encoded	O
in	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
typically	O
limit	O
content	O
producers	O
to	O
around	O
two	O
hours	O
of	O
high-definition	O
content	O
on	O
a	O
single-layer	O
(	O
25GB	O
)	O
BD-ROM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more-advanced	O
video	O
formats	O
(	O
VC-1	B-Operating_System
and	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
AVC	I-Application
)	O
typically	O
achieve	O
a	O
video	O
run	O
time	O
twice	O
that	O
of	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
comparable	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
,	O
however	O
,	O
does	O
have	O
the	O
advantage	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
available	O
without	O
licensing	O
costs	O
,	O
as	O
all	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
patents	O
have	O
expired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
was	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
studios	O
(	O
including	O
Paramount	O
Pictures	O
,	O
which	O
initially	O
used	O
the	O
VC-1	B-Operating_System
format	O
for	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
releases	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
series	O
of	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
launched	O
throughout	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
releases	O
are	O
now	O
often	O
encoded	O
in	O
either	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
AVC	I-Application
or	O
VC-1	B-Operating_System
,	O
allowing	O
film	O
studios	O
to	O
place	O
all	O
content	O
on	O
one	O
disc	O
,	O
reducing	O
costs	O
and	O
improving	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
these	O
formats	O
also	O
frees	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
space	O
for	O
storage	O
of	O
bonus	O
content	O
in	O
HD	O
(	O
1080i/p	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
SD	B-Device
(	O
480i/p	O
)	O
typically	O
used	O
for	O
most	O
titles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
release	O
of	O
Superman	B-Application
Returns	I-Application
uses	O
VC-1	B-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
feature	O
film	O
and	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
for	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
bonus	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
audio	O
,	O
BD-ROM	O
players	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
implement	O
Dolby	O
Digital	O
(	O
AC-3	O
)	O
,	O
DTS	O
,	O
and	O
linear	B-Algorithm
PCM	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Specification	O
of	O
BD-ROM	O
Primary	O
audio	O
streams	O
LPCM	B-Algorithm
(	O
Uncompressed	O
)	O
Dolby	O
Digital	O
Dolby	O
Digital	O
Plus	O
Dolby	O
TrueHD	O
(	O
Lossless	O
)	O
DTS	O
Digital	O
Surround	O
DTS-HD	O
Master	O
Audio	O
(	O
Lossless	O
)	O
DRA	B-Algorithm
DRA	B-Algorithm
extension	O
Max	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
users	O
recording	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
programming	O
,	O
the	O
recordable	B-Operating_System
Blu-ray	I-Operating_System
Disc	I-Operating_System
standard	O
's	O
initial	O
data	O
rate	O
of	O
36Mbit/s	O
is	O
more	O
than	O
adequate	O
to	O
record	O
high-definition	O
broadcasts	O
from	O
any	O
source	O
(	O
IPTV	O
,	O
cable/satellite	O
,	O
or	O
terrestrial	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
compares	O
to	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
movies	O
,	O
which	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
data	O
transfer	O
rate	O
of	O
36Mbit/s	O
,	O
a	O
maximum	O
AV	O
bitrate	O
of	O
30.24Mbit/s	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
maximum	O
video	O
bitrate	O
of	O
29.4Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2005	O
JavaOne	O
trade	O
show	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
 '	O
Java	B-Language
cross-platform	O
software	O
environment	O
would	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
all	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
players	O
as	O
a	O
mandatory	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
is	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
interactive	O
menus	O
on	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
method	O
used	O
on	O
DVD-video	O
discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
conference	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
creator	O
James	O
Gosling	O
suggested	O
that	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
network	O
connectivity	O
in	O
some	O
BD	O
devices	O
,	O
will	O
allow	O
updates	O
to	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
adding	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
additional	O
subtitle	O
languages	O
and	O
promotional	O
features	O
not	O
included	O
on	O
the	O
disc	O
at	O
pressing	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
Java	B-Language
Version	O
is	O
called	O
BD-J	B-Language
and	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
a	O
profile	O
of	O
the	O
Globally	B-Language
Executable	I-Language
MHP	I-Language
(	O
GEM	O
)	O
standard	O
;	O
GEM	O
is	O
the	O
worldwide	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Multimedia	B-Device
Home	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BD-ROM	O
specification	O
defines	O
four	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
player	O
profiles	O
,	O
including	O
an	O
audio-only	O
player	O
profile	O
(	O
BD-Audio	O
)	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
video	O
decoding	O
or	O
BD-J	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
video-based	O
player	O
profiles	O
(	O
BD-Video	O
)	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
full	O
implementation	O
of	O
BD-J	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
FeatureBD-AudioBD-Video	O
Grace	O
Period	O
Bonus	B-Language
View	I-Language
BD-Live	O
Blu-ray	O
3D	O
Profile	O
3.0	O
Profile	O
1.0	O
Profile	O
1.1	O
Profile	O
2.0	O
Profile	O
5.0	O
Built-in	O
persistent	O
memory	O
Unneeded	O
64	O
KB	O
64	O
KB	O
64	O
KB	O
64	O
KB	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
2	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
Grace	O
Period	O
Profile	O
was	O
superseded	O
by	O
Bonus	B-Language
View	I-Language
as	O
the	O
minimum	O
profile	O
for	O
new	O
BD-Video	O
players	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
software	O
not	O
authored	O
with	O
interactive	O
features	O
dependent	O
on	O
Bonus	B-Language
View	I-Language
or	O
BD-Live	O
hardware	O
capabilities	O
is	O
played	O
on	O
Profile	O
1.0	O
players	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
play	O
the	O
main	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
disc	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
extra	O
features	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
available	O
or	O
will	O
have	O
limited	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
biggest	O
difference	O
between	O
Bonus	B-Language
View	I-Language
and	O
BD-Live	O
is	O
that	O
BD-Live	O
requires	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
player	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
Internet	O
connection	O
to	O
access	O
Internet-based	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
Bonus	B-Language
View	I-Language
players	O
may	O
have	O
an	O
Ethernet	O
port	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
firmware	O
updates	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
used	O
for	O
Internet-based	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Profile	O
1.0	O
players	O
are	O
not	O
eligible	O
for	O
Bonus	B-Language
View	I-Language
or	O
BD-Live	O
compliant	O
upgrades	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
function	O
or	O
capability	O
to	O
access	O
these	O
upgrades	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
the	O
latest	O
players	O
and	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
major	O
U.S.	O
studios	O
,	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Pictures	O
,	O
Warner	O
Bros.	O
,	O
Paramount	O
Pictures	O
,	O
Universal	B-Application
Studios	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
Pictures	O
have	O
released	O
most	O
of	O
their	O
titles	O
free	O
of	O
region	O
coding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
form	O
of	O
Blu-ray	O
region	O
coding	O
tests	O
not	O
only	O
the	O
region	O
of	O
the	O
player/player	O
software	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
its	O
country	O
code	O
,	O
repurposing	O
a	O
user	O
setting	O
intended	O
for	O
localization	B-General_Concept
(	O
PSR19	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
form	O
of	O
regional	O
lockout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
DVD	O
region	O
codes	O
,	O
Blu-ray	O
region	O
codes	O
are	O
verified	O
only	O
by	O
the	O
player	O
software	O
,	O
not	O
by	O
the	O
optical	B-Device
drive	I-Device
's	I-Device
firmware	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
types	O
of	O
Blu-ray	O
players	O
,	O
suitable	O
for	O
UltraHD	B-Device
content	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
region-free	O
;	O
however	O
;	O
the	O
UHD	B-Device
discs	O
for	O
which	O
they	O
are	O
designed	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
coded	O
to	O
be	O
locked	O
to	O
any	O
region	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
work	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
extensive	O
criticism	O
of	O
the	O
format	O
by	O
organizations	O
opposed	O
to	O
DRM	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
consumers	O
because	O
new	O
releases	O
require	O
player	O
firmware	O
updates	O
to	O
allow	O
disc	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
AS	O
Licensing	O
Administrator	O
,	O
LLC	O
(	O
AACS	O
LA	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
consortium	B-Application
that	O
includes	O
Disney	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
,	O
Warner	O
Bros.	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
known	O
attack	O
relied	O
on	O
the	O
trusted	B-Protocol
client	I-Protocol
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BD+	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Cryptography	B-General_Concept
Research	I-General_Concept
Inc	I-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
and	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
concept	O
of	O
Self-Protecting	O
Digital	O
Content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BD+	O
,	O
effectively	O
a	O
small	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
embedded	O
in	O
authorized	O
players	O
,	O
allows	O
content	O
providers	O
to	O
include	O
executable	O
programs	O
on	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specifications	O
of	O
the	O
BD+	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
are	O
available	O
only	O
to	O
licensed	O
device	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
Association	O
recommends	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
that	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
drives	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
reading	O
standard	O
DVDs	O
and	O
CDs	O
,	O
for	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
some	O
early	O
models	O
from	O
LG	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Blu-ray	O
players	O
cannot	O
play	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVDs	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
HD	B-Operating_System
DVD	I-Operating_System
players	O
cannot	O
play	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
players	O
can	O
play	O
regular	O
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
can	O
play	O
DVDs	O
and	O
CDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
PlayStation	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
and	O
PlayStation	B-Device
5	I-Device
do	O
not	O
support	O
CDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
Fidelity	O
Pure	O
Audio	O
(	O
HFPA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
marketing	O
initiative	O
,	O
spearheaded	O
by	O
the	O
Universal	O
Music	O
Group	O
,	O
for	O
audio-only	O
Blu-ray	O
optical	B-Device
discs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Derived	O
from	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
specification	O
,	O
AVCHD	O
shares	O
a	O
similar	O
random	B-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
directory	O
structure	O
but	O
is	O
restricted	O
to	O
lower	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
bitrates	O
,	O
simpler	O
interactivity	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
AVC-video	O
and	O
Dolby	O
AC-3	O
(	O
or	O
linear	B-Algorithm
PCM	I-Algorithm
)	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
many	O
such	O
devices	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
playing	O
AVCHD	O
recordings	O
from	O
removable	O
media	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
DVDs	O
,	O
SD/SDHC	O
memory	O
cards	O
,	O
"	O
Memory	O
Stick	O
"	O
cards	O
,	O
and	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Presently	O
AVCREC	O
is	O
tightly	O
integrated	O
with	O
the	O
Japanese	O
ISDB	B-Protocol
broadcast	O
standard	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
marketed	O
outside	O
of	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AVCREC	O
is	O
used	O
primarily	O
in	O
set-top	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorders	I-Application
and	O
in	O
this	O
regard	O
it	O
is	O
comparable	O
to	O
HD	O
REC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
Association	O
(	O
BDA	O
)	O
created	O
a	O
task	O
force	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
executives	O
from	O
the	O
film	O
industry	O
and	O
the	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
and	O
IT	O
sectors	O
to	O
help	O
define	O
standards	O
for	O
putting	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
and	O
3D	B-Algorithm
television	I-Algorithm
content	O
on	O
a	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
17	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
BDA	O
officially	O
announced	O
3D	O
specs	O
for	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
,	O
allowing	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
with	O
current	O
2D	O
Blu-ray	O
players	O
,	O
though	O
compatibility	O
is	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
longer	O
3D	O
discs	O
are	O
triple-layer	O
,	O
which	O
normal	O
(	O
2D	O
only	O
)	O
players	O
cannot	O
read	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BDA	O
has	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
Blu-ray	O
3D	O
specification	O
calls	O
for	O
encoding	O
3D	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
using	O
the	O
"	O
Stereo	O
High	O
"	O
profile	O
defined	O
by	O
Multiview	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
MVC	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
extension	O
to	O
the	O
ITU-T	B-Application
H.264	I-Application
Advanced	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Coding	I-Application
(	O
AVC	B-Application
)	O
codec	O
currently	O
implemented	O
by	O
all	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG4-MVC	O
compresses	O
both	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
eye	O
views	O
with	O
a	O
typical	O
50%	O
overhead	O
compared	O
to	O
equivalent	O
2D	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
provide	O
full	O
1080p	O
resolution	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
with	O
current	O
2D	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
players.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
the	O
MVC	O
(	O
3D	O
)	O
stream	O
is	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
H.264/AVC	B-Application
(	O
2D	O
)	O
stream	O
,	O
allowing	O
older	O
2D	O
devices	O
and	O
software	O
to	O
decode	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
video	B-Application
streams	I-Application
,	O
ignoring	O
additional	O
information	O
for	O
the	O
second	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
added	O
Blu-ray	O
3D	O
support	O
to	O
its	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
console	O
via	O
a	O
firmware	B-Operating_System
upgrade	I-Operating_System
on	O
September	O
21	O
,	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
version	O
3.70	O
software	O
update	O
on	O
August	O
9	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
can	O
play	O
DTS-HD	O
Master	O
Audio	O
and	O
DTS-HD	O
High	O
Resolution	O
Audio	O
while	O
playing	O
3D	O
Blu-ray	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dolby	O
TrueHD	O
is	O
used	O
on	O
a	O
small	O
minority	O
of	O
Blu-ray	O
3D	O
releases	O
,	O
and	O
bitstreaming	B-General_Concept
implemented	O
in	O
slim	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
models	O
only	O
(	O
original	O
"	O
fat	O
"	O
PS3	B-Operating_System
models	O
decode	O
internally	O
and	O
send	O
audio	O
as	O
LPCM	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PlayStation	B-Device
VR	I-Device
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
watch	O
these	O
movies	O
in	O
3D	O
on	O
a	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
Discs	O
are	O
incompatible	O
with	O
existing	O
standard	O
Blu-ray	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
support	O
4K	B-Architecture
UHD	I-Architecture
(	O
pixel	O
resolution	O
)	O
video	O
at	O
frame	O
rates	O
up	O
to	O
60	O
progressive	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
encoded	O
using	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
discs	O
support	O
both	O
high	B-General_Concept
dynamic	I-General_Concept
range	I-General_Concept
(	O
HDR	O
)	O
by	O
increasing	O
the	O
color	O
depth	O
to	O
10-bit	O
per	O
color	O
and	O
a	O
greater	O
color	O
gamut	O
than	O
supported	O
by	O
conventional	O
Blu-ray	O
video	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2020	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
