<s>
This	O
article	O
specifically	O
addresses	O
U.S.	O
armed	O
forces	O
military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
their	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
computers	O
were	O
military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Military	O
requirements	O
for	O
portability	O
and	O
ruggedness	O
led	O
to	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
transistorized	O
computers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
1958	O
AN/USQ	B-Device
-17	I-Device
,	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
1959	O
AN/MYK	O
-1	O
(	O
MOBIDIC	B-Device
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
1960	O
M18	B-Device
FADAC	I-Device
,	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
the	O
1962	O
D-17B	B-Device
;	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
a	O
military	B-Device
computer	I-Device
is	O
much	O
more	O
robust	O
than	O
an	O
industrial	O
computer	B-General_Concept
enclosure	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
differentiators	O
between	O
military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
typical	O
office	O
or	O
consumer	O
computers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Cost	O
–	O
Military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
generally	O
much	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
office/consumer	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
will	O
typically	O
also	O
be	O
constructed	O
of	O
more	O
robust	O
materials	O
with	O
more	O
internal	O
structure	O
,	O
more	O
cooling	O
fans	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
robust	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
forth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
military	B-Device
computer	I-Device
can	O
be	O
designed	O
to	O
operate	O
in	O
very	O
adverse	O
environments	O
with	O
extremes	O
of	O
temperature	O
such	O
as	O
-20C	O
to	O
+65C	O
operating	O
,	O
5%	O
to	O
95%	O
humidity	O
levels	O
,	O
and	O
high	O
dust	O
loading	O
in	O
the	O
air	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
insults	O
to	O
the	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
may	O
be	O
intended	O
for	O
installation	O
on	O
aircraft	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
they	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
crash	O
worthy	O
and	O
able	O
to	O
operate	O
at	O
high	O
altitudes	O
if	O
in	O
unpressurized	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
not	O
acceptable	O
in	O
a	O
military	B-Device
computer	I-Device
for	O
which	O
supporting	O
documents	O
have	O
been	O
created	O
and	O
systems	O
tested	O
and	O
approved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
military	B-Device
computer	I-Device
systems	O
are	O
built	O
around	O
alternative	O
plug-in	O
bus	O
structures	O
such	O
as	O
VMEbus	B-Architecture
or	O
Compact	O
PCI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
military	B-Device
computer	I-Device
may	O
not	O
provide	O
for	O
plug-in	O
cards	O
and	O
be	O
in	O
a	O
dedicated	O
form	O
factor	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
application	O
such	O
as	O
installation	O
on	O
a	O
UAV	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Global	O
Hawk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Feature	O
Set	O
–	O
A	O
military	B-Device
computer	I-Device
may	O
have	O
features	O
not	O
found	O
on	O
a	O
consumer	O
grade	O
computer	O
such	O
as	O
Circular	O
connectors	O
,	O
hot	O
swap	O
power	O
supplies	O
,	O
hot	O
swap	O
fans	O
,	O
custom	O
front	O
panel	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
LCD	O
displays	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
forth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
specifications	O
for	O
workmanship	O
,	O
wiring	O
,	O
packaging	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
forth	O
,	O
that	O
military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
required	O
to	O
meet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
military	B-Device
computers	I-Device
must	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
latest	O
FIPS	O
140	O
standards	O
(	O
FIPS	O
140-2	O
)	O
which	O
specify	O
the	O
latest	O
requirements	O
for	O
cryptography	O
modules	O
on	O
devices	O
used	O
throughout	O
the	O
U.S.	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
operator	O
interface	O
was	O
complex	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
were	O
not	O
fast	O
in	O
operation	O
,	O
or	O
easy	O
to	O
learn	O
and	O
use	O
in	O
pressure	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-heat	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
designs	O
have	O
made	O
sealed	O
enclosures	O
possible	O
even	O
for	O
environments	O
like	O
the	O
desert	O
or	O
naval	O
bridge	O
wing	O
display	O
under	O
the	O
open	O
sun	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
like	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
have	O
eliminated	O
moving	O
parts	O
and	O
reduced	O
mechanical	O
failures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
branches	O
of	O
the	O
military	O
have	O
mandated	O
that	O
future	O
systems	O
will	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
Zero	B-Device
Client	I-Device
or	O
Thin	B-Device
Client	I-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
