<s>
Microwave	B-Algorithm
chemistry	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
science	O
of	O
applying	O
microwave	O
radiation	O
to	O
chemical	O
reactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
occasionally	O
known	O
by	O
such	O
acronyms	O
as	O
MAOS	O
(	O
microwave-assisted	B-Algorithm
organic	I-Algorithm
synthesis	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
MEC	O
(	O
microwave-enhanced	O
chemistry	O
)	O
or	O
MORE	B-Algorithm
synthesis	I-Algorithm
(	O
microwave-organic	O
reaction	O
enhancement	O
)	O
,	O
these	O
acronyms	O
have	O
had	O
little	O
acceptance	O
outside	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microwave	B-Algorithm
volumetric	I-Algorithm
heating	I-Algorithm
(	O
MVH	O
)	O
overcomes	O
the	O
uneven	O
absorption	O
by	O
applying	O
an	O
intense	O
,	O
uniform	O
microwave	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microwave	B-Algorithm
chemistry	I-Algorithm
is	O
applied	O
to	O
organic	O
chemistry	O
and	O
to	O
inorganic	O
chemistry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
this	O
basis	O
,	O
many	O
early	O
papers	O
in	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
chemistry	I-Algorithm
postulated	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
exciting	O
specific	O
molecules	O
,	O
or	O
functional	O
groups	O
within	O
molecules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
these	O
means	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
visualise	O
thermal	O
inhomogeneities	O
within	O
solid	O
phases	O
under	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
irradiation	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
supported	O
metal	O
nanoparticles	O
inside	O
a	O
catalyst	B-Device
pellet	O
)	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
molecular	O
scale	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
polar	O
group	O
on	O
a	O
catalyst	B-Device
structure	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distinction	O
has	O
no	O
serious	O
significance	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
as	O
microscopic	O
hotspots	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
proposed	O
to	O
explain	O
catalyst	B-Device
behaviour	O
in	O
several	O
gas-phase	O
catalytic	O
reactions	O
have	O
been	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
post-mortem	O
methods	O
and	O
in-situ	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
theoretical	O
and	O
experimental	O
approaches	O
have	O
been	O
published	O
towards	O
the	O
clarification	O
of	O
the	O
hot	O
spot	O
effect	O
in	O
heterogeneous	O
catalysts	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microwave	B-Algorithm
chemistry	I-Algorithm
is	O
particularly	O
effective	O
in	O
dry	O
media	O
reactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
general	O
classes	O
of	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
effects	I-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
effects	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-thermal	B-Algorithm
microwave	I-Algorithm
effects	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
review	O
has	O
proposed	O
this	O
definition	O
and	O
examples	O
of	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
effects	I-Algorithm
in	O
organic	O
chemistry	O
have	O
been	O
summarized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
effects	I-Algorithm
are	O
those	O
effects	O
that	O
cannot	O
be	O
(	O
easily	O
)	O
emulated	O
through	O
conventional	O
heating	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-thermal	B-Algorithm
microwave	I-Algorithm
effects	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
explain	O
unusual	O
observations	O
in	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
chemistry	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
of	O
microwave	O
heating	O
to	O
heterogeneous	O
catalysis	O
reactions	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
explored	O
intensively	O
due	O
to	O
presence	O
of	O
metals	O
in	O
supported	O
catalysts	B-Device
and	O
possibility	O
of	O
arcing	O
phenomena	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
flammable	O
solvents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
scenario	O
becomes	O
unlikely	O
using	O
nanoparticle-sized	O
metal	O
catalysts	B-Device
.	O
</s>
