<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
is	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
developed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
product	I-Application
with	O
the	O
primary	O
function	O
of	O
storing	O
and	O
retrieving	O
data	O
as	O
requested	O
by	O
other	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
—	O
which	O
may	O
run	O
either	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
computer	O
or	O
on	O
another	O
computer	O
across	O
a	O
network	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
Internet	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
markets	O
at	O
least	O
a	O
dozen	O
different	O
editions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
aimed	O
at	O
different	O
audiences	O
and	O
for	O
workloads	O
ranging	O
from	O
small	O
single-machine	O
applications	O
to	O
large	O
Internet-facing	O
applications	O
with	O
many	O
concurrent	B-License
users	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
begins	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
product	O
—	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
1.0	O
,	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
server	B-Application
for	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
in	O
1989	O
—	O
and	O
extends	O
to	O
the	O
current	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
name	O
is	O
entirely	O
descriptive	O
,	O
it	O
being	O
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
responds	O
to	O
queries	B-Language
in	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
MS	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
began	O
as	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
port	O
Sybase	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
onto	O
OS/2	B-Application
in	O
1989	O
,	O
by	O
Sybase	B-Application
,	O
Ashton-Tate	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
4.2	O
for	O
NT	O
is	O
released	O
in	O
1993	O
,	O
marking	O
the	O
entry	O
onto	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
6.0	O
is	O
released	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
marking	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Sybase	B-Application
;	O
Sybase	B-Application
would	O
continue	O
developing	O
their	O
own	O
variant	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
,	O
Sybase	B-Application
Adaptive	I-Application
Server	I-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
,	O
independently	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
7.0	O
is	O
released	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
marking	O
the	O
conversion	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
from	O
C	B-Language
to	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
finishes	O
the	O
complete	O
revision	O
of	O
the	O
old	O
Sybase	B-Application
code	O
into	O
Microsoft	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2012	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
adds	O
columnar	O
in-memory	O
storage	O
aka	O
xVelocity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2017	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
adds	O
Linux	B-Application
support	O
for	O
these	O
Linux	B-Application
platforms	O
:	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Application
Enterprise	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
&	O
Docker	B-Language
Engine	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2019	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
adds	O
Big	O
Data	O
Clusters	O
,	O
enhancements	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Intelligent	O
Database	O
"	O
,	O
enhanced	O
monitoring	O
features	O
,	O
updated	O
developer	O
experience	O
,	O
and	O
updates/enhancements	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
based	O
installations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2022	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2022	O
,	O
adds	O
improved	O
analytics	O
,	O
disaster	O
recovery	O
(	O
to	O
Azure	O
)	O
the	O
"	O
Purview	O
"	O
unified	O
data	O
governance	O
and	O
management	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
plumbing	O
improvements	O
that	O
make	O
the	O
database	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
resilient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2016	O
onward	O
,	O
the	O
product	O
is	O
supported	O
on	O
x64	O
processors	O
only	O
and	O
must	O
have	O
1.4	O
GHz	O
processor	O
as	O
a	O
minimum	O
,	O
2.0	O
GHz	O
or	O
faster	O
is	O
recommended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
is	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2022	O
,	O
released	O
November	O
16	O
,	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
makes	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
available	O
in	O
multiple	O
editions	O
,	O
with	O
different	O
feature	O
sets	O
and	O
targeting	O
different	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
includes	O
both	O
the	O
core	O
database	O
engine	O
and	O
add-on	O
services	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
tools	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
managing	O
a	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Architecture
cluster	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
manage	O
databases	B-Application
as	O
large	O
as	O
524	O
petabytes	O
and	O
address	O
12	O
terabytes	O
of	O
memory	O
and	O
supports	O
640	O
logical	O
processors	O
(	O
CPU	O
cores	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Standard	O
edition	O
includes	O
the	O
core	O
database	O
engine	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
stand-alone	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
differs	O
from	O
Enterprise	O
edition	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
supports	O
fewer	O
active	O
instances	O
(	O
number	O
of	O
nodes	O
in	O
a	O
cluster	O
)	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
some	O
high-availability	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
hot-add	O
memory	O
(	O
allowing	O
memory	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
while	O
the	O
server	B-Application
is	O
still	O
running	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
parallel	O
indexes	B-Data_Structure
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Web	O
Edition	O
is	O
a	O
low-TCO	O
option	O
for	O
Web	O
hosting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
Introduced	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2012	O
and	O
focusing	O
on	O
Self	O
Service	O
and	O
Corporate	O
Business	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
the	O
Standard	O
Edition	O
capabilities	O
and	O
Business	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
tools	O
:	O
Power	B-Operating_System
Pivot	I-Operating_System
,	O
Power	O
View	B-Language
,	O
the	O
BI	O
Semantic	O
Model	O
,	O
Master	O
Data	O
Services	O
,	O
Data	B-Application
Quality	I-Application
Services	I-Application
and	O
xVelocity	O
in-memory	O
analytics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workgroup	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Workgroup	O
Edition	O
includes	O
the	O
core	O
database	O
functionality	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
the	O
additional	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
this	O
edition	O
has	O
been	O
retired	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Express	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
Edition	I-Application
is	O
a	O
scaled	O
down	O
,	O
free	O
edition	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
core	O
database	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
limitations	O
on	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
databases	B-Application
or	O
users	O
supported	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
using	O
one	O
processor	O
,	O
1	O
GB	O
memory	O
and	O
10	O
GB	O
database	O
files	O
(	O
4	O
GB	O
database	O
files	O
prior	O
to	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
2008	O
R2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
MSDE	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
is	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
with	O
Tools	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
SQL	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Management	I-Device
Studio	I-Device
Basic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
with	O
Advanced	O
Services	O
adds	O
full-text	O
search	O
capability	O
and	O
reporting	B-Application
services	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Azure	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
SQL	I-Application
Database	I-Application
is	O
the	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
presented	O
as	O
a	O
platform	B-Application
as	I-Application
a	I-Application
service	I-Application
offering	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Azure	O
MPP	B-Operating_System
Azure	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Data	I-Application
Warehouse	I-Application
is	O
the	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
in	O
a	O
MPP	B-Operating_System
(	O
massively	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
)	O
architecture	O
for	O
analytics	O
workloads	O
,	O
presented	O
as	O
a	O
platform	B-Application
as	I-Application
a	I-Application
service	I-Application
offering	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compact	O
(	O
SQL	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
)	O
The	O
compact	B-Operating_System
edition	I-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
embedded	O
database	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
other	O
editions	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
,	O
the	O
SQL	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
engine	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
SQL	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
(	O
initially	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
hand-held	O
devices	O
)	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
share	O
the	O
same	O
binaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
it	O
supports	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
data	O
types	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
or	O
Views	B-Language
or	O
multiple-statement	O
batches	O
(	O
among	O
other	O
limitations	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
4GB	O
maximum	O
database	O
size	O
and	O
cannot	O
be	O
run	O
as	O
a	O
Windows	O
service	O
,	O
Compact	B-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
must	O
be	O
hosted	O
by	O
the	O
application	O
using	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
3.5	O
version	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
ADO.NET	B-Device
Synchronization	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
does	O
not	O
support	O
ODBC	B-Application
connectivity	O
,	O
unlike	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
proper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DeveloperSQL	O
Server	B-Application
Developer	O
Edition	O
includes	O
the	O
same	O
features	O
as	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
license	O
to	O
be	O
only	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
development	O
and	O
test	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
as	O
production	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embedded	O
(	O
SSEE	O
)	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
Embedded	B-Language
Edition	I-Language
is	O
a	O
specially	O
configured	O
named	O
instance	O
of	O
the	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
database	O
engine	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
only	O
by	O
certain	O
Windows	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Evaluation	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Evaluation	O
Edition	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Trial	O
Edition	O
,	O
has	O
all	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
180	O
days	O
,	O
after	O
which	O
the	O
tools	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
run	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
server	B-Application
services	O
will	O
stop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fast	O
Track	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Fast	O
Track	O
is	O
specifically	O
for	O
enterprise-scale	O
data	O
warehousing	O
storage	O
and	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
processing	O
,	O
and	O
runs	O
on	O
reference-architecture	O
hardware	O
that	O
is	O
optimized	O
for	O
Fast	O
Track	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LocalDB	O
Introduced	O
in	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
2012	O
,	O
LocalDB	O
is	O
a	O
minimal	O
,	O
on-demand	O
,	O
version	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
that	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
application	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analytics	O
Platform	O
System	O
(	O
APS	O
)	O
Formerly	O
Parallel	O
Data	O
Warehouse	O
(	O
PDW	O
)	O
A	O
massively	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
(	O
MPP	B-Operating_System
)	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
appliance	O
optimized	O
for	O
large-scale	O
data	O
warehousing	O
such	O
as	O
hundreds	O
of	O
terabytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Data	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
Version	O
1.0	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
version	O
7.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Afterwards	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
Data	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
Data	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
Also	O
called	O
Desktop	O
Engine	O
,	O
Desktop	O
Edition	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intended	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
an	O
application	O
component	O
,	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
GUI	B-Application
management	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Included	O
with	O
some	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
development	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
editions	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
Express	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Personal	O
Edition	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Had	O
workload	O
or	O
connection	O
limits	O
like	O
MSDE	B-Application
,	O
but	O
no	O
database	O
size	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intended	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
mobile	O
/	O
disconnected	O
proxy	O
,	O
licensed	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
Standard	O
edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
Standard	O
Edition	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
,	O
but	O
Full-Text	O
Search	O
not	O
working	O
in	O
Windows	O
98	O
,	O
transactional	O
replication	O
limited	O
to	O
subscriber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Datacenter	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2008	O
R2	O
Datacenter	O
is	O
a	O
full-featured	O
edition	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
and	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
datacenters	O
that	O
need	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
application	O
support	O
and	O
scalability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Datacenter	O
edition	O
has	O
been	O
retired	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2012	O
;	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
features	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2012	O
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
Edition	O
Introduced	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
Mobile	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
Mobile	O
Edition	O
Replaced	O
by	O
SQL	B-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
2005	I-Operating_System
Compact	I-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
after	O
1	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
2005	I-Operating_System
Compact	I-Operating_System
Edition	I-Operating_System
Replaced	O
by	O
SQL	B-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
Compact	I-Operating_System
3.5	I-Operating_System
after	O
1	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Samples	O
:	O
Northwind	O
and	O
pubs	B-Application
Sample	O
Databases	B-Application
,	O
Updated	O
Samples	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
:	O
Stress	O
Testing	O
and	O
Performance	O
Analysis	O
tools	O
(	O
Read80Trace	O
and	O
OSTRESS	O
)	O
,	O
PSSDIAG	O
Data	O
Collection	O
Utility	O
,	O
Notification	O
services	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
service	O
pack	O
1	O
)	O
,	O
Security	O
Tools	O
,	O
Best	O
Practices	O
Analyzer	O
1.0	O
,	O
Reporting	B-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
up	O
to	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
)	O
,	O
Reporting	B-Application
Services	I-Application
Report	O
Packs	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
Driver	O
for	O
JDBC	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
service	O
pack	O
3	O
)	O
,	O
SQLXML	O
3.0	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
service	O
pack	O
3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Documentation	O
:	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
Books	O
Online	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
System	O
Table	O
Map	O
,	O
Resource	O
Kit	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
—	O
Getting	O
Started	O
Guide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocol	O
layer	O
implements	O
the	O
external	O
interface	O
to	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
operations	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
invoked	O
on	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
are	O
communicated	O
to	O
it	O
via	O
a	O
Microsoft-defined	O
format	O
,	O
called	O
Tabular	B-Protocol
Data	I-Protocol
Stream	I-Protocol
(	O
TDS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TDS	O
is	O
an	O
application	O
layer	O
protocol	O
,	O
used	O
to	O
transfer	O
data	O
between	O
a	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
and	O
a	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
designed	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
Sybase	B-Application
Inc	O
.	O
for	O
their	O
Sybase	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
relational	O
database	O
engine	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
TDS	O
packets	O
can	O
be	O
encased	O
in	O
other	O
physical	O
transport	O
dependent	O
protocols	O
,	O
including	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
named	B-Operating_System
pipes	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
shared	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
access	O
to	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
is	O
available	O
over	O
these	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
API	B-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
exposed	O
over	O
web	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
database	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
tables	O
with	O
typed	O
columns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
supports	O
different	O
data	O
types	O
,	O
including	O
primitive	O
types	O
such	O
as	O
Integer	O
,	O
Float	O
,	O
Decimal	O
,	O
Char	O
(	O
including	O
character	O
strings	O
)	O
,	O
Varchar	O
(	O
variable	O
length	O
character	O
strings	O
)	O
,	O
binary	O
(	O
for	O
unstructured	O
blobs	B-General_Concept
of	O
data	O
)	O
,	O
Text	O
(	O
for	O
textual	O
data	O
)	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rounding	B-Algorithm
of	O
floats	O
to	O
integers	O
uses	O
either	O
Symmetric	O
Arithmetic	O
Rounding	B-Algorithm
or	O
Symmetric	O
Round	O
Down	O
(	O
fix	O
)	O
depending	O
on	O
arguments	O
:	O
SELECT	B-Language
Round( 	O
2.5	O
,	O
0	O
)	O
gives	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
also	O
allows	O
user-defined	O
composite	O
types	O
(	O
UDTs	O
)	O
to	O
be	O
defined	O
and	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
makes	O
server	B-Application
statistics	O
available	O
as	O
virtual	O
tables	O
and	O
views	B-Language
(	O
called	O
Dynamic	O
Management	O
Views	B-Language
or	O
DMVs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
tables	O
,	O
a	O
database	O
can	O
also	O
contain	O
other	O
objects	O
including	O
views	B-Language
,	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
,	O
indexes	B-Data_Structure
and	O
constraints	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
transaction	O
log	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
database	O
can	O
contain	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
231	O
objects	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
span	O
multiple	O
OS-level	O
files	O
with	O
a	O
maximum	O
file	O
size	O
of	O
260	O
bytes	O
(	O
1	O
exabyte	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
page	O
is	O
the	O
basic	O
unit	O
of	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
for	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
data	O
includes	O
:	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
,	O
an	O
index	B-Data_Structure
,	O
an	O
allocation	O
map	O
,	O
which	O
holds	O
information	O
about	O
how	O
pages	O
are	O
allocated	O
to	O
tables	O
and	O
indexes	B-Data_Structure
;	O
and	O
a	O
change	O
map	O
which	O
holds	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
changes	O
made	O
to	O
other	O
pages	O
since	O
last	O
backup	O
or	O
logging	O
,	O
or	O
contain	O
large	O
data	O
types	O
such	O
as	O
image	O
or	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
page	O
is	O
the	O
basic	O
unit	O
of	O
an	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
operation	I-General_Concept
,	O
space	O
is	O
actually	O
managed	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
an	O
extent	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
8	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
table	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
multiple	O
partitions	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
spread	O
a	O
database	O
over	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
cluster	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rows	O
in	O
each	O
partition	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
either	O
B-tree	B-Architecture
or	O
heap	B-Application
structure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
table	O
has	O
an	O
associated	O
,	O
clustered	O
index	B-Data_Structure
to	O
allow	O
fast	O
retrieval	O
of	O
rows	O
,	O
the	O
rows	O
are	O
stored	O
in-order	O
according	O
to	O
their	O
index	B-Data_Structure
values	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
B-tree	B-Architecture
providing	O
the	O
index	B-Data_Structure
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
leaf	O
node	O
of	O
the	O
leaves	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
nodes	O
storing	O
the	O
index	B-Data_Structure
values	O
for	O
the	O
leaf	O
data	O
reachable	O
from	O
the	O
respective	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
index	B-Data_Structure
is	O
non-clustered	O
,	O
the	O
rows	O
are	O
not	O
sorted	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
index	B-Data_Structure
keys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
indexed	O
view	B-Language
has	O
the	O
same	O
storage	O
structure	O
as	O
an	O
indexed	O
table	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
table	O
without	O
a	O
clustered	O
index	B-Data_Structure
is	O
stored	O
in	O
an	O
unordered	O
heap	B-Application
structure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
situations	O
the	O
heap	B-Application
structure	I-Application
has	O
performance	O
advantages	O
over	O
the	O
clustered	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
heaps	B-Application
and	O
B-trees	B-Architecture
can	O
span	O
multiple	O
allocation	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
buffers	B-General_Concept
pages	O
in	O
RAM	O
to	O
minimize	O
disk	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
8KB	O
page	O
can	O
be	O
buffered	O
in-memory	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
all	O
pages	O
currently	O
buffered	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
amount	O
of	O
memory	O
available	O
to	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
decides	O
how	O
many	O
pages	O
will	O
be	O
cached	O
in	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
cache	O
is	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
Buffer	B-General_Concept
Manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Either	O
reading	O
from	O
or	O
writing	O
to	O
any	O
page	O
copies	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
page	O
is	O
updated	O
on	O
the	O
disc	O
by	O
the	O
Buffer	B-General_Concept
Manager	O
only	O
if	O
the	O
in-memory	O
cache	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
referenced	O
for	O
some	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
writing	O
pages	O
back	O
to	O
disc	O
,	O
asynchronous	B-Architecture
I/O	I-Architecture
is	O
used	O
whereby	O
the	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
operation	I-General_Concept
is	O
done	O
in	O
a	O
background	O
thread	O
so	O
that	O
other	O
operations	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
wait	O
for	O
the	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
operation	I-General_Concept
to	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
page	O
is	O
written	O
along	O
with	O
its	O
checksum	B-Algorithm
when	O
it	O
is	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
reading	O
the	O
page	O
back	O
,	O
its	O
checksum	B-Algorithm
is	O
computed	O
again	O
and	O
matched	O
with	O
the	O
stored	O
version	O
to	O
ensure	O
the	O
page	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
damaged	O
or	O
tampered	O
with	O
in	O
the	O
meantime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
allows	O
multiple	O
clients	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
database	O
concurrently	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
it	O
needs	O
to	O
control	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
access	I-Operating_System
to	O
shared	B-Operating_System
data	I-Operating_System
,	O
to	O
ensure	O
data	O
integrity	O
—	O
when	O
multiple	O
clients	O
update	O
the	O
same	O
data	O
,	O
or	O
clients	O
attempt	O
to	O
read	O
data	O
that	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
being	O
changed	O
by	O
another	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
provides	O
two	O
modes	O
of	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
control	I-Operating_System
:	O
pessimistic	B-Operating_System
concurrency	I-Operating_System
and	O
optimistic	B-Operating_System
concurrency	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
pessimistic	B-Operating_System
concurrency	I-Operating_System
control	O
is	O
being	O
used	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
controls	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
access	I-Operating_System
by	O
using	O
locks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
indexes	B-Data_Structure
,	O
it	O
can	O
either	O
be	O
on	O
the	O
entire	O
index	B-Data_Structure
or	O
on	O
index	B-Data_Structure
leaves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
fine-grained	O
locking	O
system	O
allows	O
more	O
users	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
table	O
or	O
index	B-Data_Structure
simultaneously	O
,	O
it	O
requires	O
more	O
resources	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
automatically	O
yield	O
higher	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
also	O
includes	O
two	O
more	O
lightweight	O
mutual	B-Operating_System
exclusion	I-Operating_System
solutions	O
—	O
latches	O
and	O
spinlocks	O
—	O
which	O
are	O
less	O
robust	O
than	O
locks	O
but	O
are	O
less	O
resource	O
intensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
uses	O
them	O
for	O
DMVs	O
and	O
other	O
resources	O
that	O
are	O
usually	O
not	O
busy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
also	O
monitors	O
all	O
worker	O
threads	O
that	O
acquire	O
locks	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
end	O
up	O
in	O
deadlocks	B-Operating_System
—	O
in	O
case	O
they	O
do	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
takes	O
remedial	O
measures	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
many	O
cases	O
are	O
to	O
kill	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
threads	O
entangled	O
in	O
a	O
deadlock	B-Operating_System
and	O
roll	O
back	O
the	O
transaction	O
it	O
started	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
implement	O
locking	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
contains	O
the	O
Lock	O
Manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
also	O
provides	O
the	O
optimistic	B-Operating_System
concurrency	I-Operating_System
control	I-Operating_System
mechanism	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
multiversion	B-Operating_System
concurrency	I-Operating_System
control	I-Operating_System
used	O
in	O
other	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
mode	O
of	O
retrieving	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
database	O
is	O
querying	B-Application
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
query	B-Language
is	O
expressed	O
using	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
called	O
T-SQL	B-Language
,	O
a	O
dialect	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
shares	O
with	O
Sybase	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
due	O
to	O
its	O
legacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
query	B-Language
declaratively	B-Language
specifies	O
what	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
retrieved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
processed	O
by	O
the	O
query	B-Language
processor	O
,	O
which	O
figures	O
out	O
the	O
sequence	O
of	O
steps	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
necessary	O
to	O
retrieve	O
the	O
requested	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sequence	O
of	O
actions	O
necessary	O
to	O
execute	O
a	O
query	B-Language
is	O
called	O
a	O
query	B-Language
plan	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
might	O
be	O
multiple	O
ways	O
to	O
process	O
the	O
same	O
query	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
query	B-Language
that	O
contains	O
a	O
join	B-Language
statement	I-Language
and	O
a	O
select	B-Language
statement	O
,	O
executing	O
join	B-Language
on	O
both	O
the	O
tables	O
and	O
then	O
executing	O
select	B-Language
on	O
the	O
results	O
would	O
give	O
the	O
same	O
result	O
as	O
selecting	O
from	O
each	O
table	O
and	O
then	O
executing	O
the	O
join	B-Language
,	O
but	O
result	O
in	O
different	O
execution	B-Language
plans	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
such	O
case	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
chooses	O
the	O
plan	O
that	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
yield	O
the	O
results	O
in	O
the	O
shortest	O
possible	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
called	O
query	B-Language
optimization	I-Language
and	O
is	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
query	B-Language
processor	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
includes	O
a	O
cost-based	B-Language
query	I-Language
optimizer	I-Language
which	O
tries	O
to	O
optimize	O
on	O
the	O
cost	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
resources	O
it	O
will	O
take	O
to	O
execute	O
the	O
query	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
a	O
query	B-Language
,	O
then	O
the	O
query	B-Language
optimizer	I-Language
looks	O
at	O
the	O
database	B-Application
schema	I-Application
,	O
the	O
database	O
statistics	O
and	O
the	O
system	O
load	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
then	O
decides	O
which	O
sequence	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
tables	O
referred	O
in	O
the	O
query	B-Language
,	O
which	O
sequence	O
to	O
execute	O
the	O
operations	O
and	O
what	O
access	O
method	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
tables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
table	O
has	O
an	O
associated	O
index	B-Data_Structure
,	O
whether	O
the	O
index	B-Data_Structure
should	O
be	O
used	O
or	O
not	O
:	O
if	O
the	O
index	B-Data_Structure
is	O
on	O
a	O
column	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
unique	O
for	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
columns	O
(	O
low	O
"	O
selectivity	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
might	O
not	O
be	O
worthwhile	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
index	B-Data_Structure
to	O
access	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
it	O
decides	O
whether	O
to	O
execute	O
the	O
query	B-Language
concurrently	B-Architecture
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
a	O
query	B-Language
plan	I-Language
is	O
generated	O
for	O
a	O
query	B-Language
,	O
it	O
is	O
temporarily	O
cached	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
further	O
invocations	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
query	B-Language
,	O
the	O
cached	O
plan	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
also	O
allows	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
are	O
parameterized	O
T-SQL	B-Language
queries	B-Language
,	O
that	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
server	B-Application
itself	O
(	O
and	O
not	O
issued	O
by	O
the	O
client	O
application	O
as	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
general	O
queries	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
can	O
accept	O
values	O
sent	O
by	O
the	O
client	O
as	O
input	O
parameters	O
,	O
and	O
send	O
back	O
results	O
as	O
output	O
parameters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
call	O
defined	O
functions	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
the	O
same	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedure	I-General_Concept
(	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
set	O
number	O
of	O
times	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
have	O
an	O
associated	O
name	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
at	O
runtime	O
to	O
resolve	O
into	O
the	O
actual	O
queries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Execution	B-Language
plans	I-Language
for	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
are	O
also	O
cached	O
as	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
T-SQL	B-Language
(	O
Transact-SQL	B-Language
)	O
is	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
proprietary	B-Application
procedural	B-Application
language	I-Application
extension	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
REPL	B-Application
(	O
Read-Eval-Print-Loop	O
)	O
instructions	O
that	O
extend	O
standard	O
SQL	B-Language
's	O
instruction	O
set	O
for	O
Data	O
Manipulation	O
(	O
DML	B-Language
)	O
and	O
Data	B-Language
Definition	I-Language
(	O
DDL	B-Language
)	O
instructions	O
,	O
including	O
SQL	B-Language
Server-specific	O
settings	O
,	O
security	O
and	O
database	O
statistics	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
exposes	O
keywords	O
for	O
the	O
operations	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
on	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
,	O
including	O
creating	O
and	O
altering	O
database	B-Application
schemas	I-Application
,	O
entering	O
and	O
editing	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
monitoring	O
and	O
managing	O
the	O
server	B-Application
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Client	O
applications	O
that	O
consume	O
data	O
or	O
manage	O
the	O
server	B-Application
will	O
leverage	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
functionality	O
by	O
sending	O
T-SQL	B-Language
queries	B-Language
and	O
statements	O
which	O
are	O
then	O
processed	O
by	O
the	O
server	B-Application
and	O
results	O
(	O
or	O
errors	O
)	O
returned	O
to	O
the	O
client	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
it	O
exposes	O
read-only	O
tables	O
from	O
which	O
server	B-Application
statistics	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Management	O
functionality	O
is	O
exposed	O
via	O
system-defined	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
which	O
can	O
be	O
invoked	O
from	O
T-SQL	B-Language
queries	B-Language
to	O
perform	O
the	O
management	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
create	O
linked	O
Servers	O
using	O
T-SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linked	O
servers	O
allow	O
a	O
single	O
query	B-Language
to	O
process	O
operations	O
performed	O
on	O
multiple	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Native	O
Client	O
is	O
the	O
native	O
client	O
side	O
data	O
access	O
library	B-Library
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
version	O
2005	O
onwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
natively	O
implements	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
features	O
including	O
the	O
Tabular	B-Protocol
Data	I-Protocol
Stream	I-Protocol
implementation	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
mirrored	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
databases	B-Application
,	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
all	O
data	O
types	O
supported	O
by	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
,	O
asynchronous	O
operations	O
,	O
query	B-Language
notifications	O
,	O
encryption	O
support	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
receiving	O
multiple	O
result	O
sets	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
database	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Native	O
Client	O
is	O
used	O
under	O
the	O
hood	O
by	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
plug-ins	O
for	O
other	O
data	O
access	O
technologies	O
,	O
including	O
ADO	B-Library
or	O
OLE	B-Language
DB	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Native	O
Client	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
directly	O
used	O
,	O
bypassing	O
the	O
generic	O
data	O
access	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
28	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
a	O
preview	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
ODBC	B-Application
driver	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2005	O
includes	O
a	O
component	O
named	O
SQL	B-Language
CLR	I-Language
(	O
"	O
Common	O
Language	O
Runtime	O
"	O
)	O
via	O
which	O
it	O
integrates	O
with	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
other	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
itself	O
hosts	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
runtime	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
memory	O
,	O
threading	O
and	O
resource	O
management	O
requirements	O
of	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
are	O
satisfied	O
by	O
SQLOS	O
itself	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
underlying	O
Windows	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQLOS	O
provides	O
deadlock	B-Operating_System
detection	O
and	O
resolution	O
services	O
for	O
.NET	B-Application
code	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
SQL	B-Language
CLR	I-Language
,	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
and	O
triggers	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
any	O
managed	O
.NET	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
including	O
C#	B-Application
and	O
VB.NET	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Managed	O
code	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
define	O
UDT	O
's	O
(	O
user	B-Language
defined	I-Language
types	I-Language
)	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
persist	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Managed	O
code	O
is	O
compiled	O
to	O
CLI	O
assemblies	O
and	O
after	O
being	O
verified	O
for	O
type	B-Language
safety	I-Language
,	O
registered	O
at	O
the	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
only	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
Base	O
Class	O
Library	B-Library
is	O
available	O
,	O
when	O
running	O
code	O
under	O
SQL	B-Language
CLR	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
relating	O
to	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
functionality	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
writing	O
code	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
CLR	I-Language
,	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
databases	B-Application
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
using	O
the	O
ADO.NET	B-Device
APIs	B-General_Concept
like	O
any	O
other	O
managed	O
application	O
that	O
accesses	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
avoid	O
this	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
provides	O
some	O
enhancements	O
to	O
the	O
ADO.NET	B-Device
provider	I-Device
that	O
allows	O
the	O
connection	O
to	O
be	O
redirected	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
session	O
which	O
already	O
hosts	O
the	O
running	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
also	O
provides	O
several	O
other	O
enhancements	O
to	O
the	O
ADO.NET	B-Device
API	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
classes	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
tabular	O
data	O
or	O
a	O
single	O
row	O
of	O
data	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
classes	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
internal	O
metadata	O
about	O
the	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
features	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
,	O
including	O
XQuery	B-Language
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
enhancements	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
in	O
T-SQL	B-Language
Procedures	O
in	O
consequence	O
of	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
XML	B-Protocol
Datatype	O
(	O
query	B-Language
,	O
value	O
,	O
nodes	O
functions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
also	O
includes	O
an	O
assortment	O
of	O
add-on	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
these	O
are	O
not	O
essential	O
for	O
the	O
operation	O
of	O
the	O
database	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
they	O
provide	O
value	O
added	O
services	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
services	O
either	O
run	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
some	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
component	O
or	O
out-of-process	O
as	O
Windows	O
Service	O
and	O
presents	O
their	O
own	O
API	B-General_Concept
to	O
control	O
and	O
interact	O
with	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Machine	O
Learning	O
services	O
operates	O
within	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
server	B-Application
instance	O
,	O
allowing	O
people	O
to	O
do	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
data	O
analytics	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
send	O
data	O
across	O
the	O
network	O
or	O
be	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
memory	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
services	O
come	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
R	O
and	O
Python	O
distributions	O
that	O
contain	O
commonly	O
used	O
packages	O
for	O
data	O
science	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
some	O
proprietary	B-Application
packages	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
revoscalepy	B-Application
,	O
RevoScaleR	B-Application
,	O
microsoftml	O
)	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
machine	O
models	O
at	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysts	O
can	O
either	O
configure	O
their	O
client	O
machine	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
remote	O
SQL	B-Language
server	B-Application
and	O
push	O
the	O
script	O
executions	O
to	O
it	O
,	O
or	O
they	O
can	O
run	O
a	O
R	O
or	O
Python	O
scripts	O
as	O
an	O
external	O
script	O
inside	O
a	O
T-SQL	B-Language
query	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
inside	O
an	O
instance	O
,	O
programming	B-Application
environment	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
cross-instance	O
applications	O
,	O
Service	O
Broker	O
communicates	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
and	O
allows	O
the	O
different	O
components	O
to	O
be	O
synchronized	O
,	O
via	O
exchange	O
of	O
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Service	O
Broker	O
,	O
which	O
runs	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
database	O
engine	O
,	O
provides	O
a	O
reliable	O
messaging	O
and	O
message	B-Operating_System
queuing	I-Operating_System
platform	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
an	O
XML	B-Protocol
object	O
,	O
plain	O
text	O
or	O
binary	O
data	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
null	B-Language
message	O
body	O
for	O
notifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
internally	O
implemented	O
as	O
tables	O
by	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
,	O
but	O
do	O
n't	O
support	O
insert	O
,	O
update	O
,	O
or	O
delete	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
the	O
service	O
program	O
is	O
implemented	O
as	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedure	I-General_Concept
or	O
CLR	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
service	O
broker	O
supports	O
security	O
features	O
like	O
network	O
authentication	O
(	O
using	O
NTLM	O
,	O
Kerberos	B-Protocol
,	O
or	O
authorization	O
certificates	O
)	O
,	O
integrity	O
checking	O
,	O
and	O
message	O
encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Replication	O
Services	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
to	O
replicate	O
and	O
synchronize	O
database	O
objects	O
,	O
either	O
in	O
entirety	O
or	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
objects	O
present	O
,	O
across	O
replication	O
agents	O
,	O
which	O
might	O
be	O
other	O
database	B-Application
servers	I-Application
across	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
or	O
database	O
caches	O
on	O
the	O
client	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Replication	O
Services	O
follows	O
a	O
publisher/subscriber	O
model	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
the	O
changes	O
are	O
sent	O
out	O
by	O
one	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
(	O
"	O
publisher	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
are	O
received	O
by	O
others	O
(	O
"	O
subscribers	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
supports	O
three	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
replication	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Transaction	O
replication	O
Each	O
transaction	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
publisher	O
database	O
(	O
master	O
database	O
)	O
is	O
synced	O
out	O
to	O
subscribers	O
,	O
who	O
update	O
their	O
databases	B-Application
with	O
the	O
transaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transactional	O
replication	O
synchronizes	O
databases	B-Application
in	O
near	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Merge	O
replication	O
Changes	O
made	O
at	O
both	O
the	O
publisher	O
and	O
subscriber	O
databases	B-Application
are	O
tracked	O
,	O
and	O
periodically	O
the	O
changes	O
are	O
synchronized	O
bi-directionally	O
between	O
the	O
publisher	O
and	O
the	O
subscribers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
same	O
data	O
has	O
been	O
modified	O
differently	O
in	O
both	O
the	O
publisher	O
and	O
the	O
subscriber	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
synchronization	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
conflict	O
which	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
resolved	O
,	O
either	O
manually	O
or	O
by	O
using	O
pre-defined	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Analysis	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
SSAS	O
)	O
adds	O
OLAP	B-Application
and	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
capabilities	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OLAP	B-Application
engine	O
supports	O
MOLAP	O
,	O
ROLAP	O
and	O
HOLAP	O
storage	O
modes	O
for	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysis	O
Services	O
supports	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
for	O
Analysis	O
standard	O
as	O
the	O
underlying	O
communication	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cube	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
using	O
MDX	B-Language
and	O
LINQ	O
queries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
specific	O
functionality	O
is	O
exposed	O
via	O
the	O
DMX	B-Algorithm
query	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysis	O
Services	O
includes	O
various	O
algorithms	O
—	O
Decision	B-Algorithm
trees	I-Algorithm
,	O
clustering	O
algorithm	O
,	O
Naive	B-General_Concept
Bayes	I-General_Concept
algorithm	O
,	O
time	O
series	O
analysis	O
,	O
sequence	O
clustering	O
algorithm	O
,	O
linear	O
and	O
logistic	O
regression	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
—	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Reporting	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
SSRS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
report	O
generation	O
environment	O
for	O
data	O
gathered	O
from	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reporting	B-Application
services	I-Application
features	O
a	O
web	O
services	O
interface	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
custom	O
reporting	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reports	O
are	O
created	O
as	O
RDL	B-Application
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reports	O
can	O
be	O
designed	O
using	O
recent	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Visual	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
(	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio.NET	I-Application
2003	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
and	O
2008	O
)	O
with	O
Business	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Development	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
installed	O
or	O
with	O
the	O
included	O
Report	O
Builder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
created	O
,	O
RDL	B-Application
files	O
can	O
be	O
rendered	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
formats	O
,	O
including	O
Excel	O
,	O
PDF	B-Application
,	O
CSV	O
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
BMP	B-Device
,	O
EMF	O
,	O
GIF	O
,	O
JPEG	O
,	O
PNG	O
,	O
and	O
TIFF	O
,	O
and	O
HTML	O
Web	O
Archive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
introduced	O
as	O
a	O
post-release	O
add-on	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2000	O
,	O
Notification	O
Services	O
was	O
bundled	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
platform	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
and	O
only	O
time	O
with	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Notification	O
Services	O
is	O
a	O
mechanism	O
for	O
generating	O
data-driven	O
notifications	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
sent	O
to	O
Notification	O
Services	O
subscribers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
subscriber	O
registers	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
event	O
or	O
transaction	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
registered	O
on	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
as	O
a	O
trigger	B-Language
)	O
;	O
when	O
the	O
event	O
occurs	O
,	O
Notification	O
Services	O
can	O
use	O
one	O
of	O
three	O
methods	O
to	O
send	O
a	O
message	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
informing	O
about	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
the	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notification	O
Services	O
was	O
discontinued	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2008	O
in	O
August	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
an	O
officially	O
supported	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
database	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Integration	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
SSIS	O
)	O
provides	O
ETL	O
capabilities	O
for	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
import	I-General_Concept
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	O
warehousing	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integration	B-Application
Services	I-Application
includes	O
GUI	B-Application
tools	O
to	O
build	O
workflows	B-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
extracting	O
data	O
from	O
various	O
sources	O
,	O
querying	B-Application
data	O
,	O
transforming	O
data	O
—	O
including	O
aggregation	O
,	O
de-duplication	O
,	O
de-/normalization	O
and	O
merging	O
of	O
data	O
—	O
and	O
then	O
exporting	O
the	O
transformed	O
data	O
into	O
destination	O
databases	B-Application
or	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Full	O
Text	O
Search	O
service	O
is	O
a	O
specialized	O
indexing	O
and	O
querying	B-Application
service	O
for	O
unstructured	O
text	O
stored	O
in	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
full	O
text	O
search	O
index	B-Data_Structure
can	O
be	O
created	O
on	O
any	O
column	O
with	O
character	O
based	O
text	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
with	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
LIKE	O
operator	O
,	O
using	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Full	O
Text	O
Search	O
service	O
can	O
be	O
more	O
efficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proximity	O
searches	O
are	O
also	O
supported	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
words	O
searched	O
for	O
do	O
not	O
occur	O
in	O
the	O
sequence	O
they	O
are	O
specified	O
in	O
the	O
query	B-Language
but	O
are	O
near	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
also	O
considered	O
a	O
match	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
T-SQL	B-Language
exposes	O
special	O
operators	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
FTS	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
processes	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Search	O
process	O
includes	O
the	O
indexer	O
(	O
that	O
creates	O
the	O
full	O
text	O
indexes	B-Data_Structure
)	O
and	O
the	O
full	O
text	O
query	B-Language
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
index	B-Data_Structure
through	O
binary	O
columns	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
iFilters	B-Library
to	O
extract	O
meaningful	O
text	O
from	O
the	O
binary	O
blob	B-General_Concept
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
document	O
is	O
stored	O
as	O
an	O
unstructured	O
binary	O
file	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
iFilters	B-Library
are	O
hosted	O
by	O
the	O
Filter	O
Daemon	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
remaining	O
words	O
,	O
an	O
inverted	B-Algorithm
index	I-Algorithm
is	O
created	O
,	O
associating	O
each	O
word	O
with	O
the	O
columns	O
they	O
were	O
found	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
itself	O
includes	O
a	O
Gatherer	O
component	O
that	O
monitors	O
changes	O
to	O
tables	O
and	O
invokes	O
the	O
indexer	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
full	O
text	O
query	B-Language
is	O
received	O
by	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
query	B-Language
processor	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
handed	O
over	O
to	O
the	O
FTS	O
query	B-Language
processor	O
in	O
the	O
Search	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FTS	O
query	B-Language
processor	O
breaks	O
up	O
the	O
query	B-Language
into	O
the	O
constituent	O
words	O
,	O
filters	O
out	O
the	O
noise	O
words	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
an	O
inbuilt	O
thesaurus	O
to	O
find	O
out	O
the	O
linguistic	O
variants	O
for	O
each	O
word	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
words	O
are	O
then	O
queried	O
against	O
the	O
inverted	B-Algorithm
index	I-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
rank	O
of	O
their	O
accurateness	O
is	O
computed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
are	O
returned	O
to	O
the	O
client	O
via	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQLCMD	O
is	O
a	O
command	O
line	O
application	O
that	O
comes	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
and	O
exposes	O
the	O
management	O
features	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
SQL	B-Language
queries	I-Language
to	O
be	O
written	O
and	O
executed	O
from	O
the	O
command	O
prompt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
create	O
and	O
run	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
statements	O
as	O
a	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
scripts	O
are	O
stored	O
as	O
a	O
.sql	B-Language
file	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
used	O
either	O
for	O
management	O
of	O
databases	B-Application
or	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
database	B-Application
schema	I-Application
during	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
a	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQLCMD	O
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
and	O
has	O
continued	O
through	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
versions	O
2008	O
,	O
2008	O
R2	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
2016	O
and	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
predecessor	O
for	O
earlier	O
versions	O
was	O
OSQL	O
and	O
ISQL	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
functionally	O
equivalent	O
as	O
it	O
pertains	O
to	O
T-SQL	B-Language
execution	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
command	O
line	O
parameters	O
are	O
identical	O
,	O
although	O
SQLCMD	O
adds	O
extra	O
versatility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Visual	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
includes	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
data	O
programming	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
write	O
and	O
debug	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
executed	O
by	O
SQL	B-Language
CLR	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
data	O
designer	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
graphically	O
create	O
,	O
view	B-Language
or	O
edit	O
database	B-Application
schemas	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Queries	B-Language
can	O
be	O
created	O
either	O
visually	O
or	O
using	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SSMS	B-Device
2008	O
onwards	O
,	O
provides	O
intellisense	B-Application
for	O
SQL	B-Language
queries	I-Language
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Management	I-Device
Studio	I-Device
is	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
tool	O
included	O
with	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
and	O
later	O
for	O
configuring	O
,	O
managing	O
,	O
and	O
administering	O
all	O
components	O
within	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tool	O
includes	O
both	O
script	O
editors	O
and	O
graphical	B-Application
tools	I-Application
that	O
work	O
with	O
objects	O
and	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Management	I-Device
Studio	I-Device
replaces	O
Enterprise	O
Manager	O
as	O
the	O
primary	O
management	O
interface	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
since	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
of	O
SQL	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Management	I-Device
Studio	I-Device
is	O
also	O
available	O
for	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
Edition	I-Application
,	O
for	O
which	O
it	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Management	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
Express	I-Application
(	O
SSMSE	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
central	O
feature	O
of	O
SQL	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Management	I-Device
Studio	I-Device
is	O
the	O
Object	O
Explorer	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
browse	O
,	O
select	B-Language
,	O
and	O
act	O
upon	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
objects	O
within	O
the	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
visually	O
observe	O
and	O
analyze	O
query	B-Language
plans	I-Language
and	O
optimize	O
the	O
database	O
performance	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Device
Server	I-Device
Management	I-Device
Studio	I-Device
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
database	O
,	O
alter	O
any	O
existing	O
database	B-Application
schema	I-Application
by	O
adding	O
or	O
modifying	O
tables	O
and	O
indexes	B-Data_Structure
,	O
or	O
analyze	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
the	O
query	B-Language
windows	O
which	O
provide	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
based	O
interface	O
to	O
write	O
and	O
execute	O
queries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Azure	O
Data	O
Studio	O
is	O
a	O
cross	O
platform	O
query	B-Language
editor	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
optional	O
download	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tool	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
write	O
queries	B-Language
;	O
export	O
query	B-Language
results	O
;	O
commit	O
SQL	B-Language
scripts	I-Language
to	O
Git	B-Application
repositories	O
and	O
perform	O
basic	O
server	B-Application
diagnostics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Azure	O
Data	O
Studio	O
supports	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
release	O
the	O
preview	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
Operations	O
Studio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Development	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
(	O
BIDS	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
IDE	B-Application
from	O
Microsoft	O
used	O
for	O
developing	O
data	O
analysis	O
and	O
Business	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
solutions	O
utilizing	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
Analysis	O
Services	O
,	O
Reporting	B-Application
Services	I-Application
and	O
Integration	B-Application
Services	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Visual	I-Application
Studio	I-Application
development	O
environment	O
but	O
is	O
customized	O
with	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
services-specific	O
extensions	O
and	O
project	O
types	O
,	O
including	O
tools	O
,	O
controls	O
and	O
projects	O
for	O
reports	O
(	O
using	O
Reporting	B-Application
Services	I-Application
)	O
,	O
Cubes	O
and	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
structures	O
(	O
using	O
Analysis	O
Services	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	B-Application
2012	O
and	O
later	O
,	O
this	O
IDE	B-Application
has	O
been	O
renamed	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Data	I-Application
Tools	I-Application
(	O
SSDT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
