<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
is	O
a	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
DBMS	O
)	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
that	O
combines	O
the	O
relational	B-Application
Access	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
(	O
ACE	O
)	O
with	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
software-development	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
365	I-Operating_System
suite	B-Application
of	I-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Professional	O
and	O
higher	O
editions	O
or	O
sold	O
separately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
stores	O
data	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
format	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Access	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
Jet	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
import	O
or	O
link	O
directly	O
to	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
other	O
applications	O
and	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
,	O
data	B-Application
architects	I-Application
and	O
power	B-General_Concept
users	I-General_Concept
can	O
use	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
to	O
develop	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
Access	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
for	I-Language
Applications	I-Language
(	O
VBA	B-Language
)	O
,	O
an	O
object-based	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	O
that	O
can	O
reference	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
objects	O
including	O
the	O
legacy	O
DAO	B-Library
(	O
Data	B-Library
Access	I-Library
Objects	I-Library
)	O
,	O
ActiveX	B-Library
Data	I-Library
Objects	I-Library
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
ActiveX	B-Application
components	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	O
objects	O
used	O
in	O
forms	O
and	O
reports	O
expose	O
their	O
methods	O
and	O
properties	O
in	O
the	O
VBA	B-Language
programming	O
environment	O
,	O
and	O
VBA	B-Language
code	O
modules	B-Architecture
may	O
declare	O
and	O
call	O
Windows	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Access	O
,	O
Borland	O
(	O
with	O
Paradox	B-Application
and	O
dBase	B-Application
)	O
and	O
Fox	O
(	O
with	O
FoxPro	B-Application
)	O
dominated	O
the	O
desktop	O
database	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
mass-market	O
database	O
program	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
purchase	O
of	O
FoxPro	B-Application
in	O
1992	O
and	O
the	O
incorporation	O
of	O
Fox	O
's	O
Rushmore	O
query	B-Language
optimization	I-Language
routines	O
into	O
Access	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
quickly	O
became	O
the	O
dominant	O
database	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
—	O
effectively	O
eliminating	O
the	O
competition	O
which	O
failed	O
to	O
transition	O
from	O
the	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
referred	O
to	O
an	O
unrelated	O
telecommunication	O
program	O
that	O
provided	O
terminal	O
emulation	O
and	O
interfaces	O
for	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
in	O
accessing	O
online	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Dow	O
Jones	O
,	O
Compuserve	O
and	O
electronic	O
mailbox	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
first	O
attempt	O
to	O
sell	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
product	O
was	O
during	O
the	O
mid	O
1980s	O
,	O
when	O
Microsoft	O
obtained	O
the	O
license	O
to	O
sell	O
R:Base	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
confirmed	O
in	O
1988	O
that	O
a	O
database	O
product	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
in	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
going	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
"	O
EB	O
"	O
Embedded	O
Basic	O
language	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
going	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
language	O
for	O
writing	O
macros	O
in	O
all	O
Microsoft	O
applications	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
unification	O
of	O
macro	O
languages	O
did	O
not	O
happen	O
until	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
for	I-Language
Applications	I-Language
(	O
VBA	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Omega	O
was	O
also	O
expected	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
to	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
was	O
very	O
resource-hungry	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
were	O
reports	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
working	O
slowly	O
on	O
the	O
386	B-General_Concept
processors	O
that	O
were	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parts	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
were	O
later	O
used	O
for	O
other	O
Microsoft	O
projects	O
:	O
Cirrus	O
(	O
codename	O
for	O
Access	O
)	O
and	O
Thunder	O
(	O
codename	O
for	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
,	O
where	O
the	O
Embedded	O
Basic	O
engine	O
was	O
used	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
Omega	O
project	O
was	O
scrapped	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
developers	B-Application
were	O
assigned	O
to	O
the	O
Cirrus	O
project	O
(	O
most	O
were	O
assigned	O
to	O
the	O
team	O
which	O
created	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
goal	O
was	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
competitor	O
for	O
applications	O
like	O
Paradox	B-Application
or	O
dBase	B-Application
that	O
would	O
work	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Microsoft	O
acquired	O
FoxPro	B-Application
,	O
there	O
were	O
rumors	O
that	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
project	O
might	O
get	O
replaced	O
with	O
it	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
company	O
decided	O
to	O
develop	O
them	O
in	O
parallel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
assumed	O
that	O
the	O
project	O
would	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
Extensible	B-Application
Storage	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
(	O
Jet	B-Application
Blue	I-Application
)	O
but	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
end	O
,	O
only	O
support	O
for	O
Jet	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
(	O
Jet	B-Application
Red	I-Application
)	O
was	O
provided	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
used	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
from	O
both	O
the	O
Omega	O
project	O
and	O
a	O
pre-release	O
version	O
of	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
1992	O
,	O
betas	O
of	O
Cirrus	O
shipped	O
to	O
developers	B-Application
and	O
the	O
name	O
Access	O
became	O
the	O
official	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Access	O
v2.0	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
specified	O
the	O
minimum	O
hardware	O
requirements	O
to	O
be	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
v3.1	O
with	O
4MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
required	O
,	O
6MB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
recommended	O
;	O
8MB	O
of	O
available	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
space	O
required	O
,	O
14MB	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
space	O
recommended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
4.3	O
Professional	O
with	O
Book	O
Shelf	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
2.0	O
was	O
included	O
with	O
first	O
sample	O
databases	B-Application
"	O
NorthWind	O
Trader	O
"	O
which	O
covered	O
every	O
possible	O
aspect	O
of	O
programming	O
your	O
own	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
photo	O
of	O
Andrew	O
Fuller	O
,	O
record	B-Application
#2	O
of	O
that	O
sample	O
database	O
was	O
the	O
individual	O
that	O
presented	O
and	O
worked	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
provide	O
such	O
an	O
outstanding	O
example	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Office	B-Operating_System
95	I-Operating_System
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
7.0	O
(	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Access	O
95	O
"	O
)	O
became	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
Professional	O
Suite	O
,	O
joining	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
,	O
Word	B-Application
,	O
and	O
PowerPoint	B-Application
and	O
transitioning	O
from	O
Access	O
Basic	O
to	O
VBA	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
has	O
released	O
new	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
with	O
each	O
release	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
Access	B-Application
97	I-Application
(	O
version	O
8.0	O
)	O
,	O
Access	O
2000	O
(	O
version	O
9.0	O
)	O
,	O
Access	B-Application
2002	I-Application
(	O
version	O
10.0	O
)	O
,	O
Access	O
2003	O
(	O
version	O
11.5	O
)	O
,	O
Access	O
2007	O
(	O
version	O
12.0	O
)	O
,	O
Access	O
2010	O
(	O
version	O
14.0	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Access	O
2013	O
(	O
version	O
15.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
3.0	O
and	O
3.5	O
of	O
Jet	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
(	O
used	O
by	O
Access	O
7.0	O
and	O
the	O
later-released	O
Access	B-Application
97	I-Application
respectively	O
)	O
had	O
a	O
critical	O
issue	O
which	O
made	O
these	O
versions	O
of	O
Access	O
unusable	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
1GB	O
of	O
memory	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Microsoft	O
fixed	O
this	O
problem	O
for	O
Jet	B-Application
3.5/Access	O
97	O
post-release	O
,	O
it	O
never	O
fixed	O
the	O
issue	O
with	O
Jet	B-Application
3.0/Access	O
95	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
native	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
format	O
(	O
the	O
Jet	B-Application
MDB	O
Database	O
)	O
has	O
also	O
evolved	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
significant	O
transition	O
was	O
from	O
the	O
Access	B-Application
97	I-Application
to	O
the	O
Access	O
2000	O
format	O
;	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
earlier	O
versions	O
of	O
Access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
features	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Access	B-Application
2002	I-Application
format	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
Access	B-Application
2002	I-Application
,	O
2003	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
2000	O
increased	O
the	O
maximum	O
database	O
size	O
to	O
2GB	O
from	O
1GB	O
in	O
Access	B-Application
97	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
2007	I-Application
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
database	O
format	O
:	O
ACCDB	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
links	O
to	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
lists	O
and	O
complex	O
data	O
types	O
such	O
as	O
multivalue	O
and	O
attachment	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
2007	I-Application
also	O
introduced	O
File	O
Attachment	O
field	O
,	O
which	O
stored	O
data	O
more	O
efficiently	O
than	O
the	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
(	O
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
)	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
2010	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
ACCDB	B-Application
format	O
supported	O
hosting	O
Access	O
Web	O
services	O
on	O
a	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
2010	I-Protocol
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
user	O
on	O
the	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
site	O
with	O
sufficient	O
rights	O
could	O
use	O
the	O
Access	O
Web	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
copy	O
of	O
Access	O
was	O
still	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
developer	B-Application
to	O
create	O
the	O
Access	O
Web	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
desktop	O
version	O
of	O
Access	O
remained	O
part	O
of	O
Access	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Access	O
Web	O
services	O
were	O
not	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automation	O
was	O
only	O
through	O
the	O
macro	O
language	O
(	O
not	O
VBA	B-Language
)	O
which	O
Access	O
automatically	O
converted	O
to	O
JavaScript	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
was	O
no	O
longer	O
in	O
an	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
but	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
lists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
Access	O
desktop	O
database	O
could	O
link	O
to	O
the	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
data	O
,	O
so	O
hybrid	O
applications	O
were	O
possible	O
so	O
that	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
users	O
needing	O
basic	O
views	O
and	O
edits	O
could	O
be	O
supported	O
while	O
the	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
,	O
traditional	O
applications	O
could	O
remain	O
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
2013	O
offers	O
traditional	O
Access	O
desktop	B-Application
applications	I-Application
plus	O
a	O
significantly	O
updated	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
2013	O
web	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Access	O
Web	O
model	O
in	O
Access	O
2010	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
new	O
architecture	O
that	O
stores	O
its	O
data	O
in	O
actual	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
lists	O
,	O
this	O
offers	O
true	O
relational	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
with	O
referential	B-General_Concept
integrity	I-General_Concept
,	O
scalability	O
,	O
extensibility	O
and	O
performance	O
one	O
would	O
expect	O
from	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
database	O
solutions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
on	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
2013	O
offer	O
a	O
modern	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
designed	O
to	O
display	O
multiple	O
levels	O
of	O
relationships	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
and	O
edited	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
resizing	O
for	O
different	O
devices	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
is	O
no	O
longer	O
included	O
in	O
one-time	O
purchase	O
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
2021	I-Application
,	O
but	O
remains	O
within	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
365	I-Operating_System
counterpart	O
,	O
as	O
Apps	O
for	O
business	O
and	O
Business	O
Standard	O
editions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
using	O
its	O
own	O
database	O
storage	O
file	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
also	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
'	O
front-end	B-Architecture
'	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
while	O
other	O
products	O
act	O
as	O
the	O
'	O
back-end	B-Architecture
'	O
tables	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
and	O
non-Microsoft	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
and	O
Sybase	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
backend	B-Architecture
sources	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
Jet	B-Application
Database	I-Application
(	O
ACCDB	B-Application
and	O
MDB	O
formats	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
some	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
,	O
ASP.NET	B-Application
,	O
or	O
Visual	O
Studio	O
.NET	B-Application
will	O
use	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
database	O
format	O
for	O
its	O
tables	O
and	O
queries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
may	O
also	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
more	O
complex	O
solution	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
integrated	O
with	O
other	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Excel	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Outlook	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
PowerPoint	I-Application
and	O
ActiveX	B-Application
controls	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
tables	O
support	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
standard	O
field	O
types	O
,	O
indices	B-Data_Structure
,	O
and	O
referential	B-General_Concept
integrity	I-General_Concept
including	O
cascading	B-General_Concept
updates	B-Language
and	O
deletes	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
query	B-Language
interface	O
,	O
forms	O
to	O
display	O
and	O
enter	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
reports	O
for	O
printing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
underlying	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
,	O
which	O
contains	O
these	O
objects	O
,	O
is	O
multi-user	B-Operating_System
and	O
handles	O
record-locking	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
easy	O
to	O
place	O
a	O
database	O
on	O
a	O
network	O
and	O
have	O
multiple	B-Operating_System
users	I-Operating_System
share	O
and	O
update	O
data	O
without	O
overwriting	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
is	O
locked	B-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
record	B-Application
level	O
which	O
is	O
significantly	O
different	O
from	O
Excel	B-Application
which	O
locks	B-Operating_System
the	O
entire	O
spreadsheet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
template	O
databases	B-Application
within	O
the	O
program	O
and	O
for	O
download	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
options	O
are	O
available	O
upon	O
starting	O
Access	O
and	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
enhance	O
a	O
database	O
with	O
predefined	O
tables	O
,	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
and	O
macros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Database	O
templates	O
support	O
VBA	B-Language
code	O
,	O
but	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
templates	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
VBA	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmers	B-Application
can	O
create	O
solutions	O
using	O
VBA	B-Language
,	O
which	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
6.0	I-Language
(	O
VB6	B-Language
)	O
and	O
used	O
throughout	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
programs	O
such	O
as	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
Word	B-Application
,	O
Outlook	B-Application
and	O
PowerPoint	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
VB6	B-Language
code	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
API	B-General_Concept
calls	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
VBA	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	B-General_Concept
users	I-General_Concept
and	O
developers	B-Application
can	O
extend	O
basic	O
end-user	O
solutions	O
to	O
a	O
professional	O
solution	O
with	O
advanced	O
automation	O
,	O
data	O
validation	O
,	O
error	B-General_Concept
trapping	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
multi-user	B-Operating_System
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
using	O
an	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
solution	O
in	O
a	O
multi-user	B-Operating_System
scenario	O
,	O
the	O
application	O
should	O
be	O
"	O
split	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
tables	O
are	O
in	O
one	O
file	O
called	O
the	O
back	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
(	O
typically	O
stored	O
on	O
a	O
shared	O
network	O
folder	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
application	O
components	O
(	O
forms	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
code	O
,	O
macros	O
,	O
linked	O
tables	O
)	O
are	O
in	O
another	O
file	O
called	O
the	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
linked	O
tables	O
in	O
the	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
point	O
to	O
the	O
back	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
user	O
of	O
the	O
Access	O
application	O
would	O
then	O
receive	O
his	O
or	O
her	O
own	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
that	O
run	O
complex	O
queries	B-Language
or	O
analysis	O
across	O
large	O
datasets	O
would	O
naturally	O
require	O
greater	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
memory	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
is	O
designed	O
to	O
scale	O
to	O
support	O
more	O
data	O
and	O
users	O
by	O
linking	O
to	O
multiple	O
Access	O
databases	B-Application
or	O
using	O
a	O
back-end	B-Architecture
database	O
like	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
's	O
role	O
in	O
web	O
development	O
prior	O
to	O
version	O
2010	O
is	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
interface	I-Application
features	O
of	O
Access	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
forms	O
and	O
reports	O
,	O
only	O
work	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Jet	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
,	O
core	O
to	O
Access	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
through	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
ODBC	B-Application
or	O
OLE	B-Language
DB	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
tables	O
and	O
queries	B-Language
)	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
by	O
web-based	B-Application
applications	I-Application
developed	O
in	O
ASP.NET	B-Application
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
or	O
Java	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Terminal	B-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
and	O
Remote	O
Desktop	B-Application
Application	I-Application
in	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
,	O
organizations	O
can	O
host	O
Access	O
applications	O
so	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
over	O
the	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
does	O
not	O
scale	O
the	O
way	O
a	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
would	O
but	O
is	O
appropriate	O
for	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
configuration	O
of	O
the	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
2010	O
allows	O
databases	B-Application
to	O
be	O
published	O
to	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
2010	I-Protocol
web	O
sites	O
running	O
Access	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
web-based	B-Application
forms	O
and	O
reports	O
run	O
in	O
any	O
modern	O
web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
web	B-General_Concept
forms	I-General_Concept
and	O
reports	O
,	O
when	O
accessed	O
via	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
,	O
do	O
n't	O
require	O
any	O
add-ins	O
or	O
extensions	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
ActiveX	B-Application
and	O
Silverlight	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
2013	O
can	O
create	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
directly	O
in	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
2013	O
sites	O
running	O
Access	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
2013	O
web	O
solutions	O
store	O
its	O
data	O
in	O
an	O
underlying	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
database	O
which	O
is	O
much	O
more	O
scalable	O
and	O
robust	O
than	O
the	O
Access	O
2010	O
version	O
which	O
used	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
lists	O
to	O
store	O
its	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
Services	O
in	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
has	O
since	O
been	O
retired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
compiled	B-Language
version	O
of	O
an	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
(	O
file	O
extensions	O
.MDE	B-Application
/ACCDE	O
or	O
.ADE	O
;	O
ACCDE	O
only	O
works	O
with	O
Access	O
2007	O
or	O
later	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
to	O
prevent	O
users	O
from	O
accessing	O
the	O
design	O
surfaces	O
to	O
modify	O
module	B-Architecture
code	O
,	O
forms	O
,	O
and	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
MDE	O
or	O
ADE	O
file	O
is	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
database	O
file	O
with	O
all	O
modules	B-Architecture
compiled	B-Language
and	O
all	O
editable	O
source	O
code	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
the	O
.MDE	B-Application
and	O
.ADE	O
versions	O
of	O
an	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
are	O
used	O
when	O
end-user	O
modifications	O
are	O
not	O
allowed	O
or	O
when	O
the	O
application	O
's	O
source	O
code	O
should	O
be	O
kept	O
confidential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
also	O
offers	O
for	O
download	O
to	O
help	O
distribute	O
Access	O
2007	O
applications	O
,	O
create	O
database	O
templates	O
,	O
and	O
integrate	O
source	O
code	O
control	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
Visual	I-Protocol
SourceSafe	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
create	O
tables	O
,	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
and	O
reports	O
,	O
and	O
connect	O
them	O
together	O
with	O
macros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
users	O
can	O
use	O
VBA	B-Language
to	O
write	O
rich	O
solutions	O
with	O
advanced	O
data	O
manipulation	O
and	O
user	B-Application
control	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
features	O
include	O
:	O
the	O
import	O
and	O
export	O
of	O
data	O
to	O
many	O
formats	O
including	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
Outlook	B-Application
,	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
,	O
dBase	B-Application
,	O
Paradox	B-Application
,	O
FoxPro	B-Application
,	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
and	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
perform	O
heterogeneous	B-General_Concept
joins	O
between	O
data	O
sets	O
stored	O
across	O
different	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
by	O
people	O
downloading	O
data	O
from	O
enterprise	B-Application
level	I-Application
databases	I-Application
for	O
manipulation	O
,	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
reporting	O
locally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
Access	B-Application
Database	I-Application
(	O
ACE	O
and	O
formerly	O
Jet	B-Application
)	O
format	O
(	O
MDB	O
or	O
ACCDB	B-Application
in	O
Access	O
2007	O
)	O
which	O
can	O
contain	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
data	O
in	O
one	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
Access	O
from	O
a	O
programmer	B-Application
's	O
perspective	O
is	O
its	O
relative	O
compatibility	O
with	O
SQL	B-Language
(	O
structured	B-Language
query	I-Language
language	I-Language
)	O
—	O
queries	B-Language
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
graphically	O
or	O
edited	O
as	O
SQL	B-Language
statements	O
,	O
and	O
SQL	B-Language
statements	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
directly	O
in	O
Macros	O
and	O
VBA	B-Language
Modules	B-Architecture
to	O
manipulate	O
Access	O
tables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
mix	O
and	O
use	O
both	O
VBA	B-Language
and	O
"	O
Macros	O
"	O
for	O
programming	O
forms	O
and	O
logic	O
and	O
offers	O
object-oriented	B-Language
possibilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VBA	B-Language
can	O
also	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
queries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
offers	O
parameterized	O
queries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
queries	B-Language
and	O
Access	O
tables	O
can	O
be	O
referenced	O
from	O
other	O
programs	O
like	O
VB6	B-Language
and	O
.NET	B-Application
through	O
DAO	B-Library
or	O
ADO	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
,	O
VBA	B-Language
can	O
reference	O
parameterized	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
via	O
ADO	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
desktop	O
editions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
Access	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
Jet	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
support	O
started	O
with	O
MSDE	B-Application
(	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
Desktop	O
Engine	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
scaled	O
down	O
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2000	O
,	O
and	O
continues	O
with	O
the	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Express	I-Application
versions	O
of	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2005	O
and	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
is	O
a	O
file	O
server-based	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
RDBMS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
does	O
not	O
implement	O
database	B-Language
triggers	I-Language
,	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
logging	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
2010	O
includes	O
table-level	O
triggers	O
and	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
built	O
into	O
the	O
ACE	O
data	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
a	O
Client-server	B-Operating_System
database	B-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
not	O
a	O
requirement	O
for	O
using	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
or	O
table	O
triggers	O
with	O
Access	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tables	O
,	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
,	O
reports	O
and	O
macros	O
can	O
now	O
be	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
web	B-Application
based	I-Application
applications	I-Application
in	O
Access	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integration	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
2010	I-Protocol
is	O
also	O
highly	O
improved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2013	O
edition	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
introduced	O
a	O
mostly	O
flat	O
design	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
install	O
apps	O
from	O
the	O
Office	B-Application
Store	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
introduce	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASP.NET	B-Application
web	B-General_Concept
forms	I-General_Concept
can	O
query	B-Language
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
database	O
,	O
retrieve	O
records	O
and	O
display	O
them	O
on	O
the	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SharePoint	B-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
2010	O
via	O
Access	O
Services	O
allows	O
for	O
Access	O
2010	O
databases	B-Application
to	O
be	O
published	O
to	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
,	O
thus	O
enabling	O
multiple	B-Operating_System
users	I-Operating_System
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
database	O
application	O
from	O
any	O
standards-compliant	O
Web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
Web	O
databases	B-Application
published	O
to	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
Server	I-Protocol
can	O
use	O
standard	O
objects	O
such	O
as	O
tables	O
,	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
,	O
macros	O
,	O
and	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
Services	O
stores	O
those	O
objects	O
in	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
2013	O
offers	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
publish	O
Access	O
web	O
solutions	O
on	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
using	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
lists	O
as	O
its	O
data	O
source	O
,	O
Access	O
2013	O
uses	O
an	O
actual	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
database	O
hosted	O
by	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
or	O
SQL	B-Language
Azure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
offers	O
a	O
true	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
with	O
referential	B-General_Concept
integrity	I-General_Concept
,	O
scalability	O
,	O
maintainability	O
,	O
and	O
extensibility	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
SharePoint	B-Protocol
views	O
Access	O
2010	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
can	O
also	O
import	O
or	O
link	O
directly	O
to	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
other	O
applications	O
and	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
Access	I-Application
2007	O
and	O
newer	O
can	O
import	O
from	O
or	O
link	O
to	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ODBC-compliant	O
data	O
containers	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
offers	O
free	O
runtime	B-Device
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
which	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
an	O
Access	O
desktop	B-Application
application	I-Application
without	O
needing	O
to	O
purchase	O
or	O
install	O
a	O
retail	O
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
actually	O
allows	O
Access	O
developers	B-Application
to	O
create	O
databases	B-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
freely	O
distributed	O
to	O
an	O
unlimited	O
number	O
of	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
runtime	B-Device
versions	O
of	O
Access	O
2007	O
and	O
later	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
for	O
free	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
runtime	B-Device
versions	O
for	O
Access	O
2003	O
and	O
earlier	O
were	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Office	B-Application
Developer	B-Application
Extensions/Toolkit	O
and	O
required	O
a	O
separate	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
runtime	B-Device
version	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
view	O
,	O
edit	O
and	O
delete	B-Language
data	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
running	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
macros	O
and	O
VBA	B-Language
module	B-Architecture
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
runtime	B-Device
version	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
tables	O
,	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
macros	O
or	O
module	B-Architecture
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
runtime	B-Device
versions	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
their	O
corresponding	O
full	O
version	O
of	O
Access	O
and	O
usually	O
compatible	O
with	O
earlier	O
versions	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
Access	O
Runtime	B-Device
2010	O
allows	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
run	O
an	O
Access	O
application	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
2010	O
version	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
2007	O
through	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
deprecated	O
features	O
in	O
Access	O
2013	O
,	O
its	O
runtime	B-Device
version	O
is	O
also	O
unable	O
to	O
support	O
those	O
older	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
development	O
one	O
can	O
simulate	O
the	O
runtime	B-Device
environment	I-Device
from	O
the	O
fully	O
functional	O
version	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
/runtime	O
command-line	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
stores	O
all	O
database	O
tables	O
,	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
macros	O
,	O
and	O
modules	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
Access	O
Jet	B-Application
database	I-Application
as	O
a	O
single	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
query	B-Language
development	O
,	O
Access	O
offers	O
a	O
"	O
Query	B-Language
Designer	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
build	O
queries	B-Language
without	O
knowledge	O
of	O
structured	B-Language
query	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Query	B-Language
Designer	O
,	O
users	O
can	O
"	O
show	O
"	O
the	O
datasources	O
of	O
the	O
query	B-Language
(	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
tables	O
or	O
queries	B-Language
)	O
and	O
select	O
the	O
fields	O
they	O
want	O
returned	O
by	O
clicking	O
and	O
dragging	O
them	O
into	O
the	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
view	O
and	O
manipulate	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
code	O
if	O
desired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
Access	O
table	O
,	O
including	O
linked	O
tables	O
from	O
different	O
data	O
sources	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
query	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
also	O
supports	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
"	O
pass-through	O
queries	B-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
snippets	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
code	O
can	O
address	O
external	O
data	O
sources	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ODBC	B-Application
connections	O
on	O
the	O
local	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
data	O
stored	O
outside	O
the	O
Access	O
program	O
without	O
using	O
linked	O
tables	O
or	O
Jet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
construct	O
the	O
pass-through	O
queries	B-Language
using	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
syntax	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
external	O
data	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
developing	O
reports	O
(	O
in	O
"	O
Design	O
View	O
"	O
)	O
additions	O
or	O
changes	O
to	O
controls	O
cause	O
any	O
linked	O
queries	B-Language
to	O
execute	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
and	O
the	O
designer	O
is	O
forced	O
to	O
wait	O
for	O
records	O
to	O
be	O
returned	O
before	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
make	O
another	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-programmers	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
macro	O
feature	O
to	O
automate	O
simple	O
tasks	O
through	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
drop-down	O
selections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macros	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
easily	O
chain	O
commands	O
together	O
such	O
as	O
running	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
importing	O
or	O
exporting	O
data	O
,	O
opening	O
and	O
closing	O
forms	O
,	O
previewing	O
and	O
printing	O
reports	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
significant	O
further	O
enhancements	O
introduced	O
in	O
Access	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
macros	O
became	O
fully	O
comparable	O
to	O
VBA	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
made	O
feature	O
rich	O
web-based	B-Application
application	I-Application
deployments	O
practical	O
,	O
via	O
a	O
greatly	O
enhanced	O
Microsoft	B-Protocol
SharePoint	I-Protocol
interface	O
and	O
tools	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
on	O
traditional	O
Windows	B-Application
desktops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
common	O
with	O
other	O
products	O
in	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
suite	I-Application
,	O
the	O
other	O
programming	O
language	O
used	O
in	O
Access	O
is	O
Microsoft	O
VBA	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
6.0	I-Language
(	O
VB6	B-Language
)	O
and	O
code	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
modules	B-Architecture
,	O
classes	O
,	O
and	O
code	O
behind	O
forms	O
and	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
create	O
a	O
richer	O
,	O
more	O
efficient	O
and	O
maintainable	O
finished	O
product	O
with	O
good	O
error	B-General_Concept
handling	I-General_Concept
,	O
most	O
professional	O
Access	O
applications	O
are	O
developed	O
using	O
the	O
VBA	B-Language
programming	O
language	O
rather	O
than	O
macros	O
,	O
except	O
where	O
web	O
deployment	O
is	O
a	O
business	O
requirement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
manipulate	O
data	O
in	O
tables	O
and	O
queries	B-Language
in	O
VBA	B-Language
or	O
macros	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
provides	O
two	O
database	O
access	O
libraries	O
of	O
COM	B-Application
components	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
DAO	B-Library
and	O
ADO	B-Library
,	O
developers	B-Application
can	O
also	O
use	O
OLE	B-Language
DB	I-Language
and	O
ODBC	B-Application
for	O
developing	O
native	O
C/C	O
++	O
programs	O
for	O
Access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
ADPs	O
and	O
the	O
direct	O
manipulation	O
of	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
data	O
,	O
ADO	B-Library
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DAO	B-Library
is	O
most	O
appropriate	O
for	O
managing	O
data	O
in	O
Access/Jet	O
databases	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
only	O
way	O
to	O
manipulate	O
the	O
complex	O
field	O
types	O
in	O
ACCDB	B-Application
tables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
database	O
container	O
or	O
navigation	O
pane	O
in	O
Access	O
2007	O
and	O
later	O
versions	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
automatically	O
categorizes	O
each	O
object	O
by	O
type	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
table	O
,	O
query	B-Language
,	O
macro	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Access	O
developers	B-Application
use	O
the	O
Leszynski	O
naming	O
convention	O
,	O
though	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
universal	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
programming	O
convention	O
,	O
not	O
a	O
DBMS-enforced	O
rule	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
particularly	O
helpful	O
in	O
VBA	B-Language
where	O
references	O
to	O
object	O
names	O
may	O
not	O
indicate	O
its	O
data	O
type	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
tbl	O
for	O
tables	O
,	O
qry	O
for	O
queries	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	B-Application
deploy	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
most	O
often	O
for	O
individual	O
and	O
workgroup	O
projects	O
(	O
the	O
Access	B-Application
97	I-Application
speed	O
characterization	O
was	O
done	O
for	O
32	O
users	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Access	B-Application
97	I-Application
,	O
and	O
with	O
Access	O
2003	O
and	O
2007	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
and	O
hardware	O
have	O
evolved	O
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Databases	B-Application
under	O
1	O
GB	O
in	O
size	O
(	O
which	O
can	O
now	O
fit	O
entirely	O
in	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
and	O
200	O
simultaneous	O
users	O
are	O
well	O
within	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
course	O
,	O
performance	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
database	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
and	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
database	O
can	O
be	O
cached	O
in	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
processing	O
speed	O
may	O
substantially	O
improve	O
when	O
there	O
is	O
only	O
a	O
single	B-Operating_System
user	I-Operating_System
or	O
if	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
not	O
changing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
packet	O
latency	O
on	O
the	O
record-locking	B-Operating_System
system	O
caused	O
Access	O
databases	B-Application
to	O
run	O
slowly	O
on	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
private	I-Application
network	I-Application
(	O
VPN	B-Application
)	O
or	O
a	O
wide	O
area	O
network	O
(	O
WAN	O
)	O
against	O
a	O
Jet	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
enhanced	O
if	O
a	O
is	O
maintained	O
to	O
the	O
back-end	B-Architecture
database	O
throughout	O
the	O
session	O
rather	O
than	O
opening	O
and	O
closing	O
it	O
for	O
each	O
table	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2011	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
acknowledged	O
an	O
intermittent	O
query	B-Language
performance	O
problem	O
with	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
Access	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
R2	I-Device
due	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
resource	O
management	O
being	O
vastly	O
different	O
in	O
newer	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
issue	O
severely	O
affects	O
query	B-Language
performance	O
on	O
both	O
Access	O
2003	O
and	O
earlier	O
with	O
the	O
Jet	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
code	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Access	O
2007	O
and	O
later	O
with	O
the	O
Access	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Engine	I-Application
(	O
ACE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
issued	O
hotfixes	O
for	O
Access	O
2007	O
and	O
for	O
Access	O
2010	O
,	O
but	O
will	O
not	O
fix	O
the	O
issue	O
with	O
Jet	B-Application
4.0	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
out	O
of	O
mainstream	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
earlier	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
distribute	O
applications	O
required	O
the	O
purchase	O
of	O
the	O
Developer	B-Application
Toolkit	O
;	O
in	O
Access	O
2007	O
,	O
2010	O
and	O
Access	O
2013	O
the	O
"	O
Runtime	B-Device
Only	O
"	O
version	O
is	O
offered	O
as	O
a	O
free	O
download	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
royalty-free	O
applications	O
possible	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
Vista	B-Application
,	O
7	O
and	O
Windows	O
8.x	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
applications	O
can	O
adopt	O
a	O
split-database	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
single	O
database	O
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
a	O
separate	O
"	O
back-end	B-Architecture
"	O
file	O
that	O
contains	O
the	O
data	O
tables	O
(	O
shared	O
on	O
a	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
)	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
front-end	B-Architecture
"	O
(	O
containing	O
the	O
application	O
's	O
objects	O
such	O
as	O
queries	B-Language
,	O
forms	O
,	O
reports	O
,	O
macros	O
,	O
and	O
modules	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
front-end	B-Architecture
"	O
Access	O
application	O
is	O
distributed	O
to	O
each	O
user	O
's	O
desktop	O
and	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
shared	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
this	O
approach	O
,	O
each	O
user	O
has	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
(	O
or	O
the	O
runtime	B-Device
version	O
)	O
installed	O
on	O
their	O
machine	O
along	O
with	O
their	O
application	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
front-end	B-Architecture
"	O
database	O
can	O
still	O
contain	O
local	O
tables	O
for	O
storing	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
settings	O
or	O
temporary	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
is	O
ready	O
,	O
the	O
front-end	B-Architecture
database	O
is	O
replaced	O
without	O
impacting	O
the	O
data	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
has	O
two	O
built-in	O
utilities	O
,	O
Database	O
Splitter	O
and	O
Linked	O
Table	O
Manager	O
,	O
to	O
facilitate	O
this	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linked	O
tables	O
in	O
Access	O
use	O
absolute	O
paths	O
rather	O
than	O
relative	O
paths	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
development	O
environment	O
either	O
has	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
path	O
as	O
the	O
production	O
environment	O
or	O
a	O
"	O
dynamic-linker	O
"	O
routine	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
VBA	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
very	O
large	O
Access	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
this	O
may	O
have	O
performance	O
issues	O
and	O
a	O
SQL	B-Language
backend	B-Architecture
should	O
be	O
considered	O
in	O
these	O
circumstances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
less	O
of	O
an	O
issue	O
if	O
the	O
entire	O
database	O
can	O
fit	O
in	O
the	O
PC	O
's	O
RAM	B-Architecture
since	O
Access	O
caches	O
data	O
and	O
indexes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
scale	O
Access	O
applications	O
to	O
enterprise	O
or	O
web	O
solutions	O
,	O
one	O
possible	O
technique	O
involves	O
migrating	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
or	O
equivalent	O
server	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
design	O
significantly	O
reduces	O
maintenance	O
and	O
increases	O
security	O
,	O
availability	O
,	O
stability	O
,	O
and	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
logging	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
2000	O
through	O
Access	O
2010	O
included	O
a	O
feature	O
called	O
the	O
Upsizing	O
Wizard	O
that	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
upgrade	O
their	O
databases	B-Application
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
an	O
ODBC	B-Application
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
additional	O
solution	O
,	O
the	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
Migration	O
Assistant	O
for	O
Access	O
(	O
SSMA	O
)	O
,	O
continues	O
to	O
be	O
available	O
for	O
free	O
download	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
migrating	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
queries	B-Language
to	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Access	B-Application
database	I-Application
can	O
be	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
SQL	B-Language
database	I-Language
,	O
subject	O
to	O
data	O
type	O
conversion	O
limitations	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Yes/No	O
"	O
types	O
:	O
In	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
there	O
are	O
three	O
states	O
for	O
the	O
Yes/No	O
(	O
True/False	O
)	O
data	O
type	O
:	O
empty	O
,	O
no/false	O
(	O
zero	O
)	O
and	O
yes/true	O
(	O
-1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
corresponding	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
data	O
type	O
is	O
binary	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
two	O
states	O
,	O
permissible	O
values	O
,	O
zero	O
and	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Date/Time	O
(	O
Extended	O
)	O
:	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
's	O
smalldatetime	O
format	O
has	O
precision	O
of	O
1	O
minute	O
,	O
minimum	O
date	O
value	O
is	O
1900-01-01	O
,	O
maximum	O
date	O
value	O
is	O
2079-06-06	O
;	O
datetime	O
format	O
has	O
precision	O
of	O
10/3	O
milliseconds	O
(	O
rounded	O
to	O
increments	O
of	O
.000	O
,	O
.003	O
,	O
or	O
.007	O
seconds	O
)	O
,	O
minimum	O
date	O
value	O
is	O
1753-01-01	O
,	O
maximum	O
date	O
value	O
is	O
9999-12-31	O
;	O
datetime2	O
format	O
has	O
precision	O
of	O
100	O
nanoseconds	O
,	O
minimum	O
date	O
value	O
is	O
0001-01-01	O
,	O
same	O
maximmum	O
date	O
value	O
as	O
datetime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
's	O
Date/Time	O
and	O
Date/Time	O
Extended	O
have	O
higher	O
precisions	O
than	O
smalldatetime	O
and	O
datetime	O
and	O
datetime2	O
,	O
and	O
wider	O
date	O
range	O
than	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
's	O
smalldatetime	O
and	O
datetime	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regardless	O
,	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
is	O
still	O
the	O
easiest	O
migration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Retrieving	O
data	O
from	O
linked	O
tables	O
is	O
optimized	O
to	O
just	O
the	O
records	O
needed	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
scenario	O
may	O
operate	O
less	O
efficiently	O
than	O
what	O
would	O
otherwise	O
be	O
optimal	O
for	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
previous	O
versions	O
of	O
Access	O
,	O
including	O
Access	O
2010	O
,	O
databases	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
Access	O
Data	O
Projects	O
(	O
ADP	O
)	O
which	O
are	O
tied	O
directly	O
to	O
one	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADP	O
's	O
support	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
directly	O
create	O
and	O
modify	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
objects	O
such	O
as	O
tables	O
,	O
views	O
,	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
constraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
views	O
and	O
stored	B-General_Concept
procedures	I-General_Concept
can	O
significantly	O
reduce	O
the	O
network	O
traffic	O
for	O
multi-table	O
joins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
supports	O
temporary	O
tables	O
and	O
links	O
to	O
other	O
data	O
sources	O
beyond	O
the	O
single	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
some	O
Access	O
databases	B-Application
are	O
completely	O
replaced	O
by	O
another	O
technology	O
such	O
as	O
ASP.NET	B-Application
or	O
Java	B-Device
once	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
converted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
any	O
migration	O
may	O
dictate	O
major	O
effort	O
since	O
the	O
Access	O
SQL	B-Language
language	I-Language
is	O
a	O
more	O
powerful	O
superset	O
of	O
standard	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
Access	O
application	O
procedures	O
,	O
whether	O
VBA	B-Language
and	O
macros	O
,	O
are	O
written	O
at	O
a	O
relatively	O
higher	O
level	O
versus	O
the	O
currently	O
available	O
alternatives	O
that	O
are	O
both	O
robust	O
and	O
comprehensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
the	O
Access	O
macro	O
language	O
,	O
allowing	O
an	O
even	O
higher	O
level	O
of	O
abstraction	O
than	O
VBA	B-Language
,	O
was	O
significantly	O
enhanced	O
in	O
Access	O
2010	O
and	O
again	O
in	O
Access	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
cases	O
,	O
developers	B-Application
build	O
direct	O
web-to-data	O
interfaces	O
using	O
ASP.NET	B-Application
,	O
while	O
keeping	O
major	O
business	O
automation	O
processes	O
,	O
administrative	O
and	O
reporting	O
functions	O
that	O
do	O
n't	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
to	O
everyone	O
in	O
Access	O
for	O
information	O
workers	O
to	O
maintain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
all	O
Access	O
data	O
can	O
migrate	O
to	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
directly	O
,	O
some	O
queries	B-Language
cannot	O
migrate	O
successfully	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
situations	O
,	O
you	O
may	O
need	O
to	O
translate	O
VBA	B-Language
functions	O
and	O
user	O
defined	O
functions	O
into	O
TSQL	O
or	O
.NET	B-Application
functions	O
/	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crosstab	O
queries	B-Language
can	O
be	O
migrated	O
to	O
SQL	B-Application
Server	I-Application
using	O
the	O
PIVOT	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
applications	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
secure	O
by	O
various	O
methods	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
basic	O
being	O
password	O
access	O
control	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
relatively	O
weak	O
form	O
of	O
protection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
separate	O
workgroup	O
security	O
file	O
contains	O
the	O
settings	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
manage	O
multiple	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workgroup	O
security	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
in	O
the	O
Access	O
2007	O
and	O
Access	O
2010	O
ACCDB	B-Application
database	O
format	O
,	O
although	O
Access	O
2007	O
and	O
Access	O
2010	O
still	O
support	O
it	O
for	O
MDB	O
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Databases	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
encrypted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ACCDB	B-Application
format	O
offers	O
significantly	O
advanced	O
encryption	O
from	O
previous	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
database	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
needs	O
to	O
be	O
secured	O
to	O
prevent	O
changes	O
,	O
Access	O
databases	B-Application
can	O
be	O
locked/protected	O
(	O
and	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
compiled	B-Language
)	O
by	O
converting	O
the	O
database	O
to	O
a	O
.MDE	B-Application
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
VBA	B-Language
project	O
(	O
modules	B-Architecture
,	O
forms	O
,	O
or	O
reports	O
)	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
MDB	O
and	O
then	O
reconverted	O
to	O
MDE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Access	O
2007	O
and	O
Access	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
ACCDB	B-Application
database	O
is	O
converted	O
to	O
an	O
ACCDE	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
tools	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
unlocking	O
and	O
"	O
decompiling	B-Application
"	O
,	O
although	O
certain	O
elements	O
including	O
original	O
VBA	B-Language
comments	O
and	O
formatting	O
are	O
normally	O
irretrievable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Access	I-Application
saves	O
information	O
under	O
the	O
following	O
file	O
formats	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
+Current	O
formats	O
File	O
format	O
Extension	O
Access	O
Blank	O
Project	O
Template	O
.adn	O
Access	B-Application
Database	I-Application
(	O
2007	O
and	O
later	O
)	O
.accdb	O
Access	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Runtime	B-Device
(	O
2007	O
and	O
later	O
)	O
.accdr	O
Access	B-Application
Database	I-Application
Template	O
(	O
2007	O
and	O
later	O
)	O
.accdt	O
Access	O
Add-In	O
(	O
2007	O
and	O
later	O
)	O
.accda	O
Access	O
Workgroup	O
,	O
database	O
for	O
user-level	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
no	O
Access	O
versions	O
between	O
2.0	O
and	O
7.0	O
because	O
the	O
Office	B-Operating_System
95	I-Operating_System
version	O
was	O
launched	O
with	O
Word	B-Application
7	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
Office	B-Operating_System
95	I-Operating_System
products	O
have	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
2	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
Access	O
7	O
shows	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
compatible	O
with	O
Word	B-Application
7	O
.	O
</s>
