<s>
The	O
first	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
were	O
designed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
's	O
4004	B-General_Concept
of	O
1971	O
is	O
widely	O
regarded	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designers	O
predominantly	O
used	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
transistors	B-Application
with	O
pMOS	B-Algorithm
logic	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
,	O
switching	O
to	O
nMOS	B-Algorithm
logic	I-Algorithm
after	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
nMOS	B-Algorithm
had	O
the	O
advantage	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
voltage	O
,	O
typically	O
+5V	O
,	O
which	O
simplified	O
the	O
power	O
supply	O
requirements	O
and	O
allowed	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
easily	O
interfaced	O
with	O
the	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
+5V	O
transistor-transistor	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
(	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
)	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
nMOS	B-Algorithm
had	O
the	O
disadvantage	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
more	O
susceptible	O
to	O
electronic	O
noise	O
generated	O
by	O
slight	O
impurities	O
in	O
the	O
underlying	O
silicon	O
material	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
until	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
that	O
these	O
,	O
sodium	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
were	O
successfully	O
removed	O
to	O
the	O
required	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
around	O
1975	O
,	O
nMOS	B-Algorithm
quickly	O
took	O
over	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
corresponded	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
new	O
semiconductor	B-Algorithm
masking	I-Algorithm
systems	O
,	O
notably	O
the	O
Micralign	B-Algorithm
system	O
from	O
Perkin-Elmer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Micralign	B-Algorithm
projected	O
an	O
image	O
of	O
the	O
mask	O
onto	O
the	O
silicon	O
wafer	O
,	O
never	O
touching	O
it	O
directly	O
,	O
which	O
eliminated	O
the	O
previous	O
problems	O
when	O
the	O
mask	O
would	O
be	O
lifted	O
off	O
the	O
surface	O
and	O
take	O
away	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
photoresist	O
along	O
with	O
it	O
,	O
ruining	O
the	O
chips	O
on	O
that	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
wafer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
reducing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
flawed	O
chips	O
,	O
from	O
about	O
70%	O
to	O
10%	O
,	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
complex	O
designs	O
like	O
early	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
fell	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
amount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Systems	O
based	O
on	O
contact	O
aligners	O
cost	O
on	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
$300	O
in	O
single-unit	O
quantities	O
,	O
the	O
MOS	B-General_Concept
6502	I-General_Concept
,	O
designed	O
specifically	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
these	O
improvements	O
,	O
cost	O
only	O
$25	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
on	O
,	O
4-bit	O
processors	O
were	O
common	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
4004	I-General_Concept
,	O
simply	O
because	O
making	O
a	O
wider	O
word	O
length	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
accomplished	O
cost-effectively	O
in	O
the	O
room	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
small	O
wafers	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
the	O
majority	O
would	O
be	O
defective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
yields	O
improved	O
,	O
wafer	O
sizes	O
grew	O
,	O
and	O
feature	O
size	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
reduced	O
,	O
more	O
complex	O
8-bit	O
designs	O
emerged	O
like	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8080	I-General_Concept
and	O
6502	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
16-bit	B-Device
processors	I-Device
emerged	O
early	O
but	O
were	O
expensive	O
;	O
by	O
the	O
decade	O
's	O
end	O
,	O
low-cost	O
16-bit	B-Device
designs	O
like	O
the	O
Zilog	B-Device
Z8000	I-Device
were	O
becoming	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
unusual	O
word	O
lengths	O
were	O
also	O
produced	O
,	O
including	O
12-bit	B-Device
and	O
20-bit	O
,	O
often	O
matching	O
a	O
design	O
that	O
had	O
previously	O
been	O
implemented	O
in	O
a	O
multi-chip	O
format	O
in	O
a	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
had	O
largely	O
disappeared	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
as	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
moved	O
to	O
32-bit	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Moore	O
's	O
Law	O
continued	O
to	O
drive	O
the	O
industry	O
towards	O
more	O
complex	O
chip	O
designs	O
,	O
the	O
expected	O
widespread	O
move	O
from	O
8-bit	O
designs	O
of	O
the	O
1970s	O
to	O
16-bit	B-Device
designs	O
almost	O
did	O
n't	O
occur	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
new	O
32-bit	O
designs	O
like	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
and	O
National	B-Device
Semiconductor	I-Device
NS32000	I-Device
emerged	O
that	O
offered	O
far	O
more	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
16-bit	B-Device
systems	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
which	O
had	O
selected	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
8088	I-Device
in	O
1979	O
before	O
the	O
new	O
designs	O
had	O
matured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
change	O
was	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
CMOS	B-Device
gates	O
as	O
the	O
primary	O
method	O
of	O
building	O
complex	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CMOS	B-Device
had	O
been	O
available	O
since	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
;	O
RCA	O
introduced	O
the	O
COSMAC	B-General_Concept
processor	O
using	O
CMOS	B-Device
in	O
1974	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
earlier	O
systems	O
used	O
a	O
single	O
transistor	B-Application
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
each	O
"	O
gate	O
"	O
,	O
CMOS	B-Device
used	O
a	O
two-sided	O
design	O
,	O
essentially	O
making	O
it	O
twice	O
as	O
expensive	O
to	O
build	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
advantage	O
was	O
that	O
its	O
logic	O
was	O
not	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
voltage	O
of	O
a	O
transistor	B-Application
compared	O
to	O
the	O
silicon	O
substrate	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
difference	O
in	O
voltages	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
sides	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
detectable	O
at	O
much	O
lower	O
power	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
processor	O
complexity	O
continued	O
to	O
grow	O
,	O
power	O
dissipation	O
had	O
become	O
a	O
significant	O
concern	O
and	O
chips	O
were	O
prone	O
to	O
overheating	O
;	O
CMOS	B-Device
greatly	O
reduced	O
this	O
problem	O
and	O
quickly	O
took	O
over	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
aided	O
by	O
the	O
uptake	O
of	O
CMOS	B-Device
by	O
Japanese	O
firms	O
while	O
US	O
firms	O
remained	O
on	O
nMOS	B-Algorithm
,	O
giving	O
the	O
Japanese	O
industry	O
a	O
major	O
advance	O
during	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Semiconductor	B-Architecture
fabrication	I-Architecture
techniques	O
continued	O
to	O
improve	O
throughout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Micralign	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
had	O
"	O
created	O
the	O
modern	O
IC	O
industry	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
obsolete	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
new	O
steppers	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
used	O
high	O
magnifications	O
and	O
extremely	O
powerful	O
light	O
sources	O
to	O
allow	O
a	O
large	O
mask	O
to	O
be	O
copied	O
onto	O
the	O
wafer	O
at	O
ever-smaller	O
sizes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
of	O
the	O
6502	B-General_Concept
,	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1975	O
,	O
powered	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	B-Device
,	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
BBC	B-Device
Micro	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
8-bit	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
(	O
1976	O
)	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
,	O
MSX	B-Operating_System
systems	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
8086-based	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
launched	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
started	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
16-bit	B-Device
,	O
but	O
was	O
soon	O
passed	O
by	O
the	O
68000-based	O
16/32	O
-bit	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
then	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatibles	O
moved	O
to	O
32-bit	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80386	I-General_Concept
in	O
late	O
1985	O
,	O
although	O
386-based	O
systems	O
were	O
considerably	O
expensive	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
ever-growing	O
word	O
lengths	O
,	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
began	O
to	O
add	O
additional	O
functional	O
units	O
that	O
had	O
previously	O
been	O
optional	O
external	O
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
(	O
MMUs	O
)	O
were	O
becoming	O
commonplace	O
,	O
first	O
appearing	O
on	O
designs	O
like	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80286	I-General_Concept
and	O
Motorola	B-Device
68030	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
floating	B-General_Concept
point	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
(	O
FPUs	O
)	O
were	O
being	O
added	O
,	O
first	O
appearing	O
on	O
1989s	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
486	I-General_Concept
and	O
followed	O
the	O
next	O
year	O
by	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68040	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
change	O
that	O
began	O
during	O
the	O
1980s	O
involved	O
overall	O
design	O
philosophy	O
with	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
the	O
reduced	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
,	O
or	O
RISC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
concept	O
was	O
first	O
developed	O
by	O
IBM	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
did	O
not	O
introduce	O
powerful	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
it	O
,	O
largely	O
for	O
fear	O
of	O
cannibalizing	O
their	O
sales	O
of	O
larger	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Market	O
introduction	O
was	O
driven	O
by	O
smaller	O
companies	O
like	O
MIPS	B-Device
Technologies	O
,	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
and	O
ARM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
companies	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
high-end	O
fabrication	B-Architecture
like	O
Intel	O
and	O
Motorola	O
,	O
but	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
introduce	O
chips	O
that	O
were	O
highly	O
competitive	O
with	O
those	O
companies	O
with	O
a	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
every	O
major	O
vendor	O
was	O
introducing	O
a	O
RISC	B-Architecture
design	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
POWER	I-Device
,	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
i860	I-General_Concept
and	O
Motorola	B-Architecture
88000	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
32-bit	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
dominated	O
the	O
consumer	O
market	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processor	O
clock	O
speeds	O
increased	O
by	O
more	O
than	O
tenfold	O
between	O
1990	O
and	O
1999	O
,	O
and	O
64-bit	B-Device
processors	I-Device
began	O
to	O
emerge	O
later	O
in	O
the	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
no	O
longer	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
clock	O
speed	O
for	O
the	O
processor	O
and	O
the	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Processors	O
began	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
front-side	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
(	O
FSB	O
)	O
clock	O
speed	O
used	O
in	O
communication	O
with	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
other	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
's	O
Pentium	B-General_Concept
III	I-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
had	O
an	O
internal	O
clock	O
speed	O
of	O
450	O
–	O
600MHz	O
and	O
an	O
FSB	O
speed	O
of	O
100	O
–	O
133MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Date	O
Name	O
Developer	O
Clock	O
Word	O
size(bits )	O
Process	B-Architecture
Transistors(millions )	O
Threads	B-General_Concept
1990	O
68040	B-Device
Motorola	O
40	O
MHz	O
32	O
-	O
1.2	O
1990	O
POWER1	B-General_Concept
IBM	O
20	O
–	O
30	O
MHz	O
32	O
1,000	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
6.9	O
1991	O
R4000	B-General_Concept
MIPS	B-Device
Computer	O
Systems	O
100	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
800	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
1.35	O
1991	O
NVAX	B-Device
DEC	O
62.5	O
–	O
90.91	O
MHz	O
-	O
750	O
nm	O
1.3	O
1991	O
RSC	B-Device
IBM	O
33	O
MHz	O
32	O
800	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
1.0	O
1992	O
SH-1	O
Hitachi	O
20	O
MHz	O
32	O
800	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
0.6	O
1992	O
Alpha	B-General_Concept
21064	I-General_Concept
DEC	O
100	O
–	O
200	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
750	O
nm	O
1.68	O
1992	O
microSPARC	B-Device
I	I-Device
Sun	O
40	O
–	O
50	O
MHz	O
32	O
800	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
0.8	O
1992	O
PA-7100	B-General_Concept
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
100	O
MHz	O
32	O
800	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
0.85	O
1992	O
486SLC	B-Device
Cyrix	O
40	O
MHz	O
16	B-Device
1993	O
HARP-1	O
Hitachi	O
120	O
MHz	O
-	O
500	O
nm	O
2.8	O
1993	O
PowerPC	O
601	O
IBM	O
,	O
Motorola	O
50	O
–	O
80	O
MHz	O
32600	O
nm	O
2.8	O
1993	O
Pentium	B-General_Concept
Intel	O
60	O
–	O
66	O
MHz	O
32	O
800	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
3.1	O
1993	O
POWER2	B-General_Concept
IBM	O
55	O
–	O
71.5	O
MHz	O
32	O
720	O
nm	O
23	O
1994	O
microSPARC	B-Device
II	I-Device
Fujitsu	O
60	O
–	O
125	O
MHz	O
-	O
500	O
nm	O
2.3	O
1994	O
S/390	B-Device
G1	O
IBM	O
-	O
32	O
-	O
1994	O
68060	B-General_Concept
Motorola	O
50	O
MHz	O
32	O
600	O
nm	O
2.5	O
1994	O
Alpha	B-General_Concept
21064A	I-General_Concept
DEC	O
200	O
–	O
300	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
500	O
nm	O
2.85	O
1994	O
R4600	B-Device
QED	O
100	O
–	O
125	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
650	O
nm	O
2.2	O
1994	O
PA-7200	B-General_Concept
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
125	O
MHz	O
32	O
550	O
nm	O
1.26	O
1994	O
PowerPC	O
603	O
IBM	O
,	O
Motorola	O
60	O
–	O
120	O
MHz	O
32	O
500	O
nm	O
1.6	O
1994	O
PowerPC	O
604	O
IBM	O
,	O
Motorola	O
100	O
–	O
180	O
MHz	O
32	O
500	O
nm	O
3.6	O
1994	O
PA-7100LC	B-General_Concept
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
100	O
MHz	O
32	O
750	O
nm	O
0.90	O
1995	O
Alpha	B-General_Concept
21164	I-General_Concept
DEC	O
266	O
–	O
333	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
500	O
nm	O
9.3	O
1995	O
S/390	B-Device
G2	O
IBM	O
-32	O
-	O
1995	O
UltraSPARC	B-General_Concept
Sun	O
143	O
–	O
167	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
470	O
nm	O
5.2	O
1995	O
SPARC64	B-General_Concept
HAL	O
Computer	O
Systems	O
101	O
–	O
118	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
400	O
nm	O
-	O
1995	O
Pentium	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
Intel	O
150	O
–	O
200	O
MHz	O
32350	O
nm	O
5.5	O
1996	O
Alpha	B-General_Concept
21164A	I-General_Concept
DEC	O
400	O
–	O
500	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
350	O
nm	O
9.7	O
1995	O
S/390	B-Device
G3	O
IBM	O
-	O
32	O
-	O
1996	O
K5	O
AMD	O
75	O
–	O
100	O
MHz	O
32	O
500	O
nm	O
4.3	O
1996	O
R10000	B-General_Concept
MTI	O
150	O
–	O
250	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
350	O
nm	O
6.7	O
1996	O
R5000	B-General_Concept
QED	O
180	O
–	O
250	O
MHz	O
-	O
350	O
nm	O
3.7	O
1996	O
SPARC64	B-General_Concept
II	I-General_Concept
HAL	O
Computer	O
Systems	O
141	O
–	O
161	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
350	O
nm	O
-	O
1996	O
PA-8000	B-General_Concept
Hewlett-Packard	O
160	O
–	O
180	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
500	O
nm	O
3.8	O
1996POWER2	O
Super	O
Chip	O
(	O
P2SC	O
)	O
IBM	O
150	O
MHz	O
32	O
290	O
nm	O
15	O
1997	O
SH-4	O
Hitachi	O
200	O
MHz	O
-	O
200	O
nm	O
10	O
1997	O
RS64	B-Device
IBM	O
125	O
MHz	O
64	B-Device
?	O
</s>
<s>
64-bit	B-Device
processors	I-Device
became	O
mainstream	O
in	O
the	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microprocessor	B-Architecture
clock	O
speeds	O
reached	O
a	O
ceiling	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
heat	O
dissipation	O
barrier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
implementing	O
expensive	O
and	O
impractical	O
cooling	O
systems	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
turned	O
to	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
multi-core	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overclocking	B-Application
had	O
its	O
roots	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
but	O
came	O
into	O
its	O
own	O
in	O
the	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Off-the-shelf	O
cooling	O
systems	O
designed	O
for	O
overclocked	O
processors	O
became	O
common	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
gaming	B-Device
PC	I-Device
had	O
its	O
advent	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
transistor	B-Application
counts	O
increased	O
by	O
about	O
an	O
order	O
of	O
magnitude	O
,	O
a	O
trend	O
continued	O
from	O
previous	O
decades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	B-Architecture
sizes	O
decreased	O
about	O
fourfold	O
,	O
from	O
180nm	B-Algorithm
to	O
45nm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Date	O
Name	O
Developer	O
Clock	O
Process	B-Architecture
Transistors(millions )	O
Cores	B-Architecture
per	I-Architecture
die	I-Architecture
/Dies	O
per	O
module	O
2000	O
Athlon	B-Architecture
XP	O
AMD	O
1.33	O
–	O
1.73	O
GHz	O
180	O
nm	O
37.5	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2000	O
Duron	O
AMD	O
550	O
MHz	O
–	O
1.3	O
GHz	O
180	O
nm	O
25	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2000	O
RS64-IV	O
IBM	O
600	O
–	O
750	O
MHz	O
180	O
nm	O
44	O
1	O
/	O
2	O
2000	O
Pentium	B-General_Concept
4	I-General_Concept
Intel	O
1.3	O
–	O
2	O
GHz	O
180	O
–	O
130	O
nm	O
42	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2000	O
SPARC64	B-General_Concept
IV	O
Fujitsu	O
450	O
–	O
810	O
MHz	O
130	O
nm	O
-	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2000	O
z900	B-Device
IBM	O
918	O
MHz	O
180	O
nm	O
47	O
1	O
/	O
12	B-Device
,	O
20	O
2001	O
MIPS	B-Device
R14000	B-General_Concept
SGI	O
500	O
–	O
600	O
MHz	O
130	O
nm	O
7.2	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2001	O
POWER4	B-Device
IBM	O
1.1	O
–	O
1.4	O
GHz	O
180	O
–	O
130	O
nm	O
174	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
,	O
4	O
2001	O
UltraSPARC	B-General_Concept
III	I-General_Concept
Sun	O
750	O
–	O
1200	O
MHz	O
130	O
nm	O
29	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2001	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
Intel	O
733	O
–	O
800	O
MHz	O
180	O
nm	O
25	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2001	O
PowerPC	O
7450	O
Motorola	O
733	O
–	O
800	O
MHz	O
180	O
–	O
130	O
nm	O
33	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2002	O
SPARC64	B-Device
V	I-Device
Fujitsu	O
1.1	O
–	O
1.35	O
GHz	O
130	O
nm	O
190	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2002	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
2	O
Intel	O
0.9	O
–	O
1	O
GHz	O
180	O
nm	O
410	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2003	O
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
970	I-General_Concept
IBM	O
1.6	O
–	O
2.0	O
GHz	O
130	O
–	O
90	O
nm	O
52	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2003	O
Pentium	B-Architecture
M	I-Architecture
Intel	O
0.9	O
–	O
1.7	O
GHz	O
130	O
–	O
90	O
nm	O
77	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2003	O
Opteron	B-General_Concept
AMD	O
1.4	O
–	O
2.4	O
GHz	O
130	O
nm	O
106	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2004	O
POWER5	B-Device
IBM	O
1.65	O
–	O
1.9	O
GHz	O
130	O
–	O
90	O
nm	O
276	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
2004	O
PowerPC	O
BGL	O
IBM	O
700	O
MHz	O
130	O
nm	O
95	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2005	O
IBM	O
z9	O
IBM	O
2005	O
Opteron	B-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
Athens	I-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
AMD	O
1.6	O
–	O
3.0	O
GHz	O
90	O
nm	O
114	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2005	O
Pentium	B-Device
D	I-Device
Intel	O
2.8	O
–	O
3.2	O
GHz	O
90	O
nm	O
115	O
1	O
/	O
2	O
2005	O
Athlon	B-Architecture
64	B-Device
X2	O
AMD	O
2	O
–	O
2.4	O
GHz	O
90	O
nm	O
243	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2005	O
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
970MP	I-General_Concept
IBM	O
1.2	O
–	O
2.5	O
GHz	O
90	O
nm	O
183	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2005	O
UltraSPARC	B-General_Concept
IV	I-General_Concept
Sun	O
1.05	O
–	O
1.35	O
GHz	O
130	O
nm	O
66	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2005	O
UltraSPARC	B-General_Concept
T1	I-General_Concept
Sun	O
1	O
–	O
1.4	O
GHz	O
90	O
nm	O
300	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
2005	O
Xenon	B-Device
IBM	O
3.2	O
GHz	O
90	O
–	O
45	O
nm	O
165	O
3	O
/	O
1	O
2006	O
Core	B-Device
Duo	I-Device
Intel	O
1.1	O
–	O
2.33	O
GHz	O
90	O
–	O
65	O
nm	O
151	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2006	O
Core	B-Device
2	I-Device
Intel	O
1.06	O
–	O
2.67	O
GHz	O
65	O
–	O
45	O
nm	O
291	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
2006	O
Cell/B.E.	B-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
3.2	O
–	O
4.6	O
GHz	O
90	O
–	O
45	O
nm	O
241	O
1+8	O
/	O
1	O
2006	O
Itanium	B-Device
"	I-Device
Montecito	I-Device
"	I-Device
Intel	O
1.4	O
–	O
1.6	O
GHz	O
90	O
nm	O
1720	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2007	O
POWER6	B-Device
IBM	O
3.5	O
–	O
4.7	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
790	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2007	O
SPARC64	B-Device
VI	I-Device
Fujitsu	O
2.15	O
–	O
2.4	O
GHz	O
90	O
nm	O
543	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
2007	O
UltraSPARC	B-Device
T2	I-Device
Sun	O
1	O
–	O
1.4	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
503	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
2007	O
TILE64	B-General_Concept
Tilera	B-Architecture
600	O
–	O
900	O
MHz	O
90	O
–	O
45	O
nm	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
64	B-Device
/	O
1	O
2007	O
Opteron	B-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
Barcelona	I-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
AMD	O
1.8	O
–	O
3.2	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
463	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
2007	O
PowerPC	O
BGP	O
IBM	O
850	O
MHz	O
90	O
nm	O
208	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
2008	O
Phenom	O
AMD	O
1.8	O
–	O
2.6	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
450	O
2	O
,	O
3	O
,	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
2008	O
z10	B-Device
IBM	O
4.4	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
993	O
4	O
/	O
7	O
2008	O
PowerXCell	O
8i	O
IBM	O
2.8	O
–	O
4.0	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
250	O
1+8	O
/	O
1	O
2008	O
SPARC64	B-Device
VII	I-Device
Fujitsu	O
2.4	O
–	O
2.88	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
600	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
2008	O
Atom	B-Device
Intel	I-Device
0.8	O
–	O
1.6	O
GHz	O
65	O
–	O
45	O
nm	O
47	O
1	O
/	O
1	O
2008	O
Core	B-Device
i7	I-Device
Intel	O
2.66	O
–	O
3.2	O
GHz	O
45	O
–	O
32	O
nm	O
730	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
/	O
1	O
2008	O
TILEPro64	B-General_Concept
Tilera	B-Architecture
600	O
–	O
866	O
MHz	O
90	O
–	O
45	O
nm	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Date	O
Name	O
Developer	O
Clock	O
Process	B-Architecture
Transistors(millions )	O
Cores	B-Architecture
per	I-Architecture
die	I-Architecture
/Dies	O
per	O
module	O
threadsper	O
core	O
2010	O
POWER7	B-Device
IBM	O
3	O
–	O
4.14	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
1200	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
,	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
,	O
4	O
4	O
2010	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
Tukwila	I-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
Intel	O
2	O
GHz	O
65	O
nm	O
2000	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2010	O
Opteron	B-General_Concept
"	O
Magny-cours	O
"	O
AMD	O
1.7	O
–	O
2.4	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
1810	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
/	O
2	O
1	O
2010	O
Xeon	O
"	O
Nehalem-EX	O
"	O
Intel	O
1.73	O
–	O
2.66	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
2300	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
,	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2010	O
z196	B-Device
IBM	O
3.8	O
–	O
5.2	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
1400	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
,	O
6	O
1	O
2010	O
SPARC	B-Device
T3	I-Device
Sun	O
1.6	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
2000	O
16	B-Device
/	O
1	O
8	O
2010	O
SPARC64	B-General_Concept
VII+	I-General_Concept
Fujitsu	O
2.66	O
–	O
3.0	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
4	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2010	O
Intel	O
"	O
Westmere	O
"	O
Intel	O
1.86	O
–	O
3.33	O
GHz	O
32	O
nm	O
1170	O
4	O
–	O
6	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2011	O
Intel	B-Device
"	I-Device
Sandy	I-Device
Bridge	I-Device
"	I-Device
Intel	O
1.6	O
–	O
3.4	O
GHz	O
32	O
nm	O
995	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
(	O
1	O
,	O
)	O
2	O
2011	O
AMD	O
Llano	O
AMD	O
1.0	O
–	O
1.6	O
GHz	O
40	O
nm	O
380	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
/	O
1	O
1	O
2011	O
Xeon	O
E7	O
Intel	O
1.73	O
–	O
2.67	O
GHz	O
32	O
nm	O
2600	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
10	O
/	O
1	O
1	O
–	O
2	O
2011	O
Power	O
ISA	O
BGQ	O
IBM	O
1.6	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
1470	O
18	O
/	O
1	O
4	O
2011	O
SPARC64	B-General_Concept
VIIIfx	I-General_Concept
Fujitsu	O
2.0	O
GHz	O
45	O
nm	O
760	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2011	O
FX	O
"	O
Bulldozer	O
"	O
Interlagos	O
AMD	O
3.1	O
–	O
3.6	O
GHz	O
32	O
nm	O
1200	O
4	O
–	O
8	O
/	O
2	O
1	O
2011	O
SPARC	B-Device
T4	I-Device
Oracle	B-Application
2.8	O
–	O
3	O
GHz	O
40	O
nm	O
855	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
8	O
2012	O
SPARC64	B-General_Concept
IXfx	O
Fujitsu	O
1.848	O
GHz	O
40	O
nm	O
1870	O
16	B-Device
/	O
1	O
2	O
2012	O
zEC12	B-Device
IBM	O
5.5	O
GHz	O
32	O
nm	O
2750	O
6	O
/	O
6	O
1	O
2012	O
POWER7+	B-Device
IBM	O
3.1	O
–	O
5.3	O
GHz	O
32	O
nm	O
2100	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
4	O
2012	O
Itanium	B-General_Concept
"	O
Poulson	O
"	O
Intel	O
1.73	O
–	O
2.53	O
GHz	O
32	O
nm	O
3100	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2013	O
Intel	B-Device
"	I-Device
Haswell	I-Device
"	I-Device
Intel	O
1.9	O
–	O
4.4	O
GHz	O
22	O
nm	O
1400	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2013	O
SPARC64	B-Architecture
X	I-Architecture
Fujitsu	O
2.8	O
–	O
3	O
GHz	O
28	O
nm	O
2950	O
16	B-Device
/	O
1	O
2	O
2013	O
SPARC	B-Device
T5	I-Device
Oracle	B-Application
3.6	O
GHz	O
28	O
nm	O
1500	O
16	B-Device
/	O
1	O
8	O
2014	O
POWER8	B-Device
IBM	O
2.5	O
–	O
5	O
GHz	O
22	O
nm	O
4200	O
6	O
,	O
12	B-Device
/	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
8	O
2014	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
Broadwell	I-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
Intel	O
1.8-4	O
GHz	O
14	O
nm	O
1900	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
12	B-Device
,	O
16	B-Device
/	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
2	O
2015	O
z13	B-Device
IBM	O
5	O
GHz	O
22	O
nm	O
3990	O
8	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2015	O
A8-7670K	O
AMD	O
3.6	O
GHz	O
28	O
nm	O
2410	O
4	O
/	O
1	O
1	O
2017	O
Zen	O
AMD	O
3.2	O
–	O
4.1	O
GHz	O
14	O
nm	O
4800	O
8	O
,	O
16	B-Device
,	O
32	O
/	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
2	O
2017	O
z14	B-Device
IBM	O
5.2	O
GHz	O
14	O
nm	O
6100	B-General_Concept
10	O
/	O
1	O
2	O
2017	O
POWER9	B-Device
IBM	O
4	O
GHz	O
14	O
nm	O
8000	O
12	B-Device
,	O
24	O
/	O
1	O
4	O
,	O
8	O
2017	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
M8	O
Oracle	B-Application
5	O
GHz	O
20	O
nm	O
~	O
10,000	O
32	O
8	O
2018	O
Intel	B-Device
"	I-Device
Cannon	I-Device
Lake	I-Device
"	I-Device
Intel	O
2.2	O
–	O
3.2	O
GHz	O
10	O
nm	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Date	O
Name	O
Developer	O
Clock	O
Process	B-Architecture
Transistors(millions )	O
Cores	B-Architecture
per	I-Architecture
die	I-Architecture
/Dies	O
per	O
module	O
threadsper	O
core	O
2020	O
Zen	O
3	O
AMD	O
3.4	O
–	O
4.9	O
GHz7	O
nm	O
?	O
</s>
