<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
neurophysiological	O
method	O
employed	O
to	O
visualize	O
and	O
record	O
the	O
traffic	O
of	O
nerve	O
impulses	O
that	O
are	O
conducted	O
in	O
peripheral	O
nerves	O
of	O
waking	O
human	O
subjects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
unique	O
feature	O
and	O
a	O
significant	O
strength	O
of	O
the	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
method	O
is	O
that	O
subjects	O
are	O
fully	O
awake	O
and	O
able	O
to	O
cooperate	O
in	O
tests	O
requiring	O
mental	O
attention	O
,	O
while	O
impulses	O
in	O
a	O
representative	O
nerve	O
fibre	O
or	O
set	O
of	O
nerve	O
fibres	O
are	O
recorded	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
technique	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
,	O
impulses	O
in	O
peripheral	O
nerves	O
had	O
been	O
recorded	O
in	O
animal	O
experiments	O
alone	O
using	O
a	O
technique	O
that	O
involved	O
dissection	O
and	O
splitting	O
the	O
nerve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actually	O
,	O
the	O
concern	O
of	O
nerve	O
damage	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
obstacle	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
because	O
the	O
approach	O
of	O
inserting	O
a	O
needle	O
electrode	O
in	O
a	O
human	O
nerve	O
was	O
generally	O
regarded	O
as	O
potentially	O
dangerous	O
and	O
involving	O
substantial	O
risk	O
of	O
permanent	O
nerve	O
damage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Working	O
at	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Clinical	O
Neurophysiology	O
,	O
Academic	O
Hospital	O
,	O
Uppsala	O
,	O
they	O
collected	O
data	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
papers	O
representing	O
three	O
areas	O
to	O
become	O
major	O
fields	O
of	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
approach	O
of	O
Hagbarth	O
and	O
Vallbo	O
based	O
on	O
epoxy	O
resin	O
coated	O
tungsten	O
microelectrodes	O
is	O
now	O
generally	O
accepted	O
whereas	O
an	O
alternative	O
attempt	O
using	O
glass	O
coated	O
platina-iridium	O
electrodes	O
had	O
obviously	O
limited	O
success	O
as	O
it	O
yielded	O
a	O
single	O
short	O
note	O
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
recordings	O
,	O
A	O
-	O
and	O
C-fiber	O
impulses	O
differ	O
in	O
shape	O
and	O
polarity	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
upstroke	O
of	O
the	O
action	O
potential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
is	O
based	O
on	O
tungsten	O
needle	O
microelectrodes	O
which	O
are	O
inserted	O
through	O
the	O
skin	O
and	O
into	O
a	O
nerve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
peripheral	O
nerve	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
reached	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
target	O
for	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
recordings	O
,	O
typically	O
in	O
the	O
arm	O
or	O
leg	O
,	O
although	O
recording	O
from	O
facial	O
nerves	O
and	O
the	O
vagus	O
nerve	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
achieved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
electrode	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
not	O
only	O
for	O
recording	O
of	O
nerve	O
impulses	O
but	O
for	O
stimulation	O
of	O
individual	O
fibers	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
recordings	O
have	O
elucidated	O
the	O
organization	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
normal	O
and	O
pathological	O
function	O
of	O
a	O
fair	O
number	O
of	O
neural	O
systems	O
in	O
human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
suggests	O
a	O
parallelism	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
motor	O
systems	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
has	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
our	O
brains	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
detailed	O
proprioceptive	O
information	O
not	O
only	O
by	O
deep	O
sense	O
organs	O
but	O
by	O
cutaneous	O
mechanoreceptors	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
particularly	O
used	O
to	O
investigate	O
discriminative	O
and	O
affective	O
touch	O
mechanisms	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
pain	O
mechanisms	O
,	O
although	O
afferents	O
related	O
to	O
pruritus	O
and	O
temperature	O
have	O
been	O
studied	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
man	O
,	O
deviations	O
from	O
such	O
a	O
linear	O
relation	O
was	O
found	O
in	O
combined	O
psychophysical	O
and	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
recordings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
exploration	O
of	O
sympathetic	O
efferent	O
system	O
is	O
unique	O
from	O
technical	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
as	O
multiunit	O
recordings	O
have	O
been	O
very	O
prosperous	O
whereas	O
single	O
unit	O
recording	O
is	O
essential	O
with	O
most	O
other	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
was	O
launched	O
it	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
sympathetic	O
activity	O
is	O
much	O
different	O
in	O
muscle	O
and	O
skin	O
nerves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
recordings	O
were	O
performed	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
on	O
a	O
spaceflight	O
aboard	O
the	O
Space	O
Shuttle	O
Columbia	O
with	O
the	O
purpose	O
to	O
explore	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
microgravity	O
on	O
the	O
human	O
sympathetic	O
nerve	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
microneurography	B-Algorithm
technique	O
allows	O
the	O
recording	O
of	O
impulse	O
activity	O
of	O
individual	O
nerve	O
fibers	O
with	O
absolute	O
resolution	O
in	O
attending	O
human	O
subjects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
strength	O
is	O
in	O
its	O
unique	O
power	O
for	O
exploration	O
of	O
normal	O
neural	O
mechanisms	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
pathophysiological	O
conditions	O
of	O
various	O
neurological	O
disorders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microneurography	B-Algorithm
records	O
intact	O
axons	O
in	O
vivo	O
and	O
is	O
minimally	O
invasive	O
.	O
</s>
