<s>
Microblogging	B-Application
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
blogging	O
using	O
short	O
posts	O
without	O
titles	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
microposts	O
or	O
status	B-Application
updates	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microblogs	B-Application
"	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
exchange	O
small	O
elements	O
of	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
short	O
sentences	O
,	O
individual	O
images	O
,	O
or	O
video	O
links	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
major	O
reason	O
for	O
their	O
popularity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
popular	O
social	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Mastodon	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Instagram	B-Application
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
collections	O
of	O
microblogs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
microblogs	B-Application
also	O
exist	O
to	O
promote	O
websites	O
,	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
products	O
and	O
to	O
promote	O
collaboration	O
within	O
an	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
microblogging	B-Application
services	O
offer	O
privacy	O
settings	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
control	O
who	O
can	O
read	O
their	O
microblogs	B-Application
or	O
alternative	O
ways	O
of	O
publishing	O
entries	O
besides	O
the	O
web-based	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
may	O
include	O
text	O
messaging	O
,	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
,	O
e-mail	O
,	O
digital	O
audio	O
,	O
or	O
digital	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
micro-blogs	B-Application
were	O
known	O
as	O
tumblelogs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason	O
Kottke	O
described	O
tumblelogs	B-Application
on	O
October	O
19	O
,	O
2005	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Manton	O
Reece	O
,	O
founder	O
of	O
Micro.blog	B-Protocol
,	O
defines	O
Microblogging	B-Application
thus	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
by	O
2006	O
and	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
word	O
microblog	B-Application
was	O
used	O
more	O
widely	O
for	O
services	O
provided	O
by	O
established	O
sites	O
like	O
Tumblr	B-Application
and	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
RSS-like	O
feeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
May	O
2007	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
111	O
microblogging	B-Application
sites	O
in	O
various	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
services	O
are	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Tumblr	B-Application
,	O
Mastodon	B-Application
,	O
Micro.blog	B-Protocol
,	O
FriendFeed	O
,	O
Plurk	B-Protocol
,	O
Jaiku	B-Protocol
and	O
identi.ca	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
versions	O
of	O
services	O
and	O
software	O
with	O
microblogging	B-Application
features	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plurk	B-Protocol
has	O
a	O
timeline	O
view	O
that	O
integrates	O
video	O
and	O
picture	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flipter	O
uses	O
microblogging	B-Application
as	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
people	O
to	O
post	O
topics	O
and	O
gather	O
audience	O
's	O
opinions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PingGadget	O
is	O
a	O
location-based	O
microblogging	B-Application
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pownce	B-Protocol
,	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Digg	B-Application
founder	O
Kevin	O
Rose	O
among	O
others	O
,	O
integrated	O
microblogging	B-Application
with	O
file	O
sharing	O
and	O
event	O
invitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pownce	B-Protocol
was	O
merged	O
into	O
SixApart	B-Protocol
in	O
December	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
social	O
networking	O
websites	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
MySpace	B-Application
,	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
,	O
Diaspora	O
,	O
JudgIt	O
,	O
Yahoo	O
Pulse	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Buzz	I-Application
,	O
Google+	B-Application
and	O
XING	O
,	O
also	O
have	O
their	O
own	O
microblogging	B-Application
feature	O
,	O
better	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
status	O
updates.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Status	B-Application
updates	I-Application
are	O
usually	O
more	O
restricted	O
than	O
actual	O
microblogging	B-Application
in	O
terms	O
of	O
writing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
activity	O
involving	O
posting	O
short	O
messages	O
can	O
be	O
classified	O
as	O
microblogging	B-Application
although	O
it	O
is	O
usually	O
not	O
considered	O
a	O
microblogging	B-Application
“	O
site	O
”	O
or	O
“	O
service	O
”	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
secondary	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
principal	O
service	O
,	O
provided	O
there	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Services	O
such	O
as	O
Lifestream	O
and	O
Snapchat	B-Application
will	O
aggregate	O
microblogs	B-Application
from	O
multiple	O
social	O
networks	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
list	O
,	O
but	O
other	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Ping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
fm	O
,	O
will	O
send	O
out	O
the	O
microblog	B-Application
to	O
multiple	O
social	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-Chinese	O
microblogging	B-Application
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Plurk	B-Protocol
,	O
Tumblr	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Google+	B-Application
,	O
are	O
censored	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chinese	B-Application
Weibo	I-Application
services	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Sina	B-Protocol
Weibo	I-Protocol
and	O
Tencent	B-Protocol
Weibo	I-Protocol
are	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
Chinese	O
people	O
,	O
offering	O
similar	O
functionality	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
They	O
provide	O
microposting	O
,	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
comment	O
on	O
each	O
others	O
 '	O
posts	O
,	O
allow	O
posting	O
with	O
graphical	O
emoticons	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
support	O
inclusion	O
of	O
images	O
,	O
music	O
and	O
video	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
survey	O
by	O
the	O
Data	O
Center	O
of	O
China	O
Internet	O
from	O
2010	O
showed	O
that	O
Chinese	O
microblog	B-Application
users	O
most	O
often	O
pursued	O
content	O
that	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
friends	O
or	O
experts	O
in	O
a	O
specific	O
field	O
or	O
was	O
related	O
to	O
celebrities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
studies	O
have	O
tried	O
to	O
analyze	O
user	O
behavior	O
on	O
microblogging	B-Application
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
include	O
extensive	O
studies	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
in	O
2009	O
,	O
by	O
researchers	O
at	O
Harvard	O
Business	O
School	O
and	O
at	O
Sysomos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
indicated	O
that	O
for	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
a	O
small	O
group	O
of	O
active	O
users	O
generate	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sysomos	O
 '	O
Inside	O
Twitter	B-Application
survey	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
more	O
than	O
11	O
million	O
users	O
,	O
showed	O
that	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
10%	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
accounted	O
for	O
86%	O
of	O
all	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
microblogging	B-Application
services	O
have	O
become	O
platforms	O
for	O
marketing	O
and	O
public	O
relations	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
sharp	O
growth	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
social-media	O
marketers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sysomos	O
study	O
shows	O
that	O
this	O
specific	O
group	O
of	O
marketers	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
much	O
more	O
active	O
than	O
the	O
general	O
user	O
population	O
,	O
with	O
15%	O
of	O
marketers	O
following	O
over	O
2,000	O
people	O
and	O
only	O
0.29	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
public	O
following	O
more	O
than	O
2,000	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microblogging	B-Application
has	O
also	O
become	O
an	O
important	O
source	O
of	O
real-time	O
news	O
updates	O
during	O
socio-political	O
revolutions	O
and	O
crisis	O
situations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
2008	O
Mumbai	O
terror	O
attacks	O
or	O
the	O
2009	O
Iran	O
protests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microblogging	B-Application
has	O
noticeably	O
revolutionized	O
the	O
way	O
information	O
is	O
consumed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microblogging	B-Application
also	O
promotes	O
authorship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
micro-blogging	B-Application
platform	O
Tumblr	B-Application
,	O
the	O
reblogging	O
feature	O
links	O
the	O
post	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
creator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
findings	O
of	O
a	O
study	O
by	O
Emily	O
Pronin	O
of	O
Princeton	O
University	O
and	O
Daniel	O
Wegner	O
of	O
Harvard	O
University	O
may	O
explain	O
the	O
rapid	O
growth	O
of	O
microblogging	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
general	O
appeal	O
and	O
influence	O
of	O
microblogging	B-Application
seem	O
to	O
be	O
growing	O
continuously	O
,	O
mobile	O
microblogging	B-Application
is	O
moving	O
at	O
a	O
slower	O
pace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microblogging	B-Application
is	O
not	O
without	O
issues	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
privacy	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microblog	B-Application
platform	O
providers	O
can	O
also	O
cause	O
privacy	O
issues	O
by	O
altering	O
or	O
presetting	O
users	O
 '	O
privacy	O
options	O
,	O
so	O
users	O
feel	O
they	O
compromise	O
their	O
personal	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
would	O
be	O
Google	B-Application
’s	I-Application
Buzz	I-Application
platform	O
,	O
which	O
incited	O
controversy	O
in	O
2010	O
by	O
automatically	O
publicizing	O
users	O
 '	O
email	O
contacts	O
as	O
"	O
followers.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
later	O
amended	O
those	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
centralized	O
services	O
,	O
where	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
microblog	B-Application
's	O
information	O
flows	O
through	O
one	O
point	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
servers	O
operated	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
)	O
,	O
privacy	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
concern	O
in	O
that	O
user	O
information	O
has	O
sometimes	O
been	O
exposed	O
to	O
governments	O
and	O
courts	O
without	O
the	O
prior	O
consent	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
who	O
generated	O
such	O
supposedly	O
private	O
information	O
,	O
usually	O
through	O
subpoenas	O
or	O
court	O
orders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
Wikileaks	O
related	O
Twitter	B-Application
subpoenas	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
various	O
other	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
concerns	O
have	O
been	O
voiced	O
within	O
the	O
business	O
world	O
since	O
there	O
is	O
potential	O
for	O
sensitive	O
work	O
information	O
to	O
be	O
publicized	O
on	O
microblogging	B-Application
sites	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integration	O
could	O
be	O
the	O
hardest	O
issue	O
to	O
overcome	O
since	O
someone	O
can	O
be	O
argued	O
that	O
corporate	O
culture	O
must	O
change	O
to	O
accommodate	O
microblogging	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
internet	O
architecture	O
called	O
OStatus	B-Application
has	O
been	O
developed	O
so	O
that	O
microblogging	B-Application
can	O
occur	O
seamlessly	O
across	O
multiple	O
corporate	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
protocol	O
has	O
evolved	O
into	O
ActivityPub	B-Operating_System
,	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
Mastodon	B-Application
federated	O
platform	O
has	O
been	O
based	O
since	O
version	O
1.6	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
which	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
platforms	O
making	O
up	O
the	O
Fediverse	B-Application
are	O
based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
these	O
platforms	O
are	O
members	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
instance	O
running	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
softwares	O
of	O
the	O
Fediverse	B-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
interoperate	O
as	O
a	O
federated	O
social	O
network	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
on	O
different	O
nodes	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Live	O
blogging	O
is	O
a	O
derivative	O
of	O
microblogging	B-Application
that	O
generates	O
a	O
continuous	O
feed	O
on	O
a	O
specific	O
web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
and	O
IRC	B-Protocol
display	O
status	O
but	O
generally	O
only	O
one	O
of	O
a	O
few	O
choices	O
such	O
as	O
available	O
,	O
off-line	O
,	O
away	O
,	O
busy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Away	O
messages	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
displayed	O
when	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
away	O
,	O
form	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
micro-blogging	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Finger	B-Application
protocol	I-Application
,	O
the	O
.project	O
and	O
.plan	O
files	O
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
for	O
status	B-Application
updates	I-Application
similar	O
to	O
microblogging	B-Application
.	O
</s>
