<s>
The	O
Michigan	B-Application
Terminal	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
MTS	O
)	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
in	O
1967	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
IBM	B-Application
S/360	I-Application
-67	I-Application
,	I-Application
S/370	I-Application
and	O
compatible	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
,	O
it	O
was	O
developed	O
and	O
used	O
by	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
eight	O
universities	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
over	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
33	O
years	O
(	O
1967	O
to	O
1999	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
Multiprogramming	O
Supervisor	O
(	O
UMMPS	O
)	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
staff	O
of	O
the	O
academic	O
computing	O
center	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
for	O
operation	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Application
S/360	I-Application
-67	I-Application
,	I-Application
S/370	I-Application
and	O
compatible	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
may	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
multiprogramming	O
,	O
multiprocessing	B-Operating_System
,	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
,	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
supervisor	O
that	O
runs	O
multiple	O
resident	O
,	O
reentrant	B-Operating_System
programs	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
these	O
programs	O
is	O
the	O
Michigan	B-Application
Terminal	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
MTS	O
)	O
for	O
command	O
interpretation	O
,	O
execution	O
control	O
,	O
file	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
accounting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
service	O
offered	O
at	O
a	O
particular	O
site	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
MTS	O
software	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
hardware	O
used	O
to	O
run	O
MTS	O
,	O
the	O
staff	O
that	O
supported	O
MTS	O
and	O
assisted	O
end-users	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
associated	O
administrative	O
policies	O
and	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
MTS	O
still	O
runs	O
using	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
emulators	O
such	O
as	O
Hercules	B-Application
,	O
Sim390	O
,	O
and	O
FLEX-ES	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-1960s	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
was	O
providing	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
services	O
on	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
hardware	O
under	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
University	B-Application
of	I-Application
Michigan	I-Application
Executive	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
UMES	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
interested	O
in	O
offering	O
interactive	O
services	O
using	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
the	O
work	O
that	O
computers	O
could	O
perform	O
was	O
limited	O
by	O
their	O
small	O
real	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
its	O
System/360	B-Application
family	O
of	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1960s	O
,	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
provide	O
a	O
solution	O
for	O
this	O
limitation	O
and	O
within	O
IBM	O
there	O
were	O
conflicting	O
views	O
about	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
and	O
need	O
to	O
support	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
paper	O
titled	O
Program	O
and	O
Addressing	O
Structure	O
in	O
a	O
Time-Sharing	B-General_Concept
Environment	O
by	O
Bruce	O
Arden	O
,	O
Bernard	O
Galler	O
,	O
Frank	O
Westervelt	O
(	O
all	O
associate	O
directors	O
at	O
UM	O
's	O
academic	O
Computing	O
Center	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Tom	O
O'Brian	O
building	O
upon	O
some	O
basic	O
ideas	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
(	O
MIT	O
)	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
January	O
1966	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
outlined	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
architecture	O
using	O
dynamic	O
address	O
translation	O
(	O
DAT	O
)	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
year	O
of	O
negotiations	O
and	O
design	O
studies	O
,	O
IBM	O
agreed	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
one-of-a-kind	O
version	O
of	O
its	O
S/360	B-Application
-65	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
with	O
dynamic	O
address	O
translation	O
(	O
DAT	O
)	O
features	O
that	O
would	O
support	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
and	O
accommodate	O
UM	O
's	O
desire	O
to	O
support	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
was	O
dubbed	O
the	O
Model	O
S/360	B-Application
-65M	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
IBM	O
initially	O
decided	O
not	O
to	O
supply	O
a	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
all	O
intrigued	O
by	O
the	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
idea	O
and	O
expressed	O
interest	O
in	O
ordering	O
the	O
modified	O
IBM	B-Application
S/360	I-Application
series	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
demonstrated	O
interest	O
IBM	O
changed	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
model	O
number	O
to	O
S/360	B-Device
-67	I-Device
and	O
made	O
it	O
a	O
supported	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
requests	O
for	O
over	O
100	O
new	O
model	O
S/360	B-Device
-67s	I-Device
IBM	O
realized	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
market	O
for	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
agreed	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
new	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
called	O
TSS/360	B-Application
(	O
TSS	B-Application
stood	O
for	O
Time-sharing	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
)	O
for	O
delivery	O
at	O
roughly	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
model	O
S/360	B-Device
-67	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
waiting	O
for	O
the	O
Model	O
65M	O
to	O
arrive	O
,	O
UM	O
Computing	O
Center	O
personnel	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
perform	O
early	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
experiments	O
using	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
System/360	I-Device
Model	I-Device
50	I-Device
that	O
was	O
funded	O
by	O
the	O
ARPA	O
CONCOMP	O
(	O
Conversational	O
Use	O
of	O
Computers	O
)	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
experiment	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
half-page	O
of	O
code	O
written	O
out	O
on	O
a	O
kitchen	O
table	O
"	O
combined	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
multi-programming	O
system	O
,	O
LLMPS	O
from	O
MIT	O
's	O
Lincoln	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
modified	O
and	O
became	O
the	O
UM	O
Multi-Programming	O
Supervisor	O
(	O
UMMPS	O
)	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
ran	O
the	O
MTS	O
job	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
earliest	O
incarnation	O
of	O
MTS	O
was	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
throw-away	O
system	O
used	O
to	O
gain	O
experience	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
IBM	B-Application
S/360	I-Application
hardware	O
and	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
discarded	O
when	O
IBM	O
's	O
TSS/360	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
became	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
TSS	B-Application
took	O
longer	O
than	O
anticipated	O
,	O
its	O
delivery	O
date	O
was	O
delayed	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
available	O
when	O
the	O
S/360	B-Device
-67	I-Device
(	O
serial	O
number	O
2	O
)	O
arrived	O
at	O
the	O
Computing	O
Center	O
in	O
January	O
1967	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
time	O
UM	O
had	O
to	O
decide	O
whether	O
to	O
return	O
the	O
Model	O
67	O
and	O
select	O
another	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
or	O
to	O
develop	O
MTS	O
as	O
an	O
interim	O
system	O
for	O
use	O
until	O
TSS	B-Application
was	O
ready	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TSS	B-Application
development	O
was	O
eventually	O
canceled	O
by	O
IBM	O
,	O
then	O
reinstated	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
canceled	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
collaboration	O
between	O
the	O
MTS	O
sites	O
was	O
accomplished	O
through	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
face-to-face	O
site	O
visits	O
,	O
phone	O
calls	O
,	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
documents	O
and	O
magnetic	O
tapes	O
by	O
snail	B-Application
mail	I-Application
,	O
and	O
informal	O
get-togethers	O
at	O
SHARE	O
or	O
other	O
meetings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
e-mail	O
,	O
computer	O
conferencing	O
using	O
CONFER	B-Protocol
and	O
*	O
Forum	O
,	O
network	O
file	O
transfer	O
,	O
and	O
e-mail	O
attachments	O
supplemented	O
and	O
eventually	O
largely	O
replaced	O
the	O
earlier	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
theory	O
MTS	O
will	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
,	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
series	I-Device
which	O
include	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
their	O
successors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
installed	O
and	O
ran	O
MTS	O
on	O
the	O
first	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
outside	O
of	O
IBM	O
(	O
serial	O
number	O
2	O
)	O
in	O
1967	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
Amdahl	O
470V/6	O
(	O
serial	O
number	O
2	O
)	O
in	O
1975	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
Amdahl	O
5860	O
(	O
serial	O
number	O
1	O
)	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
factory	O
shipped	O
IBM	B-Device
3090	I-Device
–	O
400	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NUMAC	O
ran	O
MTS	O
on	O
the	O
first	O
S/360	B-Device
-67	I-Device
in	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
very	O
likely	O
the	O
first	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
British	O
Columbia	O
(	O
UBC	O
)	O
took	O
the	O
lead	O
in	O
converting	O
MTS	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
series	I-Device
(	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
-168	O
)	O
in	O
1974	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1978	O
NUMAC	O
(	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
Newcastle	O
upon	O
Tyne	O
and	O
University	O
of	O
Durham	O
)	O
had	O
moved	O
main	O
MTS	O
activity	O
on	O
to	O
its	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
series	I-Device
(	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
-168	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MTS	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
processors	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
,	O
although	O
IBM	O
only	O
produced	O
one	O
(	O
simplex	O
and	O
half-duplex	O
)	O
and	O
two	O
(	O
duplex	O
)	O
processor	O
configurations	O
of	O
the	O
Model	O
67	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
RPI	O
updated	O
MTS	O
to	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
32	O
processors	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
-XA	I-Device
(	O
Extended	O
Addressing	O
)	O
hardware	O
series	O
,	O
although	O
6	O
processors	O
is	O
likely	O
the	O
largest	O
configuration	O
actually	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MTS	O
supports	O
the	O
IBM	O
Vector	B-Operating_System
Facility	I-Operating_System
,	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
option	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
3090	I-Device
and	O
ES/9000	B-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1967	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
single	O
processor	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
at	O
UM	O
without	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
support	O
,	O
MTS	O
was	O
typically	O
supporting	O
5	O
simultaneous	O
terminal	O
sessions	O
and	O
one	O
batch	B-General_Concept
job	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
1967	O
after	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
support	O
was	O
added	O
,	O
MTS	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
was	O
simultaneously	O
supporting	O
50	O
terminal	O
sessions	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
5	O
batch	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1968	O
a	O
dual	O
processor	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
replaced	O
the	O
single	O
processor	O
system	O
,	O
supporting	O
roughly	O
70	O
terminal	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
batch	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
late	O
1991	O
MTS	O
at	O
UM	O
was	O
running	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
ES/9000	I-Device
-720	O
supporting	O
over	O
600	O
simultaneous	O
terminal	O
sessions	O
and	O
from	O
3	O
to	O
8	O
batch	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
MTS	O
can	O
be	O
IPL-ed	O
under	O
VM/370	B-Application
,	O
and	O
some	O
MTS	O
sites	O
did	O
so	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
ran	O
MTS	O
on	O
native	O
hardware	O
without	O
using	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
Virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
and	O
Dynamic	O
Address	O
Translation	O
(	O
DAT	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
in	O
1967	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
multiprocessing	B-Operating_System
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
with	O
two	O
CPUs	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
straightforward	O
command	O
language	O
that	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
for	O
both	O
terminal	O
and	O
batch	B-General_Concept
jobs	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
with	O
support	O
for	O
"	O
line	O
files	O
"	O
where	O
the	O
line	O
numbers	O
and	O
length	O
of	O
individual	O
lines	O
are	O
stored	O
as	O
metadata	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
data	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
line	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
read	O
,	O
insert	O
,	O
replace	O
,	O
and	O
delete	O
individual	O
lines	O
anywhere	O
in	O
the	O
file	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
read	O
or	O
write	O
the	O
entire	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
file	O
editor	O
( $EDIT	O
)	O
with	O
both	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
and	O
"	O
visual	O
"	O
interfaces	O
and	O
pattern	O
matching	O
based	O
on	O
SNOBOL4	B-Application
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
for	O
multiple	O
users	O
to	O
quickly	O
load	O
and	O
use	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
common	O
reentrant	B-Operating_System
subroutines	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
shared	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
availability	O
of	O
compilers	O
,	O
assemblers	B-Language
,	O
and	O
a	O
Symbolic	O
Debugging	O
System	O
(	O
SDS	O
)	O
that	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
debug	O
programs	O
written	O
in	O
high-level	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
PL/I	B-Language
,	O
...	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
strong	O
protection	O
model	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
hardware	O
and	O
the	O
S/360	B-Application
and	O
S/370	B-Device
hardware	O
's	O
supervisor	O
and	O
problem	O
states	O
and	O
via	O
software	O
divides	O
problem	O
state	O
execution	O
into	O
system	O
(	O
privileged	O
or	O
unprotected	O
)	O
and	O
user	O
(	O
protected	O
or	O
unprivileged	O
)	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Awit	O
,	O
a	O
computer	O
chess	O
program	O
written	O
in	O
Algol	B-Language
W	I-Language
by	O
Tony	O
Marsland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Written	O
in	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
Chaos	O
started	O
at	O
RCA	O
Systems	O
Programming	O
division	O
in	O
Cinnaminson	O
,	O
NJ	O
with	O
Fred	O
Swartz	O
and	O
Victor	O
Berman	O
as	O
first	O
authors	O
,	O
Mike	O
Alexander	O
and	O
others	O
joined	O
the	O
team	O
later	O
and	O
moved	O
development	O
to	O
MTS	O
at	O
the	O
UM	O
Computing	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CONFER	B-Protocol
II	I-Protocol
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
conferencing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CONFER	B-Protocol
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Robert	O
Parnes	O
starting	O
in	O
1975	O
while	O
he	O
was	O
a	O
graduate	O
student	O
and	O
with	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
's	O
and	O
School	O
of	O
Education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GOM	B-Language
(	O
Good	B-Language
Old	I-Language
Mad	I-Language
)	O
,	O
a	O
compiler	O
for	O
the	O
7090	B-Device
MAD	B-Language
language	I-Language
converted	O
to	O
run	O
under	O
MTS	O
by	O
Don	O
Boettner	O
of	O
the	O
UM	O
's	O
Computing	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IF	O
(	O
Interactive	O
Fortran	B-Application
)	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
British	O
Columbia	O
Computing	O
Centre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MICRO	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Management	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
relational	O
database	O
management	O
systems	O
implemented	O
in	O
1970	O
by	O
the	O
Institute	O
for	O
Labor	O
and	O
Industrial	O
Relations	O
(	O
ILIR	O
)	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plus	B-Language
,	O
a	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
developed	O
by	O
Alan	O
Ballard	O
and	O
Paul	O
Whaley	O
of	O
the	O
Computing	O
Centre	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
British	O
Columbia	O
(	O
UBC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APL	B-Language
VS	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
APL	B-Language
VS	O
compiler	O
program	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASMH	O
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
370	O
assembler	B-Language
with	O
enhancements	O
from	O
SLAC	O
and	O
MTS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
COBOL	B-Application
VS	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
COBOL	B-Application
VS	O
compiler	O
program	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fortran	B-Application
,	O
the	O
G	O
,	O
H	O
,	O
and	O
VS	O
compilers	O
from	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GASP	O
,	O
a	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
based	O
discrete	O
simulation	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPS	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
Mathematical	O
Programming	O
System/360	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NASTRAN	B-Algorithm
,	O
finite	O
element	O
analysis	O
program	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
and	O
for	O
NASA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PascalSB	O
,	O
the	O
Stony	O
Brook	O
Pascal	B-Application
compiler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal/SLAC	O
,	O
the	O
Pascal	B-Application
compiler	O
from	O
the	O
Stanford	O
Linear	O
Accelerator	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pascal	B-Application
VS	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
Pascal	B-Application
VS	O
compiler	O
program	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PL/I	B-Language
Optimizing	O
Compiler	O
from	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REDUCE2	O
,	O
an	O
algebraic	O
language	O
implemented	O
in	O
LISP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAS	B-Language
(	O
Statistical	B-Language
Analysis	I-Language
System	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SPIRES	B-Application
(	O
Stanford	O
Public	O
Information	O
Retrieval	O
System	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
database	O
management	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TEX	B-Application
,	O
Don	O
Knuth	O
's	O
TeX	B-Application
text-processing	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
manual	O
series	O
MTS	O
:	O
The	O
Michigan	B-Application
Terminal	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
was	O
published	O
from	O
1967	O
through	O
1991	O
,	O
in	O
volumes	O
1	O
through	O
23	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
updated	O
and	O
reissued	O
irregularly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fundamental	O
Use	O
of	O
the	O
Michigan	B-Application
Terminal	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
Thomas	O
J	O
.	O
Schriber	O
,	O
5th	O
Edition	O
(	O
revised	O
)	O
,	O
Ulrich	O
's	O
Books	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
Ann	O
Arbor	O
,	O
MI	O
,	O
1983	O
,	O
376	O
pp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
computing	O
,	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
IV	O
,	O
WATFIV	B-Language
,	O
and	O
MTS	O
(	O
with	O
*	O
FTN	O
and	O
*	O
WATFIV	B-Language
)	O
,	O
Brice	O
Carnahan	O
and	O
James	O
O	O
Wilkes	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
,	O
Ann	O
Arbor	O
,	O
MI	O
,	O
1968	O
–	O
1979	O
,	O
1976	O
538	O
p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distributions	O
1.0	O
through	O
3.1	O
supported	O
the	O
IBM	B-Application
S/360	I-Application
Model	O
67	O
,	O
distribution	O
3.2	O
supported	O
both	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/360	I-Device
-67	I-Device
and	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
architecture	O
,	O
and	O
distributions	O
D4.0	O
through	O
D6.0	O
supported	O
just	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
S/370	I-Device
architecture	O
and	O
its	O
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Except	O
for	O
IBM	O
's	O
Assembler	B-Language
H	O
,	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
licensed	O
programs	O
were	O
required	O
to	O
run	O
MTS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
allow	O
new	O
sites	O
to	O
get	O
started	O
from	O
scratch	O
,	O
two	O
additional	O
magnetic	O
tapes	O
were	O
made	O
available	O
,	O
an	O
IPLable	O
boot	O
tape	O
that	O
contained	O
a	O
minimalist	O
version	O
of	O
MTS	O
plus	B-Language
the	O
DASDI	B-Application
and	O
DISKCOPY	O
utilities	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
initialize	O
and	O
restore	O
a	O
one	O
disk	O
pack	O
starter	O
version	O
of	O
MTS	O
from	O
the	O
second	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
earliest	O
days	O
of	O
MTS	O
,	O
the	O
standalone	O
TSS	B-Application
DASDI	B-Application
and	O
DUMP/RESTORE	O
utilities	O
rather	O
than	O
MTS	O
itself	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
one-disk	O
starter	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D6.0A	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
D6.0	O
version	O
of	O
MTS	O
from	O
1988	O
with	O
various	O
fixes	O
and	O
updates	O
to	O
make	O
operation	O
under	O
Hercules	B-Application
in	O
2012	O
smoother	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
licensed	O
MTS	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
single	O
program	O
such	O
as	O
CONFER	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
