<s>
Metacomputing	B-Device
is	O
all	O
computing	O
and	O
computing-oriented	O
activity	O
which	O
involves	O
computing	O
knowledge	O
(	O
science	O
and	O
technology	O
)	O
utilized	O
for	O
the	O
research	O
,	O
development	O
and	O
application	O
of	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
emerging	O
fields	O
of	O
metacomputing	B-Device
focus	O
on	O
the	O
methodological	O
and	O
technological	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
large	O
computer	O
networks/grids	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
intranet	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
territorially	O
distributed	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
for	O
special	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metacomputing	B-Device
,	O
as	O
a	O
computing	O
of	O
computing	O
,	O
includes	O
:	O
the	O
organization	O
of	O
large	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
choice	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
criteria	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
:	O
peer-to-peer	O
or	O
centralized	O
solution	O
)	O
and	O
metacomputing	B-General_Concept
software	I-General_Concept
(	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
,	O
metaprogramming	B-Application
)	O
development	O
where	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
specific	O
domains	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
metacomputing	B-Device
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
description	O
of	O
software	O
meta-layers	O
which	O
are	O
networked	O
platforms	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
user-oriented	O
calculations	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
for	O
computational	B-Algorithm
physics	I-Algorithm
and	O
bio-informatics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
,	O
serious	O
scientific	O
problems	O
of	O
systems/networks	O
complexity	O
emerge	O
,	O
not	O
only	O
related	O
to	O
domain-dependent	O
complexities	O
but	O
focused	O
on	O
systemic	O
meta-complexity	O
of	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
infrastructures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metacomputing	B-Device
is	O
also	O
a	O
useful	O
descriptor	O
for	O
self-referential	O
programming	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
metacomputing	B-Device
occurs	O
in	O
an	O
interpreted	O
or	O
real-time	O
compiling	O
system	O
since	O
the	O
changing	O
nature	O
of	O
information	O
in	O
processing	O
results	O
may	O
result	O
in	O
an	O
unpredictable	O
compute	O
state	O
throughout	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
the	O
metacomputer	O
(	O
the	O
information	O
state	O
operated	O
upon	O
by	O
the	O
metacomputing	B-Device
platform	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
human	O
and	O
social	O
perspectives	O
,	O
metacomputing	B-Device
is	O
especially	O
focused	O
on	O
:	O
human-computer	O
software	O
,	O
cognitive	O
interrelations/interfaces	O
,	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
intelligent	O
computer	O
grids	B-Architecture
for	O
the	O
cooperation	O
of	O
human	O
organizations	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
it	O
relates	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
software	O
infrastructures	O
for	O
the	O
computational	O
modeling	O
and	O
simulation	O
of	O
cognitive	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
for	O
various	O
decision	B-Application
support	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metacomputing	B-Device
refers	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
problems	O
of	O
computationality	O
of	O
human	O
knowledge	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
limits	O
of	O
the	O
transformation	O
of	O
human	O
knowledge	O
and	O
individual	O
thinking	O
to	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
computer	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
