<s>
Memex	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
hypothetical	O
electromechanical	O
device	O
for	O
interacting	O
with	O
microform	O
documents	O
and	O
described	O
in	O
Vannevar	O
Bush	O
's	O
1945	O
article	O
"	O
As	O
We	O
May	O
Think	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bush	O
envisioned	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
device	O
in	O
which	O
individuals	O
would	O
compress	O
and	O
store	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
books	O
,	O
records	O
,	O
and	O
communications	O
,	O
"	O
mechanized	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
consulted	O
with	O
exceeding	O
speed	O
and	O
flexibility	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
individual	O
was	O
supposed	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
as	O
an	O
automatic	O
personal	O
filing	O
system	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
"	O
an	O
enlarged	O
intimate	O
supplement	O
to	O
his	O
memory	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
memex	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
memory	O
and	O
expansion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
influenced	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
early	O
hypertext	O
systems	O
,	O
eventually	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
and	O
personal	O
knowledge	O
base	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
"	O
As	O
We	O
May	O
Think	O
"	O
,	O
Vannevar	O
Bush	O
describes	O
a	O
memex	B-General_Concept
as	O
an	O
electromechanical	O
device	O
enabling	O
individuals	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
read	O
a	O
large	O
self-contained	O
research	O
library	O
,	O
create	O
and	O
follow	O
associative	O
trails	O
of	O
links	O
and	O
personal	O
annotations	O
,	O
and	O
recall	O
these	O
trails	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
to	O
share	O
them	O
with	O
other	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
memex	B-General_Concept
would	O
hypothetically	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
content	O
on	O
these	O
microfilm	O
reels	O
,	O
using	O
electric	O
photocells	O
to	O
read	O
coded	O
symbols	O
recorded	O
next	O
to	O
individual	O
microfilm	O
frames	O
while	O
the	O
reels	O
spun	O
at	O
high	O
speed	O
,	O
stopping	O
on	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
coded	O
symbols	O
would	O
enable	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
to	O
index	O
,	O
search	O
,	O
and	O
link	O
content	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
follow	O
associative	O
trails	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
would	O
have	O
a	O
transparent	O
platen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
longhand	O
note	O
,	O
photograph	O
,	O
memoranda	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
things	O
were	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
platen	O
,	O
the	O
depression	O
of	O
a	O
lever	O
would	O
cause	O
the	O
item	O
to	O
be	O
photographed	O
onto	O
the	O
next	O
blank	O
space	O
in	O
a	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Bush	O
,	O
memex	B-General_Concept
could	O
become	O
"	O
a	O
sort	O
of	O
mechanized	O
private	O
file	O
and	O
library	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
memex	B-General_Concept
device	O
as	O
described	O
by	O
Bush	O
"	O
would	O
use	O
microfilm	O
storage	O
,	O
dry	O
photography	O
,	O
and	O
analog	O
computing	O
to	O
give	O
postwar	O
scholars	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
huge	O
,	O
indexed	O
repository	O
of	O
knowledge	O
any	O
section	O
of	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
called	O
up	O
with	O
a	O
few	O
keystrokes.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Bush	O
,	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
would	O
have	O
features	O
other	O
than	O
linking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
could	O
also	O
create	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
an	O
interesting	O
trail	O
(	O
containing	O
references	O
and	O
personal	O
annotations	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
pass	O
...	O
it	O
to	O
his	O
friend	O
for	O
insertion	O
in	O
his	O
own	O
memex	B-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
to	O
be	O
linked	O
into	O
the	O
more	O
general	O
trail.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1945	O
,	O
Life	O
magazine	O
published	O
an	O
illustration	O
by	O
Alfred	O
D	O
.	O
Crimi	O
showing	O
the	O
"	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
desk	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Life	O
magazine	O
,	O
the	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
desk	O
"	O
would	O
instantly	O
bring	O
files	O
and	O
material	O
on	O
an	O
subject	O
to	O
the	O
operator	O
's	O
fingertips	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bush	O
's	O
1945	O
"	O
As	O
We	O
May	O
Think	O
"	O
idea	O
for	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
extended	O
far	O
beyond	O
a	O
mechanism	O
that	O
might	O
augment	O
the	O
research	O
of	O
one	O
individual	O
working	O
in	O
isolation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bush	O
said	O
of	O
his	O
"	O
As	O
We	O
May	O
Think	O
"	O
memex	B-General_Concept
device	O
that	O
"	O
technical	O
difficulties	O
of	O
all	O
sorts	O
have	O
been	O
ignored	O
,	O
"	O
but	O
that	O
,	O
"	O
also	O
ignored	O
are	O
means	O
as	O
yet	O
unknown	O
which	O
may	O
come	O
any	O
day	O
to	O
accelerate	O
technical	O
progress	O
as	O
violently	O
as	O
did	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
thermionic	O
tube.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Michael	O
Buckland	O
concluded	O
that	O
Bush	O
's	O
1945	O
vision	O
for	O
an	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
machine	O
is	O
unhistorically	O
viewed	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
the	O
subsequent	O
development	O
of	O
electronic	O
computer	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Buckland	O
studied	O
the	O
historical	O
background	O
of	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
in	O
and	O
before	O
1939	O
because	O
the	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
was	O
based	O
on	O
Bush	O
's	O
work	O
during	O
1938	O
–	O
1940	O
in	O
building	O
a	O
photoelectric	O
microfilm	O
selector	O
,	O
an	O
electronic	O
retrieval	O
technology	O
invented	O
by	O
Emanuel	O
Goldberg	O
for	O
Zeiss	O
Ikon	O
in	O
the	O
1920s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engelbart	O
updated	O
the	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
microfilm	O
storage	O
desk	O
and	O
thereby	O
arrived	O
at	O
a	O
pioneering	O
vision	O
for	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
connected	O
to	O
an	O
electronic	B-Device
visual	I-Device
display	I-Device
and	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Licklider	O
wrote	O
that	O
he	O
had	O
often	O
heard	O
of	O
the	O
memex	B-General_Concept
and	O
"	O
trails	O
of	O
reference	O
"	O
,	O
even	O
before	O
he	O
had	O
read	O
"	O
As	O
We	O
May	O
Think	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1965	O
,	O
Ted	O
Nelson	O
coined	O
the	O
word	O
hypertext	O
in	O
a	O
paper	O
that	O
quoted	O
Bush	O
's	O
memex	B-General_Concept
idea	O
at	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
promoted	O
a	O
life-logging	O
research	O
project	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
MyLifeBits	B-Application
as	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
fulfill	O
Bush	O
's	O
memex	B-General_Concept
vision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1959	O
,	O
Vannevar	O
Bush	O
described	O
an	O
improved	O
"	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
II	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
manuscript	O
draft	O
of	O
"	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
II	O
"	O
he	O
wrote	O
,	O
"	O
Professional	O
societies	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
print	O
papers	O
...	O
"	O
and	O
states	O
that	O
individuals	O
will	O
either	O
order	O
sets	O
of	O
papers	O
to	O
come	O
on	O
tape	O
–	O
complete	O
with	O
photographs	O
and	O
diagrams	O
–	O
or	O
download	O
'	O
facsimiles	O
 '	O
by	O
telephone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
society	O
would	O
maintain	O
a	O
'	O
master	O
memex	B-General_Concept
 '	O
containing	O
all	O
papers	O
,	O
references	O
,	O
tables	O
"	O
intimately	O
interconnected	O
by	O
trails	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
one	O
may	O
follow	O
a	O
detailed	O
matter	O
from	O
paper	O
to	O
paper	O
,	O
going	O
back	O
through	O
the	O
classics	O
,	O
recording	O
criticism	O
in	O
the	O
margins.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1967	O
,	O
Vannevar	O
Bush	O
published	O
a	O
retrospective	O
article	O
entitled	O
"	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
Revisited	O
"	O
in	O
his	O
book	O
Science	O
Is	O
Not	O
Enough	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Published	O
22	O
years	O
after	O
his	O
initial	O
conception	O
of	O
the	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
,	O
Bush	O
details	O
the	O
various	O
technological	O
advancements	O
that	O
have	O
made	O
his	O
vision	O
a	O
possibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
article	O
claims	O
that	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
would	O
be	O
central	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
modern	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
erasable	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
tape	O
is	O
of	O
special	O
significance	O
,	O
as	O
this	O
would	O
allow	O
for	O
modification	O
of	O
information	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
proposed	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1967	O
article	O
"	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
Revisited	O
"	O
,	O
Bush	O
stresses	O
the	O
continued	O
importance	O
of	O
supplementing	O
"	O
how	O
creative	O
men	O
think	O
"	O
and	O
relates	O
that	O
the	O
systems	O
for	O
indexing	O
data	O
are	O
still	O
insufficient	O
and	O
rely	O
too	O
much	O
on	O
linear	O
pathways	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
association-based	O
system	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
brain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bush	O
also	O
relates	O
that	O
,	O
unlike	O
digital	O
technology	O
,	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
would	O
be	O
of	O
no	O
significant	O
aid	O
to	O
business	O
or	O
profitable	O
ventures	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
consequence	O
,	O
its	O
development	O
would	O
occur	O
only	O
long	O
after	O
the	O
mechanization	O
of	O
libraries	O
and	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
what	O
he	O
describes	O
as	O
the	O
specialized	O
"	O
group	O
machine	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
the	O
sharing	O
of	O
ideas	O
in	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
medicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
although	O
Bush	O
discusses	O
the	O
compressional	O
ability	O
and	O
rapidity	O
so	O
key	O
to	O
modern	O
machines	O
,	O
he	O
relates	O
that	O
speed	O
will	O
not	O
be	O
an	O
integral	O
part	O
of	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
,	O
stating	O
that	O
a	O
tenth	O
of	O
a	O
second	O
would	O
be	O
an	O
acceptable	O
interval	O
for	O
its	O
data	O
retrieval	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
billionths	O
of	O
a	O
second	O
that	O
modern	O
computers	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
For	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
,	O
"	O
he	O
writes	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
problem	O
is	O
not	O
swift	O
access	O
,	O
but	O
selective	O
access	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bush	O
states	O
that	O
although	O
the	O
code-reading	O
and	O
potential	O
linking	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
rapid	O
selector	O
would	O
be	O
key	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
is	O
still	O
an	O
issue	O
of	O
enabling	O
"	O
moderately	O
rapid	O
access	O
to	O
really	O
large	O
memory	O
storage	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bush	O
goes	O
on	O
to	O
discuss	O
the	O
record-making	O
process	O
and	O
how	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
could	O
incorporate	O
systems	O
of	O
voice-control	O
and	O
user-propagated	O
learning.He	O
proposes	O
a	O
machine	O
that	O
could	O
respond	O
to	O
"	O
simple	O
remarks	O
"	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
build	O
trailsbased	O
on	O
its	O
user	O
's	O
"	O
habits	O
of	O
association	O
,	O
"	O
as	O
Belinda	O
Barnet	O
described	O
them	O
in	O
"	O
The	O
Technical	O
Evolution	O
of	O
Vannevar	O
Bush	O
's	O
Memex.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Barnet	O
also	O
makes	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
constructive	O
Memex	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
"	O
permanent	O
trails	O
"	O
described	O
in	O
As	O
We	O
May	O
Think	O
,	O
and	O
attributes	O
Bush	O
's	O
machine	O
learning	O
concepts	O
to	O
Claude	O
Shannon	O
's	O
mechanical	O
mouse	B-Device
and	O
work	O
with	O
"	O
feedback	O
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
