<s>
Medipix	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
photon	O
counting	O
and	O
particle	O
tracking	O
pixel	O
detectors	O
developed	O
by	O
an	O
international	O
collaboration	O
,	O
hosted	O
by	O
CERN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
charge	O
is	O
then	O
collected	O
to	O
pixel	O
electrodes	O
and	O
,	O
via	O
bump	O
bonds	O
,	O
conducted	O
to	O
the	O
CMOS	B-Device
electronics	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
detector	O
increases	O
the	O
counter	O
in	O
the	O
appropriate	O
pixel	O
if	O
the	O
signal	O
is	O
above	O
the	O
discrimination	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
device	O
also	O
contains	O
an	O
upper	O
discrimination	O
level	O
and	O
hence	O
only	O
signals	O
within	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
amplitude	O
could	O
be	O
accepted	O
(	O
within	O
an	O
energy	O
window	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-2	O
,	O
Timepix	O
,	O
and	O
Medipix-3	O
are	O
all	O
256×256	O
pixels	O
,	O
each	O
0.055mm	O
(	O
55μm	O
)	O
square	O
,	O
forming	O
a	O
total	O
area	O
14.08mm	O
×	O
14.08mm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix/Timepix	O
chips	O
each	O
have	O
its	O
own	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ionizing	O
radiation	O
creates	O
light	O
and	O
subsequently	O
an	O
electric	O
charge	O
that	O
is	O
collected	O
and	O
integrated	O
in	O
pixels	O
(	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
,	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
,	O
Flat	O
panels	O
,	O
…	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-1	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
device	O
of	O
the	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
family	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-2	O
is	O
the	O
successor	O
of	O
Medipix-1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
count	O
rate	O
is	O
about	O
100kHz	O
per	O
pixel	O
(	O
however	O
in	O
pixels	O
with	O
9x	O
smaller	O
area	O
compared	O
to	O
Medipix-1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-2	O
MXR	O
is	O
an	O
improved	O
version	O
of	O
Medipix-2	O
device	O
with	O
better	O
temperature	O
stability	O
,	O
pixel	O
counter	O
overflow	O
protection	O
,	O
increased	O
radiation	O
hardness	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Timepix	O
is	O
device	O
conceptually	O
originating	O
from	O
Medipix-2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-3	O
is	O
the	O
latest	O
generation	O
of	O
photon	O
counting	O
devices	O
for	O
X-ray	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	O
data	O
recorded	O
by	O
Medipix/Timepix	O
devices	O
are	O
transferred	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
via	O
readout	O
electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Muros	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
readout	O
systems	O
of	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
detectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
interface	O
become	O
quickly	O
the	O
most	O
used	O
readout	O
within	O
the	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
collaboration	O
and	O
its	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fitpix	O
is	O
the	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
interface	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
group	O
in	O
Prague	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electronics	O
implements	O
the	O
parallel	O
Medipix/Timepix	O
readout	O
and	O
therefore	O
the	O
maximum	O
frame	O
rate	O
reaches	O
850	O
frame/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minipix	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
miniaturized	O
integrated	O
chip+readout	O
electronics	O
device	O
developed	O
by	O
in	O
Prague	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
whole	O
system	O
has	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
flash	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MARS	O
is	O
a	O
gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
readout	O
accommodating	O
up	O
to	O
6	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
2	O
or	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
3	O
detectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
X-ray	O
imaging	O
is	O
the	O
primary	O
application	O
field	O
of	O
Medipix	B-Algorithm
detectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix	B-Algorithm
offers	O
to	O
the	O
X-ray	O
imaging	O
field	O
in	O
particular	O
an	O
advantage	O
in	O
higher	O
dynamic	O
range	O
and	O
energy	O
sensitivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
detectors	O
may	O
also	O
find	O
applications	O
in	O
astronomy	O
,	O
high	O
energy	O
physics	O
,	O
medical	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
,	O
and	O
X-ray	O
spectroscopy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-1	O
:	O
Early	O
90s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-2	O
:	O
Late	O
90s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-3	O
:	O
Collaboration	O
formed	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medipix-4	O
:	O
Collaboration	O
formed	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
