<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
the	O
capabilities	O
that	O
new	O
forms	O
of	O
media	O
have	O
given	O
to	O
non-professionals	O
and	O
the	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
those	O
non-professionals	O
have	O
applied	O
those	O
capabilities	O
to	O
solve	O
problems	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
most	O
often	O
associated	O
with	O
Web	O
2.0	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
technologies	O
include	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
blogs	O
and	O
citizen	O
journalism	O
,	O
photo	O
and	O
video-sharing	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
user-generated	O
wikis	B-Protocol
like	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
and	O
distributed	O
accommodation	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Airbnb	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
social	O
web	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
only	O
technology	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
,	O
Clay	O
Shirky	O
claims	O
Web	O
2.0	O
has	O
allowed	O
amateurs	O
to	O
undertake	O
increasingly	O
complex	O
tasks	O
resulting	O
in	O
accomplishments	O
that	O
would	O
seem	O
daunting	O
within	O
the	O
traditional	O
institutional	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
tools	O
include	O
tags	B-General_Concept
,	O
trackbacks	B-Application
,	O
and	O
hashtags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
social	O
,	O
cumulative	O
and	O
collaborative	O
activity	O
,	O
wherein	O
ideas	O
will	O
flow	O
back	O
up	O
the	O
pipeline	O
from	O
consumers	O
and	O
they	O
will	O
share	O
them	O
among	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
institutional	O
hierarchy	O
in	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
,	O
amateurs	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
collaborate	O
without	O
the	O
interference	O
from	O
the	O
inherent	O
obstacles	O
associated	O
with	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
was	O
first	O
popularized	O
by	O
Clay	O
Shirky	O
in	O
his	O
2008	O
book	O
,	O
Here	O
Comes	O
Everybody	O
:	O
The	O
Power	O
of	O
Organizing	O
without	O
Organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
changing	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
words	O
like	O
journalist	O
and	O
photographer	O
to	O
include	O
non-professionals	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
institutional	O
realm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
changing	O
the	O
way	O
news	O
and	O
other	O
content	O
is	O
diffused	O
and	O
consumed	O
by	O
the	O
public	O
through	O
various	O
media	O
outlets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
George	O
Lazaroui	O
explains	O
that	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
radical	O
spread	O
of	O
expressive	O
capabilities	O
,	O
"	O
due	O
to	O
"	O
an	O
explosion	O
of	O
Internet	O
tools	O
designed	O
to	O
make	O
media	O
authoring	O
easier	O
"	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
21st	O
Century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
technological	O
and	O
cultural	O
phenomenon	O
whereby	O
ordinary	O
people	O
access	O
information-disseminating	O
technologies	O
that	O
were	O
historically	O
only	O
available	O
to	O
professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
Shirky	O
cites	O
collaborative	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
grassroots	O
creativity	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
because	O
everyday	O
people	O
are	O
creating	O
interesting	O
content	O
that	O
might	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
created	O
by	O
film	O
or	O
television	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
1992	O
book	O
Amateurs	O
,	O
Professionals	O
,	O
and	O
Serious	O
Leisure	O
,	O
Robert	O
A	O
.	O
Stebbins	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
phenomenon	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
serious	O
leisure.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Stebbins	O
views	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
replace	O
typical	O
mundane	O
employment	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
allow	O
a	O
person	O
to	O
increase	O
their	O
personal	O
skills	O
and	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
Web	O
2.0	O
or	O
other	O
digital	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
discussing	O
the	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
prequels	I-Application
filmmaker	O
George	O
Lucas	O
once	O
referenced	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
by	O
stating	O
"	O
Some	O
of	O
the	O
special	O
effects	O
that	O
we	O
redid	O
for	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
were	O
done	O
on	O
a	O
Macintosh	O
,	O
on	O
a	O
laptop	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
couple	O
of	O
hours	O
....	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fall	O
in	O
costs	O
of	O
transmitter	O
technology	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
citizens	B-Application
band	I-Application
radio	I-Application
(	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
for	O
short	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
allowed	O
amateurs	O
to	O
have	O
control	O
over	O
certain	O
frequencies	O
in	O
the	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
that	O
was	O
previously	O
reserved	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
or	O
various	O
broadcast	O
corporations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikis	B-Protocol
allow	O
for	O
the	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
of	O
encyclopedic	O
authorship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
that	O
is	O
typically	O
necessary	O
to	O
edit	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
email	O
address	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
that	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
remain	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
a	O
wiki	B-Protocol
editor	O
community	O
is	O
to	O
obey	O
the	O
rules	O
and	O
guidelines	O
of	O
said	O
wiki	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
manifestation	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
allows	O
amateur	O
researchers	O
and	O
authors	O
to	O
directly	O
compete	O
with	O
institutionally	O
established	O
encyclopedias	O
and	O
other	O
collections	O
such	O
as	O
Encyclopædia	O
Britannica	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
wikis	B-Protocol
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Flickr	B-Algorithm
allows	O
amateur	O
photographers	O
to	O
publish	O
and	O
share	O
photographs	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flickr	B-Algorithm
also	O
allows	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
community	O
of	O
photographers	O
that	O
might	O
have	O
previously	O
been	O
only	O
accessible	O
to	O
those	O
paying	O
for	O
photography	O
classes	O
at	O
an	O
institution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
2005	O
TED	O
talk	O
,	O
Clay	O
Shirky	O
illustrated	O
how	O
amateurs	O
have	O
used	O
tags	B-General_Concept
on	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
to	O
solve	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
organizing	O
photographs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
with	O
the	O
powers	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
and	O
tags	B-General_Concept
,	O
Shirky	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
quickly	O
assemble	O
dozens	O
of	O
photos	O
of	O
the	O
Mermaid	O
Parade	O
without	O
putting	O
forth	O
much	O
effort	O
or	O
spending	O
any	O
money	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
List	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
photo	I-Algorithm
sharing	I-Algorithm
websites	I-Algorithm
for	O
more	O
examples	O
like	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
represents	O
the	O
epitome	O
of	O
the	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
of	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airbnb	O
has	O
allowed	O
for	O
the	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
hospitality	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
the	O
principal	O
threat	O
"	O
to	O
all	O
newspapers	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
other	O
,	O
institutionalized	O
newspapers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
has	O
led	O
to	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
international	O
news	O
reporting	O
that	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
financially	O
justifiable	O
in	O
the	O
professional	O
model	O
of	O
publishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
future	O
presented	O
by	O
the	O
internet	O
is	O
the	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
of	O
publishing.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
citizen	O
media	O
in	O
the	O
Web	O
2.0	O
space	O
include	O
Reddit	B-Application
and	O
any	O
blog	O
wherein	O
the	O
author	O
conducts	O
original	O
investigative	O
journalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2014	O
,	O
blogger	B-Application
and	O
novelist	O
James	O
Wesley	O
Rawles	O
launched	O
a	O
web	O
site	O
that	O
provides	O
free	O
press	O
credentials	O
for	O
citizen	O
journalists	O
called	O
the	O
Constitution	O
First	O
Amendment	O
Press	O
Association	O
(	O
CFAPA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sites	O
like	O
Writer	O
's	O
University	O
have	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
of	O
editing	O
while	O
hundreds	O
of	O
fanfiction	O
sites	O
have	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
amateurization	O
of	O
publishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
it	O
often	O
results	O
in	O
amateurs	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
professional	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
made	O
possible	O
because	O
"	O
digital	O
culture	O
fosters	O
community	O
while	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
can	O
be	O
fueled	O
by	O
isolation.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Clay	O
Shirky	O
's	O
example	O
,	O
users	O
on	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
fall	O
into	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
collaborators	O
and	O
they	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
institutional	O
guidance	O
,	O
figured	O
out	O
how	O
to	O
solve	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
organizing	O
photographs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
inferred	O
that	O
institutions	O
will	O
oppose	O
any	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
that	O
threatens	O
their	O
way	O
of	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
enables	O
the	O
multiplication	O
and	O
overabundance	O
of	O
content	O
,	O
the	O
societal	O
capacity	O
to	O
process	O
and	O
digest	O
this	O
content	O
is	O
all	O
but	O
certain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lazaroui	O
notes	O
that	O
"	O
material	O
published	O
in	O
a	O
content-rich	O
environment	O
is	O
destined	O
to	O
remain	O
obscure	O
"	O
and	O
therefore	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
are	O
not	O
as	O
accessible	O
to	O
society	O
as	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
multi-faceted	O
phenomenon	O
that	O
works	O
under	O
different	O
conditions	O
than	O
professional	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
by	O
comparing	O
an	O
amateur	O
blog	O
on	O
blogspot	B-Application
to	O
one	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
staff	O
writer	O
for	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
of	O
film	O
making	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
multiple	O
cases	O
of	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Institutions	O
have	O
been	O
known	O
to	O
harness	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
mass	B-General_Concept
amateurization	I-General_Concept
for	O
their	O
own	O
profit	O
thereby	O
turning	O
the	O
efforts	O
of	O
everyday	O
people	O
into	O
free	O
labor	O
.	O
</s>
