<s>
A	O
mashup	B-Application
(	O
computer	O
industry	O
jargon	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
web	O
development	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
or	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
that	O
uses	O
content	O
from	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
source	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
single	O
new	O
service	O
displayed	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
graphical	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
could	O
combine	O
the	O
addresses	O
and	O
photographs	O
of	O
their	O
library	O
branches	O
with	O
a	O
Google	O
map	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
map	O
mashup	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
implies	O
easy	O
,	O
fast	O
integration	O
,	O
frequently	O
using	O
open	O
application	O
programming	O
interfaces	O
(	O
open	B-Application
API	I-Application
)	O
and	O
data	O
sources	O
to	O
produce	O
enriched	O
results	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
necessarily	O
the	O
original	O
reason	O
for	O
producing	O
the	O
raw	O
source	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
mashup	B-Application
originally	O
comes	O
from	O
creating	O
something	O
by	O
combining	O
elements	O
from	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
characteristics	O
of	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
are	O
combination	O
,	O
visualization	O
,	O
and	O
aggregation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
permanently	O
access	O
the	O
data	O
of	O
other	O
services	O
,	O
mashups	B-Application
are	O
generally	O
client	B-Protocol
applications	I-Protocol
or	O
hosted	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
years	O
,	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
have	O
published	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
that	O
enable	O
software	O
developers	O
to	O
easily	O
integrate	O
data	O
and	O
functions	O
the	O
SOA	O
way	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
building	O
them	O
by	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashups	B-Application
can	O
be	O
considered	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
active	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
social	O
software	O
and	O
Web	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
composition	O
tools	O
are	O
usually	O
simple	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
mashup	B-Application
"	O
is	O
not	O
formally	O
defined	O
by	O
any	O
standard-setting	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
broader	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
Web	O
provides	O
a	O
background	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
mashups	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
mashups	B-Application
emerged	O
,	O
allowing	O
mixing	O
and	O
matching	O
competitors	O
 '	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
to	O
develop	O
new	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
mashups	B-Application
used	O
mapping	O
services	O
or	O
photo	O
services	O
to	O
combine	O
these	O
services	O
with	O
data	O
of	O
any	O
kind	O
and	O
therefore	O
to	O
produce	O
visualizations	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
beginning	O
,	O
most	O
mashups	B-Application
were	O
consumer-based	O
,	O
but	O
recently	O
the	O
mashup	B-Application
is	O
to	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
interesting	O
concept	O
useful	O
also	O
to	O
enterprises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
mashups	B-Application
can	O
combine	O
existing	O
internal	O
data	O
with	O
external	O
services	O
to	O
generate	O
new	O
views	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pipes	O
to	O
build	O
mashups	B-Application
for	O
free	O
using	O
the	O
Yahoo	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
business	O
mashups	B-Application
,	O
consumer	O
mashups	B-Application
,	O
and	O
data	O
mashups	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
type	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
is	O
the	O
consumer	O
mashup	B-Application
,	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
(	O
or	O
enterprise	O
)	O
mashups	B-Application
define	O
applications	B-Application
that	O
combine	O
their	O
own	O
resources	O
,	O
application	O
and	O
data	O
,	O
with	O
other	O
external	O
Web	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Application
mashups	I-Application
are	O
secure	O
,	O
visually	O
rich	B-Application
Web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
that	O
expose	O
actionable	O
information	O
from	O
diverse	O
internal	O
and	O
external	O
information	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumer	O
mashups	B-Application
combine	O
data	O
from	O
multiple	O
public	O
sources	O
in	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
and	O
organize	O
it	O
through	O
a	O
simple	O
browser	B-Application
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
mashups	B-Application
,	O
opposite	O
to	O
the	O
consumer	O
mashups	B-Application
,	O
combine	O
similar	O
types	O
of	O
media	O
and	O
information	O
from	O
multiple	O
sources	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
all	O
these	O
resources	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
and	O
distinct	O
Web	B-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
that	O
was	O
not	O
originally	O
provided	O
by	O
either	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashups	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
categorized	O
by	O
the	O
basic	O
API	B-General_Concept
type	O
they	O
use	O
but	O
any	O
of	O
these	O
can	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
or	O
embedded	O
into	O
other	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
converters	O
:	O
language	O
translators	O
,	O
speech	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
URL	O
shorteners	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
Communication	O
:	O
email	O
,	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
,	O
notification	B-Application
...	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
related	O
:	O
electronic	O
payment	O
systems	O
,	O
ID	B-Application
identification	I-Application
...	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
technology	O
,	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
enabler	O
is	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
transforming	O
incompatible	O
IT	O
resources	O
into	O
a	O
form	O
that	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
easily	O
combined	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
enablers	O
allow	O
powerful	O
techniques	O
and	O
tools	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
mashup	B-Application
platforms	O
)	O
for	O
combining	O
data	O
and	O
services	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
new	O
kinds	O
of	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
enabler	O
is	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
creating	O
an	O
RSS	O
feed	O
from	O
a	O
spreadsheet	O
(	O
which	O
cannot	O
easily	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
mashup	B-Application
editors	I-Application
include	O
mashup	B-Application
enablers	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Presto	O
Mashup	B-Application
Connectors	O
,	O
Convertigo	O
Web	O
Integrator	O
or	O
Caspio	O
Bridge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
enablers	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
service	O
and	O
tool	O
providers	O
,	O
 [ sic ] 	O
that	O
make	O
mashups	B-Application
possible	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
mashups	B-Application
were	O
developed	O
manually	O
by	O
enthusiastic	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
mashups	B-Application
became	O
more	O
popular	O
,	O
companies	O
began	O
creating	O
platforms	O
for	O
building	O
mashups	B-Application
,	O
which	O
allow	O
designers	O
to	O
visually	O
construct	O
mashups	B-Application
by	O
connecting	O
together	O
mashup	B-Application
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
editors	I-Application
have	O
greatly	O
simplified	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
mashups	B-Application
,	O
significantly	O
increasing	O
the	O
productivity	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
developers	O
and	O
even	O
opening	O
mashup	B-Application
development	O
to	O
end-users	O
and	O
non-IT	O
experts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
components	O
and	O
connectors	O
enable	O
designers	O
to	O
combine	O
mashup	B-Application
resources	O
in	O
all	O
sorts	O
of	O
complex	O
ways	O
with	O
ease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
platforms	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
have	O
done	O
little	O
to	O
broaden	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
resources	O
accessible	O
by	O
mashups	B-Application
and	O
have	O
not	O
freed	O
mashups	B-Application
from	O
their	O
reliance	O
on	O
well-structured	O
data	O
and	O
open	O
libraries	O
(	O
RSS	O
feeds	O
and	O
public	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
enablers	O
evolved	O
to	O
address	O
this	O
problem	O
,	O
providing	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
convert	O
other	O
kinds	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
services	O
into	O
mashable	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
rich	B-Application
web	I-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
online	O
Web	O
portals	O
,	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
business-critical	O
processes	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
ordering	O
)	O
are	O
becoming	O
available	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
,	O
very	O
few	O
of	O
these	O
data	O
sources	O
syndicate	O
content	O
in	O
RSS	O
format	O
and	O
very	O
few	O
of	O
these	O
services	O
provide	O
publicly	O
accessible	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
editors	I-Application
therefore	O
solve	O
this	O
problem	O
by	O
providing	O
enablers	O
or	O
connectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashups	B-Application
and	O
portals	O
are	O
both	O
content	O
aggregation	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portals	O
are	O
an	O
older	O
technology	O
designed	O
as	O
an	O
extension	O
to	O
traditional	O
dynamic	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
converting	O
data	O
content	O
into	O
marked-up	O
Web	O
pages	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
phases	O
:	O
generation	O
of	O
markup	O
"	O
fragments	O
"	O
and	O
aggregation	O
of	O
the	O
fragments	O
into	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
markup	O
fragment	O
is	O
generated	O
by	O
a	O
"	O
portlet	B-Language
"	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
portal	O
combines	O
them	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
Web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portlets	B-Language
may	O
be	O
hosted	O
locally	O
on	O
the	O
portal	O
server	B-Application
or	O
remotely	O
on	O
a	O
separate	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
request	O
for	O
an	O
aggregate	O
page	O
on	O
a	O
portal	O
is	O
translated	O
into	O
individual	O
read	O
operations	O
on	O
all	O
the	O
portlets	B-Language
that	O
form	O
the	O
page	O
(	O
"	O
render	O
"	O
operations	O
on	O
local	O
,	O
JSR	B-Language
168	I-Language
portlets	B-Language
or	O
"	O
getMarkup	O
"	O
operations	O
on	O
remote	O
,	O
WSRP	O
portlets	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
submit	O
button	O
is	O
pressed	O
on	O
any	O
portlet	B-Language
on	O
a	O
portal	O
page	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
translated	O
into	O
an	O
update	O
operation	O
on	O
that	O
portlet	B-Language
alone	O
(	O
processAction	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
portlet	B-Language
or	O
performBlockingInteraction	O
on	O
a	O
remote	O
,	O
WSRP	O
portlet	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
update	O
is	O
then	O
immediately	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
read	O
on	O
all	O
portlets	B-Language
on	O
the	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portal	O
technology	O
is	O
about	O
server-side	O
,	O
presentation-tier	B-Operating_System
aggregation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
drive	O
more	O
robust	O
forms	O
of	O
application	O
integration	O
such	O
as	O
two-phase	B-General_Concept
commit	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashups	B-Application
differ	O
from	O
portals	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
respects	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
PortalMashupClassificationOlder	O
technology	O
,	O
extension	O
of	O
traditional	O
Web	O
server	B-Application
model	O
using	O
well-defined	O
approachUses	O
newer	O
,	O
loosely	O
defined	O
"	O
Web	O
2.0	O
"	O
techniquesPhilosophy/approachApproaches	O
aggregation	O
by	O
splitting	O
role	O
of	O
Web	O
server	B-Application
into	O
two	O
phases	O
:	O
markup	O
generation	O
and	O
aggregation	O
of	O
markup	O
fragmentsUses	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
provided	O
by	O
different	O
content	O
sites	O
to	O
aggregate	O
and	O
reuse	O
the	O
content	O
in	O
another	O
wayContent	O
dependenciesAggregates	O
presentation-oriented	O
markup	O
fragments	O
(	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
WML	O
,	O
VoiceXML	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
Can	O
operate	O
on	O
pure	O
XML	B-Protocol
content	O
and	O
also	O
on	O
presentation-oriented	O
content	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
HTML	B-Language
)	O
Location	O
dependenciesTraditionally	O
,	O
content	O
aggregation	O
takes	O
place	O
on	O
the	O
serverContent	O
aggregation	O
can	O
take	O
place	O
either	O
on	O
the	O
server	B-Application
or	O
on	O
the	O
clientAggregation	O
style	O
"	O
Salad	O
bar	O
"	O
style	O
:	O
Aggregated	O
content	O
is	O
presented	O
'	O
side-by-side	O
'	O
without	O
overlaps	O
"	O
Melting	O
pot	O
"	O
style	O
-	O
Individual	O
content	O
may	O
be	O
combined	O
in	O
any	O
manner	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
arbitrarily	O
structured	O
hybrid	O
contentEvent	O
modelRead	O
and	O
update	O
event	O
models	O
are	O
defined	O
through	O
a	O
specific	O
portlet	B-Language
APICRUD	O
operations	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
REST	B-Protocol
architectural	O
principles	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
formal	O
API	B-General_Concept
existsRelevant	O
standardsPortlet	O
behavior	O
is	O
governed	O
by	O
standards	O
JSR	B-Language
168	I-Language
,	O
JSR	B-Language
286	I-Language
and	O
WSRP	O
,	O
although	O
portal	O
page	O
layout	O
and	O
portal	O
functionality	O
are	O
undefined	O
and	O
vendor-specificBase	O
standards	O
are	O
XML	B-Protocol
interchanged	O
as	O
REST	B-Protocol
or	O
Web	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RSS	O
and	O
Atom	B-Application
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
specific	O
mashup	B-Application
standards	O
such	O
as	O
EMML	B-Application
are	O
emerging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
increasing	O
maturity	O
and	O
standardization	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
technology	O
will	O
likely	O
make	O
it	O
more	O
popular	O
than	O
portal	O
technology	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
closely	O
associated	O
with	O
Web	O
2.0	O
and	O
lately	O
Service-oriented	O
Architectures	O
(	O
SOA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
versions	O
of	O
portal	O
products	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
eventually	O
add	O
mashup	B-Application
support	O
while	O
still	O
supporting	O
legacy	O
portlet	B-Language
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
technologies	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
expected	O
to	O
provide	O
support	O
for	O
portal	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
uses	O
are	O
expanding	O
in	O
the	O
business	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
mashups	B-Application
are	O
useful	O
for	O
integrating	O
business	O
and	O
data	O
services	O
,	O
as	O
business	O
mashups	B-Application
technologies	O
provide	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
develop	O
new	O
integrated	O
services	O
quickly	O
,	O
to	O
combine	O
internal	O
services	O
with	O
external	O
or	O
personalized	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
make	O
these	O
services	O
tangible	O
to	O
the	O
business	O
user	O
through	O
user-friendly	O
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
mashups	B-Application
differ	O
from	O
consumer	O
mashups	B-Application
in	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
integration	O
with	O
business	O
computing	O
environments	O
,	O
security	O
and	O
access	O
control	O
features	O
,	O
governance	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
sophistication	O
of	O
the	O
programming	O
tools	O
(	O
mashup	B-Application
editors	I-Application
)	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
difference	O
between	O
business	O
mashups	B-Application
and	O
consumer	O
mashups	B-Application
is	O
a	O
growing	O
trend	O
of	O
using	O
business	O
mashups	B-Application
in	O
commercial	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
(	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
)	O
offering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
providers	O
of	O
business	O
mashups	B-Application
technologies	O
have	O
added	O
SOA	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
architecture	O
of	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
is	O
divided	O
into	O
three	B-Operating_System
layers	I-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
Presentation	O
/	O
user	O
interaction	O
:	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
of	O
mashups	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technologies	O
used	O
are	O
HTML/XHTML	O
,	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Asynchronous	B-General_Concept
JavaScript	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Xml	I-General_Concept
(	O
Ajax	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
Services	O
:	O
the	O
product	O
's	O
functionality	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
using	O
API	B-General_Concept
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technologies	O
used	O
are	O
XMLHTTPRequest	B-Protocol
,	O
XML-RPC	B-Protocol
,	O
JSON-RPC	B-General_Concept
,	O
SOAP	B-Application
,	O
REST	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technologies	O
used	O
are	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
,	O
KML	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architecturally	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
two	O
styles	O
of	O
mashups	B-Application
:	O
Web-based	B-Application
and	O
server-based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
Web-based	B-Application
mashups	B-Application
typically	O
use	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
to	O
combine	O
and	O
reformat	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
server-based	O
mashups	B-Application
analyze	O
and	O
reformat	O
the	O
data	O
on	O
a	O
remote	O
server	B-Application
and	O
transmit	O
the	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
browser	B-Application
in	O
its	O
final	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashups	B-Application
appear	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
variation	O
of	O
a	O
façade	O
pattern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
:	O
a	O
software	O
engineering	O
design	O
pattern	O
that	O
provides	O
a	O
simplified	O
interface	O
to	O
a	O
larger	O
body	O
of	O
code	O
(	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
code	O
to	O
aggregate	O
the	O
different	O
feeds	O
with	O
different	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashups	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
software	O
provided	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
(	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
services	O
provide	O
open	O
,	O
standardized	O
protocols	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
unified	O
means	O
of	O
accessing	O
information	O
from	O
a	O
diverse	O
set	O
of	O
platforms	O
(	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
applications	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
Web	O
services	O
can	O
be	O
reused	O
to	O
provide	O
completely	O
new	O
services	O
and	O
applications	B-Application
within	O
and	O
across	O
organizations	O
,	O
providing	O
business	O
flexibility	O
.	O
</s>
