<s>
A	O
video	B-Application
mashup	I-Application
(	O
also	O
written	O
as	O
video	O
mash-up	O
)	O
combines	O
multiple	O
pre-existing	O
video	O
sources	O
with	O
no	O
discernible	O
relation	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
into	O
a	O
unified	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
videos	O
include	O
movie	O
trailer	O
remixes	O
,	O
vids	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Poop	O
,	O
and	O
supercuts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
music	O
video	B-Application
mashup	I-Application
are	O
usually	O
edited	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
rhythm	O
of	O
the	O
song	O
,	O
and	O
seeking	O
to	O
show	O
a	O
particular	O
aesthetic	O
style	O
towards	O
a	O
celebrative	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
one	O
is	O
a	O
music	O
video	O
created	O
from	O
bits	O
and	O
pieces	O
from	O
various	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
performances	O
clipped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
clarification	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
by	O
Navas	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
the	O
reflexive	O
mashup	B-Application
,	O
for	O
it	O
beyond	O
the	O
limitation	O
of	O
common	O
music	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
eliminate	O
the	O
distance	O
in	O
geography	O
and	O
nationalities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
two	O
types	O
are	O
typical	O
use-generated	O
contents	O
in	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
Web2.0	O
,	O
which	O
reflects	O
the	O
more	O
participation	O
in	O
mashup	B-Application
or	O
remix	O
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Political	O
video	B-Application
mashups	I-Application
are	O
a	O
primary	O
example	O
of	O
citizen-generated	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
mashups	B-Application
allow	O
the	O
creator	O
to	O
form	O
new	O
meanings	O
by	O
juxtaposing	O
two	O
pieces	O
of	O
original	O
source	O
material	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
someone	O
may	O
take	O
footage	O
of	O
a	O
politician	O
's	O
speech	O
and	O
'	O
mash	O
it	O
up	O
 '	O
with	O
footage	O
from	O
a	O
popular	O
reality	O
television	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
form	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
,	O
according	O
to	O
Richard	O
L	O
.	O
Edwards	O
and	O
Chuck	O
Tryon	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
accepted	O
as	O
allegories	O
of	O
citizen	O
empowerment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
their	O
article	O
'	O
Political	O
Video	B-Application
Mashups	I-Application
as	O
Allegories	O
of	O
Citizen	O
Empowerment	O
 '	O
,	O
the	O
videos	O
are	O
empowering	O
because	O
the	O
users	O
become	O
more	O
literate	O
with	O
online	O
and	O
offline	O
information	O
they	O
receive	O
daily	O
;	O
they	O
become	O
more	O
active	O
when	O
it	O
comes	O
to	O
interpreting	O
meaning	O
and	O
also	O
realising	O
how	O
a	O
speech	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
manipulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
videos	O
such	O
as	O
political	O
mashups	B-Application
are	O
starting	O
to	O
take	O
on	O
a	O
serious	O
role	O
within	O
the	O
politics	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
of	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2008	O
elections	O
(	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
'	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
elections	O
 '	O
)	O
more	O
than	O
40%	O
of	O
voters	O
watched	O
video	O
content	O
relating	O
to	O
the	O
elections	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
that	O
the	O
internet	O
is	O
so	O
widely	O
accessible	O
it	O
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
make	O
and	O
find	O
digestible	O
content	O
;	O
political	O
mashup	B-Application
videos	O
can	O
make	O
a	O
serious	O
speech	O
more	O
humorous	O
,	O
accessible	O
and	O
understandable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
because	O
anybody	O
can	O
create	O
these	O
mashups	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
remember	O
that	O
the	O
original	O
meaning	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
violated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
a	O
political	O
mashup	B-Application
will	O
completely	O
flip	O
the	O
meaning	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
funny	O
,	O
some	O
mashup	B-Application
artists	O
choose	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
entirely	O
manufactured	O
meaning	O
from	O
source	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
examples	O
of	O
political	O
mashup	B-Application
videos	O
and	O
artists	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trailer	O
mashups	B-Application
also	O
known	O
as	O
recut	O
trailers	O
,	O
involve	O
collecting	O
multiple	O
pieces	O
of	O
film	O
footage	O
from	O
one	O
or	O
multiple	O
movies	O
and	O
editing	O
them	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
trailer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trailer	O
mashups	B-Application
are	O
often	O
created	O
for	O
a	O
movie	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
exist	O
or	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
genre	O
of	O
an	O
existing	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trailer	O
mashups	B-Application
existence	O
and	O
popularity	O
can	O
be	O
credited	O
to	O
convergence	O
culture	O
and	O
the	O
Web	O
2.0	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
allowing	O
films	O
to	O
be	O
easily	O
accessed	O
and	O
shared	O
online	O
on	O
video	O
sharing	O
websites	O
such	O
as	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
video	O
sharing	O
websites	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
it	O
has	O
allowed	O
film	O
to	O
be	O
transformed	O
into	O
a	O
read-write	O
form	O
of	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	O
editing	O
software	O
is	O
widely	O
accessible	O
so	O
anyone	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
digital	O
movie	O
files	O
can	O
create	O
a	O
trailer	O
mashup	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trailer	O
mashups	B-Application
are	O
not	O
only	O
a	O
user	O
generated	O
form	O
of	O
digital	O
creativity	O
but	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
create	O
anticipation	O
for	O
future	O
releases	O
,	O
working	O
in	O
tandem	O
with	O
current	O
movie	O
trailers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fan	O
made	O
trailer	O
mashups	B-Application
allow	O
the	O
audience	O
to	O
perform	O
their	O
own	O
cinematic	O
spin	O
on	O
current	O
movie	O
footage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
generated	O
trailer	O
mashup	B-Application
allows	O
for	O
the	O
creator	O
disregard	O
advertising	O
and	O
promotion	O
paths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
supercut	O
video	B-Application
mashups	I-Application
,	O
they	O
focus	O
on	O
the	O
phrases	O
and	O
devices	O
that	O
are	O
repeated	O
in	O
movies	O
and	O
TV	O
and	O
repeat	O
them	O
in	O
a	O
comic	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supercut	O
first	O
appeared	O
a	O
year	O
after	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
was	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Eduardo	O
Navas	O
,	O
web	O
application	O
mashups	B-Application
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
Regenerative	O
Remix	O
that	O
developed	O
with	O
an	O
interest	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
software	O
for	O
specific	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
emergence	O
of	O
the	O
web	O
application	O
mashups	B-Application
is	O
for	O
practical	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Navas	O
recognizes	O
that	O
the	O
reflexive	O
mashups	B-Application
also	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
entertainment	O
and	O
the	O
most	O
typical	O
example	O
is	O
Vine	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vine	B-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
used	O
video	O
app	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
which	O
for	O
creating	O
6-second	O
looping	O
videos	O
,	O
prioritizes	O
the	O
visual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
better	O
understand	O
the	O
creative	O
capabilities	O
of	O
Vine	B-Application
's	O
limitations	O
,	O
we	O
analyze	O
its	O
formal	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eisenstein	O
managed	O
to	O
compress	O
time	O
and	O
space	O
of	O
videos	O
through	O
his	O
skills	O
at	O
editing	O
and	O
it	O
influences	O
the	O
basic	O
principles	O
of	O
video	B-Application
mashup	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
precedent	O
for	O
video	B-Application
mashups	I-Application
can	O
be	O
discovered	O
in	O
the	O
montage	O
films	O
of	O
Eisenstein	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hillary	O
1984	O
-	O
In	O
March	O
2007	O
Hillary	O
1984	O
,	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
1984	O
launch	O
commercial	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
with	O
footage	O
of	O
Hillary	O
Clinton	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
place	O
of	O
Big	O
Brother	O
,	O
went	O
viral	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
stages	O
of	O
the	O
race	O
for	O
the	O
2008	O
Democratic	O
presidential	O
nomination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Rewind	O
-	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
Rewind	O
is	O
a	O
yearly	O
video	O
series	O
produced	O
and	O
released	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
starting	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
series	O
started	O
by	O
simply	O
placing	O
clips	O
of	O
the	O
videos	O
next	O
to	O
one	O
another	O
in	O
a	O
countdown	O
style	O
,	O
but	O
then	O
changed	O
to	O
a	O
mash-up	O
of	O
both	O
video	O
and	O
music	O
,	O
using	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
stars	O
to	O
reference	O
the	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
French	O
Antonio	O
Maria	O
Da	O
Silva	O
AMDS	O
FILMS	O
became	O
known	O
worldwide	O
with	O
Terminator	O
versus	O
RoboCop	O
,	O
a	O
mashup	B-Application
that	O
recounts	O
the	O
meeting	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
sacred	O
monsters	O
of	O
the	O
cinema	O
;	O
the	O
first	O
episode	O
was	O
seen	O
more	O
than	O
85	O
million	O
times	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
's	O
the	O
Mashup	B-Application
?	O
</s>
<s>
-	O
What	O
's	O
the	O
Mashup	B-Application
?	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channel	I-General_Concept
which	O
began	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
with	O
100+	O
mashup	B-Application
videos	O
as	O
of	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cinema	O
Cereal	O
-	O
Cinema	O
Cereal	O
is	O
a	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
channel	I-General_Concept
which	O
began	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
with	O
350+	O
mashup	B-Application
videos	O
as	O
of	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
videos	O
are	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
mashup	B-Application
creators	O
remix	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
videos	O
or	O
music	O
from	O
various	O
sources	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
the	O
permission	O
of	O
copyright	O
owner	O
,	O
mashup	B-Application
video	O
artists	O
may	O
violate	O
the	O
copyright	O
law	O
and	O
charged	O
by	O
criminal	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
they	O
violate	O
the	O
law	O
,	O
their	O
videos	O
will	O
be	O
forced	O
to	O
take	O
down	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
can	O
ban	O
their	O
accounts	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
forbidden	O
to	O
post	O
anything	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
more	O
serious	O
case	O
,	O
the	O
copyright	O
owners	O
reserve	O
their	O
rights	O
to	O
sue	O
the	O
mashup	B-Application
artists	O
and	O
they	O
may	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
punishment	O
of	O
five	O
years	O
in	O
jail	O
and	O
large	O
fines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
obstacle	O
that	O
hinders	O
mashup	B-Application
artists	O
to	O
develop	O
mashup	B-Application
video	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
mashup	B-Application
artists	O
and	O
public	O
suggests	O
a	O
reform	O
of	O
copyright	O
law	O
regarding	O
on	O
remix	O
culture	O
and	O
mashup	B-Application
videos	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
give	O
more	O
freedom	O
for	O
mashup	B-Application
artists	O
to	O
create	O
their	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
Hofstra	O
Law	O
Review	O
,	O
“	O
If	O
mashup	B-Application
artists	O
could	O
prove	O
that	O
they	O
use	O
others’	O
songs	O
or	O
clips	O
to	O
criticize	O
,	O
comment	O
,	O
or	O
teach	O
,	O
then	O
mashup	B-Application
artists	O
might	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
without	O
authorization.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
video	B-Application
mashup	I-Application
artist	O
Jonathan	O
McIntosh	O
spoke	O
before	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Copyright	O
Office	O
to	O
advocate	O
for	O
exemptions	O
to	O
the	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
mashup	B-Application
video	O
is	O
now	O
legal	O
in	O
practice	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
affect	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
's	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cassetteboy	O
's	O
videos	O
can	O
be	O
shown	O
on	O
TV	O
channels	O
now	O
but	O
sometimes	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
can	O
take	O
down	O
their	O
videos	O
if	O
they	O
violate	O
the	O
copyright	O
of	O
the	O
music	O
or	O
clips	O
in	O
their	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
