<s>
Participants	O
in	O
an	O
online	O
music	O
scene	O
who	O
rearrange	O
spliced	O
parts	O
of	O
musical	O
pieces	O
form	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
audio-files	O
are	O
normally	O
in	O
MP3	B-Application
format	O
and	O
spliced	O
with	O
audio-editing	O
software	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
,	O
edited	O
song	O
is	O
called	O
mashup	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
expression	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
is	O
also	O
strongly	O
connected	O
to	O
mashup	B-Application
in	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
Culture	O
is	O
even	O
regarded	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
larger	O
technological	O
,	O
institutional	O
,	O
and	O
social	O
contexts	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
in	O
general	O
can	O
be	O
dated	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
beginnings	O
of	O
dada	O
and	O
conceptual	O
art	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
still	O
quite	O
a	O
long	O
way	O
to	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
in	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
MP3	B-Application
audio	I-Application
files	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
access	O
and	O
download	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
"	O
reworking	O
MP3	B-Application
recordings	O
pulled	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
"	O
was	O
turning	O
into	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
a	O
fashion	O
just	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
Internet	O
is	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
distribution	O
,	O
it	O
becomes	O
a	O
raison	O
d’eˆtre	O
for	O
a	O
culture	O
based	O
on	O
audio	O
data’’	O
states	O
Alistair	O
Riddell	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
versions	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
music	O
were	O
published	O
,	O
sometimes	O
not	O
under	O
the	O
term	O
mashup	B-Application
but	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
"	O
creative	O
bootleg	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
bastard	O
pop	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
song	O
by	O
combining	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
samples	O
of	O
different	O
songs	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
other	O
music	O
styles	O
such	O
as	O
Hip	O
Hop	O
before	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
only	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
MP3	B-Application
audio	I-Application
file	O
along	O
with	O
easy-to-use	O
computer	O
mash-up	O
programs	O
that	O
mash-up	O
was	O
transformed	O
into	O
an	O
own	O
culture	O
as	O
such	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Especially	O
peer-to-peer	O
sharing	O
was	O
contributing	O
to	O
this	O
phenomenon	O
:	O
People	O
who	O
create	O
mashup	B-Application
music	O
can	O
easily	O
distribute	O
it	O
and	O
share	O
it	O
with	O
other	O
people	O
through	O
online	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
culture	O
is	O
motivated	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
factors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashup	B-Application
culture	O
is	O
sometimes	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
cultural	O
movement	O
against	O
common	O
,	O
existing	O
music	O
that	O
is	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
music	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
a	O
Newsweek	O
article	O
described	O
the	O
mashup	B-Application
of	O
songs	O
as	O
a	O
strategy	O
of	O
Londoner	O
DJs	O
to	O
transform	O
music	O
they	O
considered	O
bad	O
into	O
something	O
they	O
could	O
appreciate	O
and	O
were	O
willing	O
to	O
listen	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
has	O
its	O
origin	O
in	O
online	O
communities	O
,	O
it	O
entered	O
a	O
more	O
art-related	O
realm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Murray	O
states	O
"	O
there	O
’s	O
the	O
question	O
of	O
the	O
kind	O
of	O
Internet	O
we	O
want	O
moving	O
forward	O
–	O
one	O
increasingly	O
controlled	O
by	O
corporate	O
gatekeepers	B-General_Concept
who	O
get	O
to	O
sanction	O
what	O
creative	O
expression	O
looks	O
like	O
,	O
or	O
one	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
freedom	O
of	O
this	O
expression	O
is	O
valued	O
above	O
share	O
price	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyright	O
issues	O
have	O
always	O
been	O
limiting	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mashups	B-Application
are	O
often	O
created	O
with	O
illegally	O
acquired	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
copyright	O
laws	O
were	O
intentionally	O
supposed	O
to	O
stop	O
illegal	O
downloads	O
,	O
they	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
appeal	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
and	O
to	O
the	O
culture	O
existing	O
around	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
important	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
nowadays	O
lies	O
in	O
the	O
do-it-yourself	O
or	O
DIY	O
trend	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
D	O
.	O
Miller	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
DJ	O
Spooky	O
,	O
Sound	O
Unbound	O
:	O
Sampling	O
Digital	O
Music	O
and	O
Culture	O
,	O
a	O
book	O
about	O
mashup	B-Application
culture	O
's	O
influence	O
on	O
society	O
.	O
</s>
