<s>
The	O
Mars	B-Application
Regional	I-Application
Atmospheric	I-Application
Modeling	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
MRAMS	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
that	O
simulates	B-Application
the	O
circulations	O
of	O
the	O
Martian	B-Application
atmosphere	O
at	O
regional	O
and	O
local	O
scales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MRAMS	B-Application
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Scot	O
Rafkin	O
and	O
Timothy	O
Michaels	O
,	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
Regional	B-Application
Atmospheric	I-Application
Modeling	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
RAMS	O
)	O
developed	O
by	O
William	O
R	O
.	O
Cotton	O
and	O
Roger	O
A	O
.	O
Pielke	O
to	O
study	O
atmospheric	O
circulations	O
on	O
the	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
features	O
of	O
MRAMS	B-Application
include	O
a	O
non-hydrostatic	O
,	O
fully	O
compressible	O
dynamics	O
,	O
explicit	O
bin	O
dust	O
,	O
water	O
,	O
and	O
carbon	O
dioxide	O
ice	O
atmospheric	O
physics	O
model	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
fully	O
prognostic	O
regolith	O
model	B-Application
that	O
includes	O
carbon	O
dioxide	O
deposition	O
and	O
sublimation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Mars	B-Application
exploration	O
projects	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Mars	B-Application
Exploration	O
Rovers	O
,	O
the	O
Phoenix	O
Scout	O
Mission	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Mars	B-Application
Science	O
Laboratory	O
have	O
used	O
MRAMS	B-Application
to	O
study	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
atmospheric	O
circulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MRAMS	B-Application
operates	O
at	O
the	O
mesoscale	O
and	O
microscale	O
,	O
modeling	O
and	O
simulating	O
the	O
Martian	B-Application
atmosphere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smaller	O
scale	O
modeling	O
of	O
the	O
MRAMS	B-Application
gives	O
it	O
higher	O
resolution	O
data	O
points	O
and	O
models	O
over	O
complex	O
terrain	O
and	O
topography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
equations	O
in	O
the	O
dynamic	O
core	O
of	O
the	O
MRAMS	B-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
primitive	O
grid-volume	O
Reynolds-averaged	O
equations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MRAMS	B-Application
dynamical	O
core	O
integrates	O
equations	O
for	O
momentum	O
,	O
thermodynamics	O
(	O
atmosphere-surface	O
heat	O
exchange	O
)	O
,	O
tracers	O
,	O
and	O
conservation	O
of	O
mass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MRAMS	B-Application
dynamical	O
core	O
was	O
developed	O
from	O
RAMS	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
changed	O
excessively	O
to	O
account	O
for	O
the	O
large	O
difference	O
in	O
atmospheres	O
between	O
Mars	B-Application
and	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
MRAMS	B-Application
models	O
parameterize	O
numerous	O
features	O
including	O
dust	O
and	O
dust	O
lifting	O
,	O
cloud	O
microphysics	O
,	O
radiative	O
transfer	O
,	O
and	O
steep	O
topography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MRAMS	B-Application
operates	O
on	O
the	O
mesoscale	O
and	O
therefore	O
is	O
a	O
regional	O
tool	O
not	O
global	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
accurate	O
for	O
data	O
collection	O
around	O
complex	O
terrain	O
and	O
changing	O
topography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computational	O
grid	O
types	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
MRAMS	B-Application
are	O
of	O
the	O
Arakawa	O
C-type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
MRAMS	B-Application
stems	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
nested	O
two-way	O
grid	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
