<s>
Marienbad	B-Application
was	O
a	O
1962	O
Polish	O
puzzle	O
mainframe	B-Application
game	I-Application
created	O
by	O
Elwro	O
engineer	O
Witold	O
Podgórski	O
in	O
Wrocław	O
,	O
Poland	O
for	O
its	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
an	O
adaption	O
of	O
the	O
logic	O
game	O
nim	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspired	O
by	O
the	O
discussion	O
in	O
the	O
magazine	O
Przekrój	O
of	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
nim	B-Application
in	O
the	O
1961	O
film	O
Last	O
Year	O
at	O
Marienbad	B-Application
(	O
L'Année	O
dernière	O
à	O
Marienbad	B-Application
)	O
,	O
named	O
"	O
Marienbad	B-Application
"	O
by	O
the	O
magazine	O
,	O
Podgórski	O
programmed	O
the	O
game	O
for	O
the	O
in-development	O
1003	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
,	O
released	O
in	O
1963	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marienbad	B-Application
did	O
not	O
spread	O
far	O
beyond	O
its	O
initial	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
fell	O
into	O
obscurity	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
pictures	O
or	O
documentation	O
surviving	O
to	O
recreate	O
it	O
in	O
its	O
original	O
form	O
;	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
only	O
one	O
known	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
remaining	O
and	O
no	O
way	O
of	O
recreating	O
the	O
game	O
exists	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
considered	O
lost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
nim	B-Application
,	O
players	O
take	O
turns	O
removing	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
object	O
from	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
objects	O
,	O
traditionally	O
matchsticks	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
either	O
being	O
or	O
not	O
being	O
the	O
player	O
who	O
removes	O
the	O
last	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Marienbads	B-Application
default	O
game	O
mode	O
,	O
four	O
rows	O
of	O
matches	O
were	O
generated	O
,	O
with	O
either	O
one	O
,	O
three	O
,	O
five	O
or	O
seven	O
matches	O
within	O
each	O
row	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
a	O
video	O
output	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elwro	O
was	O
a	O
Polish	O
company	O
established	O
in	O
1959	O
and	O
based	O
in	O
Wrocław	O
,	O
Poland	O
,	O
that	O
designed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
and	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
first	O
release	O
was	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1001	I-Device
mainframe	B-Architecture
in	O
1960	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1002	O
in	O
1962	O
and	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
in	O
1963	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
completed	O
his	O
masters	O
thesis	O
at	O
Elwro	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
was	O
employed	O
on	O
10	O
October	O
1961	O
,	O
working	O
with	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1001	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
developed	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
manipulate	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
memory	O
to	O
allow	O
content	O
to	O
be	O
saved	O
,	O
thus	O
paving	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
machine	O
used	O
modern	O
transistor	O
switches	O
that	O
allowed	O
for	O
500	O
operations	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
drum	O
memory	O
of	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
program	O
had	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
40	O
kilobytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
working	O
for	O
Elwro	O
in	O
1961	O
,	O
Podgórski	O
discovered	O
the	O
logic	O
game	O
nim	B-Application
while	O
reading	O
an	O
issue	O
in	O
the	O
weekly	O
magazine	O
Przekrój	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Przekrój	O
named	O
this	O
variant	O
of	O
nim	B-Application
as	O
"	O
Marienbad	B-Application
"	O
after	O
the	O
1960	O
French	O
film	O
Last	O
Year	O
at	O
Marienbad	B-Application
(	O
L'Année	O
dernière	O
à	O
Marienbad	B-Application
)	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
characters	O
frequently	O
play	O
these	O
mathematical	O
duels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Podgórski	O
became	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
nim	B-Application
in	O
the	O
film	O
after	O
reading	O
about	O
its	O
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
sitting	O
in	O
a	O
multi-hour	O
lecture	O
for	O
his	O
obligatory	O
military	O
study	O
class	O
,	O
Podgórski	O
decided	O
to	O
decipher	O
the	O
Marienbad	B-Application
algorithm	O
and	O
save	O
it	O
to	O
a	O
binary	O
system	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
understood	O
by	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
programmed	O
the	O
game	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
prototype	O
of	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
,	O
then	O
in	O
development	O
and	O
scheduled	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
Board	O
of	O
the	O
Topographic	O
General	O
Staff	O
of	O
the	O
Polish	O
Army	O
in	O
Wrocław	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
could	O
not	O
beat	O
the	O
standard	O
16-match	O
version	O
of	O
Marienbad	B-Application
,	O
let	O
alone	O
higher	O
settings	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
many	O
games	O
in	O
the	O
early	B-Application
history	I-Application
of	I-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
Marienbad	B-Application
did	O
not	O
spread	O
far	O
beyond	O
the	O
initial	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
were	O
rare	O
throughout	O
the	O
world	O
and	O
primarily	O
located	O
in	O
government	O
or	O
military	O
institutions	O
or	O
large	O
corporations	O
,	O
so	O
were	O
generally	O
unavailable	O
for	O
amusement	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elwro	O
produced	O
only	O
42	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
mainframes	B-Architecture
between	O
1963	O
and	O
1965	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
developing	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
Podgórski	O
became	O
a	O
student	O
at	O
the	O
Wojskowa	O
Akademia	O
Techniczna	O
(	O
Military	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
in	O
Warsaw	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
assistance	O
of	O
fellow	O
student	O
Bogdan	O
Bleja	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
there	O
on	O
an	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
that	O
was	O
mediated	O
by	O
a	O
university	O
operator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
later	O
years	O
,	O
variants	O
of	O
nim	B-Application
and	O
Marienbad	B-Application
were	O
the	O
second	O
most	O
popular	O
type	O
of	O
computer	O
game	O
present	O
on	O
Polish	O
computers	O
after	O
noughts	O
and	O
crosses	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
relatively	O
simple	O
game	O
to	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
who	O
would	O
later	O
become	O
the	O
two-decade	O
long	O
host	O
of	O
Wheel	O
of	O
Fortune	O
from	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
proposed	O
to	O
Polish	O
television	O
a	O
game	O
show	O
where	O
players	O
compete	O
against	O
a	O
computer	O
in	O
nim	B-Application
on	O
a	O
Momik	O
8b	O
minicomputer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
Podgórski	O
continued	O
to	O
work	O
for	O
Elwro	O
,	O
co-creating	O
Odra	B-Device
computers	O
,	O
though	O
he	O
did	O
not	O
stop	O
working	O
on	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writing	O
for	O
Polish	O
Bytes	O
(	O
Bajty	O
Polskie	O
)	O
,	O
Bartłomiej	O
Kluska	O
asserts	O
that	O
as	O
the	O
only	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
Odra	B-Device
1003	I-Device
is	O
kept	O
at	O
the	O
Museum	O
of	O
Technology	O
in	O
Warsaw	O
in	O
an	O
inactive	O
state	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
game	O
of	O
Marienbad	B-Application
no	O
longer	O
exists	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
memory	O
of	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
research	O
paper	O
Gry	O
komputerowe	O
jako	O
dziedzictwo	O
kulturowe	O
(	O
Computer	O
games	O
as	O
a	O
cultural	O
heritage	O
)	O
by	O
Maria	O
Garda	O
,	O
she	O
notes	O
that	O
the	O
game	O
should	O
be	O
written	O
about	O
only	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
tense	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
elements	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
preserved	O
,	O
adding	O
that	O
while	O
the	O
Marienbad	B-Application
algorithm	O
can	O
be	O
recreated	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
programming	O
environment	O
,	O
reconstruction	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
transistors	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
computer	O
would	O
be	O
nearly	O
impossible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
further	O
compared	O
the	O
challenges	O
of	O
playing	O
this	O
title	O
in	O
the	O
modern	O
era	O
to	O
playing	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
on	O
the	O
originally	O
intended	O
equipment	O
in	O
50	O
years	O
 '	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marienbad	B-Application
is	O
considered	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
Polish	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
developed	O
almost	O
20	O
years	O
before	O
later	O
candidates	O
OiX	O
(	O
1984	O
)	O
,	O
Gąsienica	O
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Puszka	B-Application
Pandory	I-Application
(	O
1986	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
well	O
before	O
the	O
first	O
well-known	O
Polish	O
game	O
,	O
Tajemnica	B-Application
Statuetki	I-Application
(	O
1993	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Michał	O
Nowicki	O
of	O
Gram.pl	O
asserted	O
that	O
Kluska	O
's	O
research	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
with	O
the	O
previous	O
and	O
more	O
imprecise	O
Polish	O
video	O
gaming	O
text	O
Dawno	O
temu	O
w	O
grach	O
(	O
Once	O
upon	O
a	O
time	O
in	O
games	O
)	O
,	O
allows	O
Marienbad	B-Application
's	O
claim	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
Polish	O
computer	O
or	O
video	O
game	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
with	O
almost	O
100%	O
certainty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
article	O
by	O
retailer	O
Empik	O
further	O
asserts	O
that	O
Marienbads	B-Application
simplicity	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
video	O
output	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
computer	O
game	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
somewhat	O
exaggerated	O
term	O
to	O
describe	O
it	O
,	O
much	O
less	O
"	O
video	O
game	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2018	O
Ars	O
Independent	O
Festival	O
held	O
an	O
exhibition	O
entitled	O
"	O
From	O
Marienbad	B-Application
to	O
Novigrad	O
"	O
which	O
explored	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
Polish	O
video	O
gaming	O
industry	O
from	O
Marienbad	B-Application
to	O
The	B-Application
Witcher	I-Application
3	I-Application
(	O
2015	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
