<s>
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
is	O
a	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
GIS	B-Application
)	O
software	O
package	O
developed	O
by	O
Manifold	O
Software	O
Limited	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
handles	O
both	O
vector	O
and	O
raster	O
data	O
,	O
includes	O
spatial	O
SQL	O
,	O
a	O
built-in	O
Internet	B-Application
Map	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
IMS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
general	O
GIS	B-Application
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
team	O
for	O
Manifold	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
1993	O
to	O
optimize	O
mathematics	O
libraries	O
for	O
a	O
massively-parallel	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	O
created	O
in	O
a	O
joint	O
venture	O
between	O
Intel	O
Corporation	O
and	O
the	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Road	O
networks	O
and	O
geometric	O
data	O
in	O
geographic	O
contexts	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
visual	O
familiarity	O
and	O
interest	O
,	O
in	O
effect	O
creating	O
a	O
GIS-like	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
and	O
1998	O
customers	O
asked	O
for	O
a	O
true	O
GIS	B-Application
product	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
workbench	O
products	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
was	O
launched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
was	O
first	O
sold	O
in	O
January	O
1998	O
as	O
Release	O
3.00	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Releases	O
3.00	O
and	O
4.00	O
were	O
heavily	O
weighted	O
to	O
analytics	O
,	O
with	O
many	O
tools	O
for	O
abstract	O
graph	O
theory	O
analysis	O
but	O
a	O
very	O
limited	O
GIS	B-Application
toolset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
4.50	O
emphasized	O
general	O
GIS	B-Application
features	O
of	O
broader	O
interest	O
and	O
emerged	O
as	O
Manifold	O
's	O
first	O
commercial	O
GIS	B-Application
,	O
a	O
typical	O
vector	O
GIS	B-Application
more	O
or	O
less	O
equivalent	O
to	O
classic	O
vector	O
GIS	B-Application
packages	O
such	O
as	O
ArcView	B-Application
3.x	I-Application
or	O
MapInfo	B-Application
Professional	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
5.x	O
series	O
also	O
introduced	O
an	O
integrated	O
Internet	B-Application
Map	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
IMS	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
Enterprise	O
editions	O
of	O
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
allowing	O
collaboration	O
by	O
teams	O
using	O
shared	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
6.50	O
introduced	O
image	O
tiling	O
from	O
Terraserver	B-Application
and	O
OGC	O
WMS	B-Application
image	O
servers	O
using	O
Manifold	O
as	O
a	O
client	O
and	O
extended	O
IMS	O
support	O
to	O
include	O
OGC	O
WMS	B-Application
when	O
using	O
Manifold	O
as	O
a	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
7.00	O
introduced	O
direct	O
support	O
for	O
Oracle	B-Application
Spatial	I-Application
(	O
vector	O
drawings	O
,	O
raster	O
images	O
and	O
raster	O
surfaces	O
)	O
and	O
included	O
concurrent	O
multiuser	O
editing	O
capability	O
for	O
Oracle	O
and	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
databases	O
,	O
including	O
DB2	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
7.00	O
also	O
introduced	O
the	O
Manifold	O
Image	O
Server	O
interface	O
API	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
create	O
modules	O
that	O
enable	O
usage	O
within	O
Manifold	O
of	O
image	O
servers	O
such	O
as	O
Virtual	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
,	O
Yahoo	B-Application
,	O
Ask	B-Application
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8.00	O
expanded	O
support	O
for	O
direct	O
use	O
of	O
spatial	O
DBMS	O
beyond	O
Oracle	O
to	O
include	O
IBM	B-Application
DB2	I-Application
with	O
Spatial	O
Extender	O
,	O
PostgreSQL	O
/	O
PostGIS	O
and	O
pre-releases	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
SQL	O
Server	O
2008	O
spatial	O
product	O
available	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8.00	O
also	O
introduced	O
a	O
Manifold-written	O
spatial	O
extender	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2005	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
generic	O
spatial	O
DBMS	O
capability	O
from	O
Manifold	O
enabling	O
spatial	O
DBMS	O
storage	O
of	O
vectors	O
and	O
rasters	O
in	O
any	O
DBMS	O
providing	O
binary	O
storage	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8.00	O
was	O
updated	O
through	O
2008	O
to	O
improve	O
support	O
for	O
PostgreSQL/PostGIS	O
,	O
to	O
support	O
final	O
production	O
releases	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
2008	O
and	O
to	O
support	O
new	O
Windows	B-Application
releases	O
through	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	O
2008	O
x64	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2015	O
Manifold.net	O
announced	O
that	O
Manifold	O
's	O
parallel	O
database	O
engine	O
for	O
OEMs	O
,	O
Radian	O
,	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
foundation	O
for	O
future	O
releases	O
of	O
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
GIS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
provided	O
a	O
road	O
map	O
for	O
Radian	O
Studio	O
and	O
Manifold	O
Release	O
9	O
implementations	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Viewer	O
editions	O
automatically	O
track	O
and	O
include	O
changes	O
and	O
bug	O
fixes	O
to	O
Radian	O
Studio	O
/	O
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
Release	O
9	O
was	O
issued	O
in	O
December	O
2017	O
as	O
a	O
pre-release	O
for	O
Radian	O
Studio	O
licensees	O
with	O
first	O
initial	O
release	O
in	O
January	O
,	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
