<s>
MakeHuman	B-Language
is	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open	I-License
source	I-License
3D	O
computer	O
graphics	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
designed	O
for	O
the	O
prototyping	O
of	O
photorealistic	O
humanoids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MakeHuman	B-Language
is	O
developed	O
using	O
3D	O
morphing	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
from	O
a	O
standard	O
(	O
unique	O
)	O
androgynous	O
human	O
base	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
transformed	O
into	O
a	O
great	O
variety	O
of	O
characters	O
(	O
male	O
and	O
female	O
)	O
,	O
mixing	O
them	O
with	O
linear	O
interpolation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
a	O
very	O
simple	O
GUI	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
access	O
and	O
easily	O
handle	O
hundreds	O
of	O
morphings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
approach	O
is	O
to	O
use	O
sliders	O
with	O
common	O
parameters	O
like	O
height	O
,	O
weight	O
,	O
gender	O
,	O
ethnicity	O
and	O
muscularity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
available	O
on	O
all	O
major	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
beginning	O
from	O
1.0	O
alpha	O
8	O
it	O
's	O
developed	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
using	O
OpenGL	B-Application
and	O
Qt	B-Language
,	O
with	O
an	O
architecture	O
fully	O
realized	O
with	O
plugins	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
is	O
derived	O
from	O
a	O
detailed	O
technical	O
and	O
artistic	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
morphological	O
characteristics	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
these	O
two	O
methods	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
calculation	O
of	O
a	O
form	O
factor	O
and	O
an	O
algorithm	O
of	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
relaxing	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
achieve	O
results	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
simulation	O
of	O
muscular	O
movement	O
that	O
accompanies	O
the	O
rotation	O
of	O
the	O
limbs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MakeHuman	B-Language
is	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
,	O
with	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
and	O
database	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Affero	I-Application
GPL	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Models	O
exported	O
from	O
an	O
official	O
version	O
are	O
released	O
under	O
an	O
exception	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
CC0	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
free	B-Application
and	O
non-free	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
won	O
the	O
Suzanne	O
Award	O
as	O
best	O
Blender	B-Application
Python	B-Language
script	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ancestor	O
of	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
was	O
MakeHead	O
,	O
a	O
python	B-Language
script	I-Language
for	O
Blender	B-Application
,	O
written	O
by	O
Manuel	O
Bastioni	O
,	O
artist	O
and	O
coder	O
,	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
developers	O
had	O
formed	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
for	O
Blender	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
evolved	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
officially	O
recognized	O
by	O
the	O
Blender	B-Application
Foundation	O
and	O
hosted	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
stopped	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
difficult	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
Python	B-Language
script	I-Language
so	O
big	O
using	O
only	O
Blender	B-Application
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
MH	O
was	O
moved	O
outside	O
Blender	B-Application
,	O
hosted	O
on	O
SourceForge	O
and	O
rewritten	O
from	O
scratch	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
At	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
version	O
counting	O
restarted	O
from	O
zero	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
successive	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
gradually	O
transitioned	O
from	O
C	B-Language
to	O
C++	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
,	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
team	O
decided	O
to	O
go	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
C	B-Language
core	O
)	O
and	O
to	O
release	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
as	O
version	O
1.0	O
pre-alpha	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MakeHuman	B-Language
1.1.0	O
has	O
been	O
released	O
May	O
14	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
around	O
two	O
years	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
community	O
website	O
was	O
established	O
June	O
2015	O
featuring	O
a	O
forum	B-Application
section	O
,	O
a	O
wiki	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
repository	O
for	O
user	O
contributed	O
content	O
for	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aim	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
develop	O
an	O
application	O
capable	O
of	O
modeling	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
human	O
forms	O
in	O
the	O
full	O
range	O
of	O
natural	O
poses	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
,	O
universal	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
purpose	O
,	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
a	O
3D	O
humanoid	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
that	O
can	O
readily	O
be	O
parametrically	O
manipulated	O
to	O
represent	O
anatomical	O
characteristics	O
has	O
been	O
pursued	O
,	O
the	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
includes	O
a	O
common	O
skeleton	O
structure	O
that	O
permits	O
character	O
posing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MakeHuman	B-Language
Team	O
developed	O
a	O
model	O
that	O
combines	O
different	O
anatomical	O
parameters	O
to	O
transition	O
smoothly	O
from	O
the	O
infant	O
to	O
the	O
elderly	O
,	O
from	O
man	O
to	O
woman	O
and	O
from	O
fat	O
to	O
slim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
occupies	O
a	O
middle	O
ground	O
,	O
being	O
neither	O
pronounced	O
masculine	O
,	O
nor	O
pronounced	O
feminine	O
,	O
neither	O
young	O
nor	O
old	O
and	O
having	O
a	O
medium	O
muscular	O
definition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
mesh	B-Algorithm
has	O
evolved	O
through	O
successive	O
steps	O
of	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
project	O
,	O
incorporating	O
lessons	O
learned	O
,	O
community	O
feedback	O
and	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
considerable	O
amounts	O
of	O
studies	O
and	O
experimentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Evolution	O
of	O
the	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
for	O
the	O
human	O
model	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
first	O
universal	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
prototype	O
(	O
head	O
only	O
)	O
,	O
done	O
in	O
1999	O
using	O
makeHead	O
script	O
,	O
was	O
adapted	O
for	O
the	O
early	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
professional	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
(	O
HM01	O
)	O
for	O
a	O
human	O
model	O
was	O
realized	O
by	O
Enrico	O
Valenza	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
remarkable	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
(	O
K-Mesh	O
or	O
HM02	O
)	O
was	O
modelled	O
by	O
Kaushik	O
Pal	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
model	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
Manuel	O
Bastioni	O
upon	O
the	O
Z-Mesh	O
or	O
HM03	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
experience	O
from	O
preceding	O
versions	O
,	O
a	O
fourth	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
(	O
Y-Mesh	O
or	O
HM04	O
)	O
was	O
done	O
by	O
Gianluca	O
Miragoli	O
(	O
aka	O
Yashugan	O
)	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fifth	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
(	O
HM05	O
)	O
was	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
previous	O
one	O
by	O
Gianluca	O
Miragoli	O
and	O
Manuel	O
Bastioni	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sixth	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
(	O
HM06	O
)	O
was	O
also	O
created	O
by	O
Gianluca	O
Miragoli	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
version	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2010	O
by	O
Waldemar	O
Perez	O
Jr.	O
,	O
André	O
Richard	O
,	O
Manuel	O
Bastioni	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
and	O
state-of-the-art	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
,	O
released	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
was	O
modeled	O
by	O
Manuel	O
Bastioni	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
of	O
makeHead	O
(	O
1999	O
)	O
and	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
(	O
2000	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
challenge	O
had	O
been	O
to	O
construct	O
a	O
universal	O
topology	O
that	O
retained	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
capabilities	O
but	O
added	O
ability	O
to	O
interactively	O
adjust	O
the	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
to	O
accommodate	O
anatomical	O
variety	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
human	O
population	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
addressed	O
by	O
dramatically	O
increasing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
vertices	O
for	O
the	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
the	O
resultant	O
,	O
dense	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
would	O
have	O
limited	O
performance	O
on	O
processing	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technically	O
,	O
the	O
model	O
developed	O
for	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
is	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
human	O
mesh	B-Algorithm
itself	O
is	O
triangles	O
free	B-Application
,	O
using	O
Catmull-Clark	O
subdivision	O
for	O
extra	O
resolution	O
to	O
base	O
meshes	B-Algorithm
,	O
see	O
also	O
polygon	B-Algorithm
mesh	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
freedom	O
of	O
the	O
license	O
,	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
software	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
researchers	O
for	O
scientific	O
purposes	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
MakeHuman	B-Language
mesh	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
in	O
industrial	O
design	O
,	O
to	O
verify	O
the	O
anthropometry	O
of	O
a	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
research	O
,	O
to	O
quickly	O
produce	O
avatars	B-Application
from	O
measures	O
or	O
camera	O
views	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MakeHuman	B-Language
characters	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
biomechanics	O
and	O
biomedical	O
engineering	O
,	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
behaviour	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
body	O
under	O
certain	O
conditions	O
or	O
treatments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
human	O
character	O
model	O
for	O
a	O
project	O
of	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
artificial	O
mirror	O
neuron	O
systems	O
was	O
also	O
generated	O
by	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Full-body	O
3D	O
virtual	O
reconstructions	O
have	O
been	O
performed	O
using	O
MakeHuman	B-Language
,	O
and	O
3D	O
analysis	O
of	O
early	O
Christian	O
burials	O
(	O
archaeothanatology	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
