<s>
Magnetic	B-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
brain	I-Algorithm
uses	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
imaging	O
(	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
to	O
produce	O
high	O
quality	O
two-dimensional	O
or	O
three-dimensional	O
images	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
and	O
brainstem	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
cerebellum	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ionizing	O
radiation	O
(	O
X-rays	B-Library
)	O
or	O
radioactive	O
tracers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
Charles	O
L	O
.	O
Dumoulin	O
and	O
Howard	O
R	O
.	O
Hart	O
at	O
General	O
Electric	O
developed	O
MR	B-Algorithm
angiography	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
Denis	O
Le	O
Bihan	O
obtained	O
the	O
first	O
images	O
and	O
later	O
patented	O
diffusion	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Arno	O
Villringer	O
and	O
colleagues	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
susceptibility	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
agents	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
employed	O
in	O
perfusion	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
Seiji	O
Ogawa	O
at	O
AT&T	O
Bell	O
labs	O
recognized	O
that	O
oxygen-depleted	O
blood	O
with	O
dHb	O
was	O
attracted	O
to	O
a	O
magnetic	O
field	O
,	O
and	O
discovered	O
the	O
technique	O
that	O
underlies	O
Functional	B-Algorithm
Magnetic	I-Algorithm
Resonance	I-Algorithm
Imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
Peter	O
Basser	O
and	O
Le	O
Bihan	O
,	O
working	O
at	O
NIH	O
,	O
and	O
Aaron	O
Filler	O
,	O
Franklyn	O
Howe	O
,	O
and	O
colleagues	O
developed	O
diffusion	B-Algorithm
tensor	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
DTI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joseph	O
Hajnal	O
,	O
Young	O
and	O
Graeme	O
Bydder	O
described	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
FLAIR	B-Algorithm
pulse	O
sequence	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
high	O
signal	O
regions	O
in	O
normal	O
white	O
matter	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
John	O
Detre	O
,	O
Alan	O
P	O
.	O
Koretsky	O
and	O
coworkers	O
developed	O
arterial	B-Algorithm
spin	I-Algorithm
labeling	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
Jürgen	O
R	O
.	O
Reichenbach	O
,	O
E	O
.	O
Mark	O
Haacke	O
and	O
coworkers	O
at	O
Washington	O
University	O
in	O
St.	O
Louis	O
developed	O
Susceptibility	B-Algorithm
weighted	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
Lauterbur	O
and	O
Sir	O
Peter	O
Mansfield	O
were	O
awarded	O
the	O
2003	O
Nobel	O
Prize	O
in	O
Physiology	O
or	O
Medicine	O
for	O
their	O
discoveries	O
concerning	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
advantage	O
of	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
brain	I-Algorithm
over	O
computed	O
tomography	O
of	O
the	O
head	O
is	O
better	O
tissue	O
contrast	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
has	O
fewer	O
artifacts	O
than	O
CT	O
when	O
viewing	O
the	O
brainstem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MRI	B-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
superior	O
for	O
pituitary	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
concussion	O
,	O
an	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
should	O
be	O
avoided	O
unless	O
there	O
are	O
progressive	O
neurological	O
symptoms	O
,	O
focal	O
neurological	O
findings	O
or	O
concern	O
of	O
skull	O
fracture	O
on	O
exam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
fetal	O
brain	O
,	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
provides	O
more	O
information	O
about	O
gyration	O
than	O
ultrasound	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MRI	B-Algorithm
is	O
sensitive	O
for	O
the	O
detection	O
of	O
brain	O
abscess	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
imaging	O
modalities	O
or	O
sequences	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
imaging	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Proton	B-Application
density	O
(	O
PD	O
)	O
images	O
:	O
CSF	O
has	O
a	O
relatively	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
protons	B-Application
,	O
making	O
CSF	O
appear	O
bright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gray	B-Device
matter	I-Device
is	O
brighter	O
than	O
white	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fluid	B-Algorithm
attenuation	I-Algorithm
inversion	I-Algorithm
recovery	I-Algorithm
(	O
FLAIR	B-Algorithm
)	O
:	O
useful	O
for	O
evaluation	O
of	O
white	O
matter	O
plaques	O
near	O
the	O
ventricles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
topic	O
of	O
diagnosis	O
,	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
data	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
brain	O
tumors	O
.	O
</s>
