<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
(	O
;	O
"	O
Project	O
MAC	O
's	O
SYmbolic	O
MAnipulator	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
general-purpose	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
still	O
in	O
wide	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
licensed	O
to	O
Symbolics	O
and	O
became	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
spun	O
off	O
to	O
Macsyma	B-Language
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
continued	O
to	O
develop	O
Macsyma	B-Language
until	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
version	O
is	O
still	O
available	O
for	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1982	O
version	O
of	O
MIT	O
Macsyma	B-Language
remained	O
available	O
to	O
academics	O
and	O
US	O
government	O
agencies	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
distributed	O
by	O
the	O
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
(	O
DOE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
version	O
,	O
DOE	O
Macsyma	B-Language
,	O
was	O
maintained	O
by	O
Bill	O
Schelter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
Maxima	B-Language
,	O
it	O
was	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
in	O
1999	O
,	O
and	O
remains	O
under	O
active	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
William	O
A	O
.	O
Martin	O
(	O
front	O
end	O
,	O
expression	O
display	O
,	O
polynomial	O
arithmetic	O
)	O
and	O
Joel	O
Moses	O
(	O
simplifier	O
,	O
indefinite	B-Algorithm
integration	I-Algorithm
:	O
heuristic/Risch	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bill	O
Dubuque	O
(	O
indefinite	B-Algorithm
integration	I-Algorithm
,	O
limits	O
,	O
power	O
series	O
,	O
number	O
theory	O
,	O
special	O
functions	O
,	O
functional	O
equations	O
,	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
,	O
sign	O
queries	O
,	O
Gröbner	O
,	O
TriangSys	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Fateman	O
(	O
rational	O
functions	O
,	O
pattern	B-Language
matching	I-Language
,	O
arbitrary	O
precision	O
floating-point	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Carl	O
Hoffman	O
(	O
general	O
simplifier	O
,	O
macros	O
,	O
non-commutative	O
simplifier	O
,	O
ports	O
to	O
Multics	B-Application
and	O
LispM	B-Operating_System
,	O
system	O
,	O
visual	O
equation	B-Application
editor	I-Application
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Pavelle	O
(	O
indicial	B-General_Concept
tensor	I-General_Concept
calculus	I-General_Concept
,	O
general	O
relativity	O
package	O
,	O
ordinary	O
and	O
partial	O
differential	O
equations	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
S	O
.	O
Wang	O
(	O
polynomial	O
factorization	O
and	O
GCD	O
,	O
complex	O
numbers	O
,	O
limits	O
,	O
definite	B-Algorithm
integration	I-Algorithm
,	O
Fortran	B-Application
and	O
LaTeX	B-Application
code	O
generation	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
written	O
in	O
Maclisp	B-Language
,	O
and	O
was	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
a	O
key	O
motivator	O
for	O
improving	O
that	O
dialect	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
numerical	O
computing	O
,	O
efficient	O
compilation	O
and	O
language	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maclisp	B-Language
itself	O
ran	O
primarily	O
on	O
PDP-6	B-Device
and	I-Device
PDP-10	I-Device
computers	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
on	O
the	O
Multics	B-Application
OS	B-General_Concept
and	O
on	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
the	O
largest	O
,	O
Lisp	B-Language
programs	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1979	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
a	O
request	O
from	O
Richard	O
Fateman	O
,	O
then	O
a	O
professor	O
at	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
MIT	O
provided	O
a	O
temporary	O
license	O
for	O
Macsyma	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
almost	O
immediately	O
brought	O
up	O
on	O
the	O
new	O
VAX-11/780	O
computer	O
using	O
a	O
dialect	O
of	O
Maclisp	B-Language
,	O
Franz	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
written	O
by	O
Fateman	O
's	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MIT	O
reluctantly	O
licensed	O
versions	O
of	O
VAX	O
Macsyma	B-Language
from	O
Berkeley	O
to	O
about	O
50	O
universities	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
Caltech	O
,	O
under	O
condition	O
that	O
the	O
licenses	O
would	O
be	O
revoked	O
when	O
negotiations	O
for	O
a	O
proper	O
license	O
were	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
was	O
reluctant	O
to	O
license	O
the	O
VAX	O
product	O
,	O
since	O
VAX	O
constituted	O
competitive	O
hardware	O
to	O
their	O
own	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
and	O
therefore	O
suppressed	O
the	O
VAX	O
software	O
for	O
five	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UC	O
Berkeley	O
also	O
brought	O
up	O
copies	O
of	O
Macsyma	B-Language
on	O
Motorola	O
68000-based	O
systems	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
Sun	O
workstations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
Fateman	O
worked	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
(	O
now	O
revoked	O
)	O
temporary	O
license	O
for	O
Macsyma	B-Language
into	O
something	O
more	O
permanent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
so-called	O
DOE	O
Macsyma	B-Language
had	O
been	O
rewritten	O
at	O
MIT	O
in	O
a	O
pre-Common	O
Lisp	O
dialect	O
called	O
NIL	B-Language
lisp	I-Language
,	O
incompletely	O
implemented	O
on	O
VAX/VMS	B-Operating_System
,	O
an	O
unpopular	O
system	O
in	O
academia	O
,	O
where	O
Berkeley	B-Operating_System
VAX	I-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
was	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DOE	O
Macsyma	B-Language
formed	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
much-later	O
open	O
source	O
Maxima	B-Language
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1981	O
,	O
Moses	O
and	O
Richard	O
Pavelle	O
,	O
an	O
MIT	O
staff	O
member	O
and	O
proponent	O
of	O
applying	O
Macsyma	B-Language
to	O
engineering	O
and	O
science	O
,	O
attempted	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
company	O
to	O
commercialize	O
Macsyma	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pavelle	O
had	O
written	O
many	O
scientific	O
papers	O
using	O
Macsyma	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
papers	O
in	O
hand	O
,	O
Pavelle	O
and	O
Moses	O
approached	O
several	O
venture	O
capital	O
firms	O
that	O
showed	O
interest	O
in	O
funding	O
a	O
Macsyma	B-Language
startup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1982	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
licensed	O
by	O
MIT	O
to	O
Arthur	O
D	O
.	O
Little	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
ADL	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
the	O
broker	O
for	O
Macsyma	B-Language
and	O
soon	O
licensed	O
Macsyma	B-Language
to	O
Symbolics	O
in	O
late	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moses	O
was	O
forced	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
picture	O
by	O
ADL	O
and	O
Pavelle	O
became	O
the	O
head	O
of	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
division	O
at	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
evident	O
that	O
Symbolics	O
was	O
not	O
so	O
much	O
interested	O
in	O
the	O
code	O
as	O
in	O
keeping	O
Macsyma	B-Language
out	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
catalog	O
of	O
its	O
competitor	O
in	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
business	O
,	O
LMI	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
business	O
arrangement	O
between	O
Symbolics	O
and	O
Arthur	O
D	O
.	O
Little	O
required	O
a	O
royalty	O
payment	O
to	O
ADL	O
of	O
15%	O
of	O
Macsyma	B-Language
gross	O
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
royalty	O
led	O
to	O
speculation	O
on	O
the	O
desire	O
of	O
MIT	O
and	O
ADL	O
to	O
see	O
MACSYMA	B-Language
prosper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Macsyma	B-Language
continued	O
at	O
Symbolics	O
despite	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
diversion	O
from	O
the	O
sales	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machines	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
Symbolics	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
their	O
main	O
business	O
despite	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
Macsyma	B-Language
sales	O
and	O
the	O
leveraged	O
sales	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
reached	O
10%	O
of	O
overall	O
sales	O
at	O
Symbolics	O
within	O
two	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
resistance	O
from	O
many	O
in	O
Symbolics	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
released	O
for	O
DEC	O
VAX	O
computers	O
and	O
Sun	O
workstations	O
using	O
Berkeley	O
's	O
Franz	O
Lisp	B-Language
in	O
the	O
early	O
to	O
mid	O
80s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
problems	O
at	O
Symbolics	O
over	O
the	O
sales	O
of	O
Macsyma	B-Language
on	O
computers	O
other	O
than	O
Symbolics	O
 '	O
eventually	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
decline	O
of	O
Macsyma	B-Language
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
first	O
half	O
of	O
1986	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
revenues	O
were	O
lower	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
half	O
of	O
1985	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
growing	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfram	B-Language
's	O
SMP	O
program	O
and	O
Waterloo	B-Language
Maple	I-Language
were	O
growing	O
at	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
although	O
MACSYMA	B-Language
was	O
easily	O
superior	O
to	O
these	O
other	O
packages	O
in	O
symbolic	O
math	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pavelle	O
ran	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
division	O
at	O
Symbolics	O
until	O
early	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
1986	O
Richard	O
Petti	O
became	O
the	O
manager	O
of	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
business	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
sales	O
and	O
avoid	O
conflict	O
with	O
employees	O
in	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
cut	O
headcount	O
but	O
expanded	O
its	O
sales	O
force	O
and	O
marketing	O
,	O
and	O
focused	O
its	O
developers	O
more	O
on	O
features	O
that	O
customers	O
asked	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Spear-Zacharias	O
(	O
Gröbner	O
)	O
basis	O
algorithm	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
at	O
MIT	O
was	O
not	O
installed	O
in	O
a	O
shipping	O
Macsyma	B-Language
until	O
1987	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
annual	O
revenues	O
roughly	O
doubled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MACSYMA	B-Language
became	O
more	O
user	O
friendly	O
:	O
documentation	O
and	O
on-line	O
help	O
were	O
reorganized	O
and	O
expanded	O
;	O
some	O
command	O
names	O
were	O
changed	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
mnemonic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
(	O
by	O
Kent	O
M	O
.	O
Pitman	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Petti	O
argued	O
to	O
Symbolics	O
management	O
that	O
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
a	O
'	O
strategic	O
business	O
unit	O
 '	O
that	O
should	O
be	O
funded	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
performance	O
and	O
potential	O
,	O
not	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
prospects	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
workstation	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
cut	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
headcount	O
after	O
this	O
period	O
of	O
sharp	O
growth	O
;	O
Symbolics	O
tried	O
to	O
use	O
Macsyma	B-Language
as	O
a	O
tiny	O
cash	O
cow	O
to	O
fund	O
the	O
losses	O
of	O
the	O
workstation	O
business	O
that	O
was	O
30	O
times	O
its	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
greatest	O
product	O
weakness	O
of	O
Macsyma	B-Language
was	O
its	O
numerical	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
MIT	O
Macsyma	B-Language
had	O
a	O
link	O
to	O
the	O
IMSL	B-Library
(	O
now	O
a	O
product	O
of	O
Perforce	B-General_Concept
Software	I-General_Concept
)	O
numerical	O
libraries	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
link	O
was	O
severed	O
when	O
Macsyma	B-Language
moved	O
to	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisp	B-Language
developers	O
at	O
Symbolics	O
generally	O
believed	O
that	O
numerical	O
analysis	O
was	O
an	O
old	O
technology	O
that	O
was	O
not	O
important	O
for	O
Lisp	B-Language
applications	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
declined	O
to	O
invest	O
in	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Double-precision	O
arithmetic	O
in	O
Macsyma	B-Language
(	O
on	O
a	O
PC	O
version	O
)	O
was	O
about	O
six	O
times	O
slower	O
than	O
Fortran	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
Macsyma	B-Language
's	O
matrices	O
were	O
implemented	O
as	O
lists	O
of	O
lists	O
,	O
which	O
cost	O
another	O
factor	O
of	O
perhaps	O
5	O
–	O
10	O
in	O
speed	O
for	O
key	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
did	O
not	O
have	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
basic	O
algorithms	O
of	O
numerical	O
linear	O
algebra	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
LU	O
decomposition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987-88	O
,	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
group	O
tried	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
PC	O
Macsyma	B-Language
with	O
Gold	O
Hill	O
Lisp	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Earlier	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
had	O
killed	O
its	O
own	O
project	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
Lisp	B-Language
compiler	O
for	O
standard	O
computers	O
to	O
avoid	O
competing	O
with	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machine	I-Operating_System
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
also	O
declined	O
to	O
cooperate	O
with	O
Sun	O
to	O
make	O
Lisp	B-Language
available	O
on	O
Sun	O
workstations	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
reason	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Gold	O
Hill	O
Lisp	B-Language
was	O
too	O
unstable	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
weak	O
architecture	O
made	O
it	O
impossible	O
for	O
Gold	O
Hill	O
to	O
eliminate	O
the	O
bugs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
crucial	O
failure	O
for	O
Macsyma	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
meant	O
that	O
Macsyma	B-Language
could	O
not	O
respond	O
on	O
PCs	O
when	O
Mathematica	B-Language
appeared	O
on	O
Apple	O
computers	O
in	O
mid-1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
appeared	O
on	O
Windows	B-Application
PCs	I-Application
in	O
August	O
1989	O
using	O
the	O
CLOE	O
Lisp	B-Language
from	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
staff	O
was	O
too	O
small	O
and	O
lacked	O
the	O
mix	O
of	O
skills	O
needed	O
to	O
add	O
the	O
kind	O
of	O
graphics	O
,	O
notebook	O
interface	O
and	O
better	O
numerics	O
that	O
Mathematica	B-Language
had	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1989	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
clear	O
to	O
Petti	O
that	O
Symbolics	O
would	O
implode	O
due	O
to	O
poor	O
product	O
strategy	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
take	O
Macsyma	B-Language
with	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
could	O
not	O
assemble	O
a	O
buy-out	O
team	O
due	O
to	O
lack	O
of	O
cooperation	O
from	O
MIT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
1992	O
by	O
Russell	O
Noftsker	O
(	O
chairman	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
co-founded	O
Symbolics	O
)	O
and	O
Richard	O
Petti	O
(	O
president	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
turned	O
around	O
Macsyma	B-Language
for	O
a	O
time	O
at	O
Symbolics	O
)	O
by	O
raising	O
funds	O
and	O
purchasing	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
Macsyma	B-Language
from	O
the	O
ailing	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
market	O
was	O
growing	O
fast	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
sales	O
in	O
1991	O
and	O
early	O
1992	O
were	O
still	O
falling	O
rapidly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macsyma	B-Language
's	O
market	O
share	O
in	O
symbolic	O
math	O
software	O
had	O
fallen	O
from	O
70%	O
in	O
1987	O
to	O
1%	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1993	O
,	O
market	O
growth	O
had	O
slowed	O
and	O
the	O
market	O
had	O
standardized	O
on	O
Mathematica	B-Language
and	O
Maple	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
competitors	O
had	O
development	O
staffs	O
that	O
were	O
4-8	O
times	O
as	O
large	O
as	O
that	O
of	O
Macsyma	B-Language
Inc	I-Language
.	I-Language
throughout	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1995	O
the	O
company	O
shipped	O
Macsyma	B-Language
2.0.5	O
,	O
with	O
many	O
improvements	O
:	O
On	O
Wester	O
's	O
large	O
test	O
of	O
symbolic	O
math	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
2.0.5	O
scored	O
10%	O
better	O
than	O
Maple	B-Language
and	O
15%	O
better	O
than	O
Mathematica	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Macsyma	B-Language
2.0.5	O
was	O
still	O
very	O
slow	O
at	O
numerics	O
,	O
it	O
had	O
a	O
greatly	O
strengthened	O
portfolio	O
of	O
numerical	O
analysis	O
and	O
linear	O
algebra	O
routines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
In	O
1996	O
Macsyma	B-Language
added	O
LAPACK	B-Application
which	O
greatly	O
increased	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
most	O
numerical	O
linear	O
algebra	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Christopher	O
Stacy	O
and	O
David	O
H	O
.	O
Wood	O
added	O
MATLAB	B-Language
's	O
language	O
and	O
matrix	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
1992	O
or	O
1993	O
,	O
Mathsoft	O
engaged	O
in	O
a	O
strategy	O
of	O
spending	O
$10	O
million	O
on	O
direct	O
mail	O
at	O
very	O
low	O
prices	O
,	O
which	O
won	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
remaining	O
growth	O
in	O
the	O
symbolic	O
math	O
market	O
,	O
just	O
when	O
Macsyma	B-Language
Inc	I-Language
.	I-Language
was	O
struggling	O
to	O
rebuild	O
its	O
world-class	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Macsyma	B-Language
were	O
acquired	O
by	O
Tenedos	O
LLC	O
,	O
a	O
holding	O
company	O
that	O
previously	O
had	O
purchased	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
holding	O
company	O
has	O
not	O
re-released	O
or	O
resold	O
Macsyma	B-Language
,	O
but	O
Macsyma	B-Language
continues	O
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
by	O
Symbolics	O
for	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
versions	O
up	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
GPL-licensed	O
version	O
,	O
called	O
Maxima	B-Language
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
1982	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
DOE	O
Macsyma	B-Language
,	O
subsequently	O
adapted	O
for	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
and	O
enhanced	O
by	O
William	O
Schelter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
under	O
active	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	O
under	O
several	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Downloadable	O
executables	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maxima	B-Language
does	O
not	O
include	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
numerous	O
features	O
added	O
during	O
the	O
period	O
of	O
commercial	O
development	O
between	O
1982	O
–	O
1999	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
a	O
current	O
,	O
free	O
,	O
open	O
codebase	O
that	O
includes	O
numerous	O
additional	O
features	O
,	O
several	O
alternative	O
front	O
ends	O
,	O
and	O
works	O
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
engines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
some	O
incompatibilities	O
between	O
Macsyma	B-Language
and	O
Maxima	B-Language
,	O
programs	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
algebraic	O
language	O
can	O
often	O
be	O
run	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
minor	O
changes	O
,	O
in	O
either	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ITS	O
Macsyma	B-Language
from	O
around	O
1982	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
with	O
most	O
files	O
in	O
a	O
directory	O
called	O
.	O
</s>
