<s>
In	O
science	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
antithesis	O
of	O
the	O
microscope	O
,	O
namely	O
a	O
method	O
,	O
technique	O
or	O
system	O
appropriate	O
to	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
very	O
large	O
objects	O
or	O
very	O
complex	O
processes	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
the	O
Earth	O
and	O
its	O
contents	O
,	O
or	O
conceptually	O
,	O
the	O
Universe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
applied	O
to	O
a	O
method	O
or	O
compendium	O
which	O
can	O
view	O
some	O
more	O
specific	O
aspect	O
of	O
global	O
scientific	O
phenomena	O
in	O
its	O
entirety	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
all	O
plant	O
life	O
,	O
specific	O
ecological	O
processes	O
,	O
or	O
all	O
life	O
on	O
earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
discussed	O
here	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
differs	O
in	O
essence	O
from	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
macroscopic	O
scale	O
,	O
which	O
simply	O
takes	O
over	O
from	O
where	O
the	O
microscopic	O
scale	O
leaves	O
off	O
,	O
covering	O
all	O
objects	O
large	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
visible	O
to	O
the	O
unaided	O
eye	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
from	O
macro	O
photography	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
imaging	O
of	O
specimens	O
at	O
magnifications	O
greater	O
than	O
their	O
original	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
which	O
a	O
specialised	O
microscope-related	O
instrument	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
Macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
has	O
previously	O
been	O
marketed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
workers	O
,	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
(	O
planetary	O
scale	O
)	O
"	O
macroscopes	B-General_Concept
"	O
can	O
already	O
be	O
constructed	O
,	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
sum	O
of	O
relevant	O
existing	O
observations	O
,	O
while	O
for	O
others	O
,	O
deficiencies	O
in	O
current	O
sampling	O
regimes	O
and/or	O
data	O
availability	O
point	O
to	O
additional	O
sampling	O
effort	O
and	O
deployment	O
of	O
new	O
methodologies	O
being	O
required	O
before	O
a	O
true	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
view	O
of	O
Earth	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
generally	O
credited	O
as	O
being	O
introduced	O
into	O
scientific	O
usage	O
by	O
the	O
ecologist	O
Howard	O
T	O
.	O
Odum	O
in	O
1971	O
,	O
who	O
employed	O
it	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
microscope	O
(	O
which	O
shows	O
small	O
objects	O
in	O
great	O
detail	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
represent	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
"	O
detail	O
eliminator	O
"	O
which	O
thus	O
permits	O
a	O
better	O
overview	O
of	O
ecological	O
systems	O
for	O
simplified	O
modelling	O
and	O
,	O
potentially	O
,	O
management	O
(	O
Odum	O
,	O
1971	O
,	O
figure	O
10	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
prominent	O
authors	O
and	O
speakers	O
who	O
have	O
utilized	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
terminology	O
for	O
"	O
big	O
picture	O
"	O
views	O
in	O
their	O
particular	O
areas	O
of	O
interest	O
include	O
Jesse	O
H	O
.	O
Ausubel	O
and	O
John	O
Thackara	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
actuality	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
present	O
sense	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
larger	O
view	O
"	O
of	O
a	O
subject	O
than	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
by	O
any	O
single	O
conventional	O
action	O
)	O
pre-dates	O
its	O
use	O
in	O
Odum	O
's	O
work	O
,	O
being	O
found	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
a	O
book	O
by	O
Philip	O
Bagby	O
entitled	O
"	O
Culture	O
and	O
History	O
:	O
Prolegomena	O
to	O
the	O
Comparative	O
Study	O
of	O
Civilizations	O
"	O
published	O
in	O
1959	O
,	O
who	O
wrote	O
,	O
"	O
[	O
Someone	O
should ]	O
invent	O
a	O
'	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
 '	O
,	O
an	O
instrument	O
which	O
would	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
historian	O
see	O
only	O
the	O
larger	O
aspects	O
of	O
history	O
and	O
blind	O
him	O
to	O
the	O
individual	O
details	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
by	O
W.H.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
is	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
,	O
"	O
which	O
enables	O
us	O
to	O
perceive	O
relationships	O
based	O
on	O
larger	O
patterns	O
of	O
information	O
than	O
we	O
are	O
otherwise	O
able	O
to	O
integrate.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
near-views	O
can	O
,	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
mapping	O
,	O
be	O
resolved	O
with	O
over-the-horizon	O
views	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
map	O
becomes	O
a	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
to	O
help	O
us	O
understand	O
the	O
spatial	O
organization	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
's	O
phenomena	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
a	O
1951	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Agriculture	O
Appropriation	O
Bill	O
,	O
discussing	O
a	O
recently	O
passed	O
Forestry	O
Management	O
Act	O
,	O
Perry	O
H	O
.	O
Merrill	O
,	O
State	O
Forestor	O
of	O
Vermont	O
,	O
is	O
reported	O
as	O
saying	O
:	O
"	O
Through	O
[	O
this	O
Act ]	O
I	O
feel	O
that	O
we	O
have	O
made	O
a	O
great	O
headway	O
...	O
instead	O
of	O
looking	O
through	O
a	O
microscope	O
,	O
maybe	O
we	O
can	O
look	O
through	O
a	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
if	O
you	O
want	O
to	O
call	O
it	O
such.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
I	O
shall	O
call	O
this	O
instrument	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
(	O
from	O
macro	O
,	O
great	O
,	O
and	O
skopein	O
,	O
to	O
observe	O
)	O
.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
de	O
Rosnay	O
's	O
view	O
,	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
could	O
be	O
turned	O
not	O
only	O
on	O
the	O
natural	O
and	O
physical	O
worlds	O
but	O
also	O
on	O
human-related	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
cities	O
,	O
economics	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
behaviour	O
of	O
humans	O
in	O
society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
workers	O
have	O
tended	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
synonymously	O
with	O
a	O
whole-of-Earth	O
observational	O
system	O
,	O
or	O
portion	O
thereof	O
,	O
underpinned	O
particularly	O
by	O
satellite	O
imagery	O
derived	O
from	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
,	O
and/or	O
by	O
in	O
situ	O
observations	O
obtained	O
via	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
its	O
science	O
context	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
applied	O
in	O
the	O
humanities	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
generic	O
term	O
for	O
any	O
tool	O
permitting	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
,	O
and	O
insight	O
into	O
"	O
big	O
data	O
"	O
collections	O
in	O
that	O
or	O
related	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dutch	O
author	O
Kees	O
Boeke	O
also	O
wrote	O
a	O
1957	O
book	O
,	O
Cosmic	O
View	O
:	O
The	O
Universe	O
in	O
40	O
Jumps	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
portion	O
of	O
which	O
presents	O
images	O
of	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
at	O
ever	O
decreasing	O
scales	O
and	O
parallels	O
the	O
subsequent	O
principle	O
of	O
the	O
hypothetical	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
at	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
zoom	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
practical	O
aspect	O
of	O
exactly	O
what	O
constitutes	O
a	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
has	O
varied	O
through	O
time	O
and	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
interests	O
,	O
requirements	O
,	O
and	O
field	O
of	O
activity	O
of	O
the	O
workers	O
concerned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sommers	O
and	O
Vinge	O
viewed	O
the	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
as	O
an	O
extended	O
system	O
of	O
mapping	O
to	O
visualize	O
the	O
spatial	O
relationships	O
between	O
items	O
on	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
,	O
thus	O
notionally	O
prefiguring	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
subsequently	O
developed	O
"	O
seamless	O
"	O
geographic	O
display	O
systems	O
via	O
CD-ROMs	O
and	O
the	O
world	O
wide	O
web	O
along	O
the	O
lines	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Atlas	O
"	O
facility	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Encarta	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Google	O
Maps/Google	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
De	O
Rosnay	O
viewed	O
his	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
as	O
a	O
systems-based	O
viewpoint	O
for	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
(	O
among	O
other	O
things	O
)	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
human	O
society	O
,	O
and	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
rationale	O
for	O
human	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
around	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
onwards	O
,	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
concept	O
has	O
steadily	O
increased	O
,	O
both	O
with	O
the	O
vastly	O
improved	O
computing	O
power	O
in	O
organisations	O
and	O
on	O
scientists	O
 '	O
desktops	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
more	O
extensive	O
sets	O
of	O
both	O
locally	O
acquired	O
and	O
publicly	O
available	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
Earth	O
observations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
as	O
referenced	O
below	O
,	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
envisaged	O
set	O
of	O
the	O
observational	O
tools	O
that	O
collectively	O
will	O
deliver	O
the	O
desired	O
synoptic	O
suite	O
of	O
observations	O
over	O
the	O
relevant	O
field	O
of	O
study	O
(	O
in	O
their	O
case	O
for	O
the	O
marine	O
realm	O
,	O
itemised	O
as	O
satellites	O
,	O
drones	O
,	O
camera	O
traps	O
,	O
passive	O
acoustic	O
samplers	O
,	O
biologgers	O
,	O
environmental	O
DNA	O
and	O
human	O
observations	O
)	O
,	O
Writing	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
these	O
authors	O
stated	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
others	O
,	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
already	O
here	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
sort	O
of	O
"	O
virtual	O
instrument	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
data	O
sources	O
such	O
as	O
Landsat	O
satellite	O
imagery	O
providing	O
the	O
requisite	O
high	O
resolution	O
Earth	O
view	O
,	O
and/or	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
providing	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
local	O
,	O
in	O
situ	O
observations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
view	O
of	O
IBM	O
researchers	O
,	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
technical	O
solution	O
—	O
basically	O
within	O
the	O
realms	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
—	O
that	O
will	O
permit	O
all	O
existing	O
earth	O
and	O
related	O
observations	O
to	O
be	O
integrated	O
and	O
queried	O
for	O
meaningful	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
IBM	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
these	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
principles	O
were	O
subsequently	O
implemented	O
as	O
an	O
experimental	O
system	O
named	O
the	O
"	O
IBM	O
PAIRS	O
Geoscope	O
"	O
,,	O
later	O
re-badged	O
as	O
the	O
Geospatial	O
Analytics	O
component	O
within	O
the	O
IBM	O
Environmental	O
Intelligence	O
Suite	O
and	O
described	O
therein	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
platform	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
massive	O
geospatial-temporal	O
(	O
maps	O
,	O
satellite	O
,	O
weather	O
,	O
drone	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
[=	O
"	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
"	O
]	O
)	O
query	O
and	O
analytics	O
services	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Craig	O
Mundey	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
are	O
not	O
only	O
for	O
observation	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
of	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
people	O
on	O
it	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
from	O
around	O
2010	O
onwards	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
already	O
developed	O
a	O
somewhat	O
similar	O
facility	O
entitled	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
Engine	O
"	O
that	O
uses	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
for	O
numerical	O
analysis	O
of	O
large	O
quantities	O
of	O
satellite	O
imagery	O
;	O
as	O
at	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
website	O
states	O
that	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
Engine	O
combines	O
a	O
multi-petabyte	O
catalog	O
of	O
satellite	O
imagery	O
and	O
geospatial	O
datasets	O
with	O
planetary-scale	O
analysis	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
initiatives	O
can	O
perhaps	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
high	O
end	O
"	O
for	O
ingestion	O
of	O
massive	O
,	O
global	O
scale	O
input	O
datasets	O
and	O
associated	O
computation	O
;	O
at	O
the	O
other	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
scale	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
cross-platform	O
(	O
open	O
)	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
digitized	O
geographic	O
information	O
by	O
the	O
Open	O
Geospatial	O
Consortium	O
since	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
has	O
enabled	O
researchers	O
equipped	O
with	O
minimal	O
software	O
to	O
request	O
,	O
display	O
,	O
overlay	O
and	O
otherwise	O
interact	O
with	O
subsets	O
of	O
remote	O
global	O
data	O
streams	O
via	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
)	O
Web	B-Application
Map	I-Application
Service	I-Application
(	O
WMS	O
)	O
,	O
Web	O
Feature	O
Service	O
(	O
WFS	O
)	O
and	O
Web	B-Application
Coverage	I-Application
Service	I-Application
(	O
WCS	O
)	O
without	O
a	O
requirement	O
to	O
hold	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
locally	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
functionality	O
at	O
modest	O
cost	O
(	O
free	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
open	O
source	O
solutions	O
such	O
as	O
GeoServer	B-Language
,	O
MapServer	B-Application
and	O
more	O
)	O
for	O
displaying	O
information	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
choice	O
against	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
possible	O
base	O
maps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
presently	O
available	O
solutions	O
of	O
a	O
similar	O
nature	O
-	O
where	O
the	O
client	O
"	O
virtual	B-Application
globe	I-Application
"	O
software	O
is	O
installed	O
either	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
device	O
or	O
runs	O
in	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
then	O
access	O
either	O
remote	O
,	O
or	O
locally	O
held	O
data	O
layers	O
for	O
display	O
over	O
pre-prepared	O
base	O
maps	O
-	O
include	O
NASA	B-Language
WorldWind	I-Language
and	O
ESRI	O
's	O
ArcGIS	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013-2014	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
Department	O
of	O
Health	O
and	O
Mental	O
Hygiene	O
(	O
DOHMH	O
)	O
designed	O
their	O
own	O
"	O
NYC	O
Macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
a	O
surveillance	O
system	O
for	O
electronic	O
health	O
records	O
of	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
residents	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
"	O
measure	O
health	O
outcomes	O
among	O
the	O
NYC	O
adult	O
population	O
actively	O
seeking	O
medical	O
care	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Indiana	O
University	O
School	O
of	O
Informatics	O
and	O
Computing	O
also	O
runs	O
a	O
mapping	O
outreach	O
program	O
via	O
its	O
Cyberinfrastructure	O
for	O
Network	O
Science	O
Center	O
entitled	O
"	O
Places	O
and	O
Spaces	O
:	O
Mapping	O
Sciences	O
"	O
which	O
in	O
its	O
2016	O
program	O
included	O
"	O
eight	O
interactive	O
macroscopes	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
accompanied	O
by	O
the	O
following	O
definition	O
:	O
"	O
Macroscopes	B-General_Concept
are	O
software	O
tools	O
that	O
help	O
people	O
focus	O
on	O
patterns	O
in	O
data	O
that	O
are	O
too	O
large	O
or	O
complex	O
to	O
see	O
unaided	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
is	O
a	O
complex	O
place	O
,	O
and	O
macroscopes	B-General_Concept
help	O
us	O
understand	O
and	O
manage	O
that	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
initiative	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
the	O
Ocean	O
Biogeographic	O
Information	O
System	O
(	O
OBIS	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
by	O
Vanden	O
Berghe	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
2012	O
,	O
who	O
wrote	O
:	O
"	O
Its	O
ambition	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
'	O
Macroscope	B-General_Concept
 '	O
(	O
de	O
Rosnay	O
,	O
1979	O
)	O
for	O
marine	O
biodiversity	O
will	O
allow	O
us	O
to	O
see	O
past	O
complexities	O
and	O
the	O
idiosyncrasies	O
of	O
individual	O
datasets	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
"	O
big	O
picture	O
"	O
of	O
ocean	O
life	O
more	O
clearly	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
key	O
activity	O
for	O
this	O
project	O
being	O
the	O
transformation	O
of	O
data	O
existing	O
previously	O
in	O
disparate	O
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
inaccessible	O
forms	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
,	O
standardized	O
format	O
for	O
ease	O
of	O
access	O
and	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
summary	O
information	O
as	O
desired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
putative	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
of	O
another	O
variety	O
is	O
the	O
Global	B-Application
Database	I-Application
of	I-Application
Events	I-Application
,	I-Application
Language	I-Application
,	I-Application
and	I-Application
Tone	I-Application
(	O
GDELT	B-Application
Project	I-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
monitors	O
(	O
most	O
of	O
)	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
news	O
media	O
creating	O
"	O
trillions	O
of	O
datapoints	O
"	O
,	O
then	O
offering	O
"	O
realtime	O
synthesis	O
of	O
global	O
societal-scale	O
behavior	O
into	O
a	O
rich	O
quantitative	O
database	O
allowing	O
realtime	O
monitoring	O
and	O
analytical	O
exploration	O
of	O
those	O
trends.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
's	O
website	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
outputs	O
,	O
the	O
GDELT	B-Application
Global	O
Knowledge	O
Graph	O
(	O
GKG	O
)	O
,	O
compiles	O
"	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
every	O
person	O
,	O
organization	O
,	O
company	O
,	O
location	O
and	O
several	O
million	O
themes	O
and	O
thousands	O
of	O
emotions	O
from	O
every	O
news	O
report	O
,	O
using	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
sophisticated	O
named	O
entity	O
and	O
geocoding	O
algorithms	O
in	O
existence	O
,	O
designed	O
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
noisy	O
and	O
ungrammatical	O
world	O
that	O
is	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
news	O
media.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
differences	O
in	O
approach	O
described	O
above	O
are	O
easier	O
to	O
understand	O
if	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
interpreted	O
as	O
a	O
particular	O
instance	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
value	O
chain	O
of	O
big	O
data	O
"	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
particular	O
focus	O
on	O
earth	O
and/or	O
biosphere	O
observations	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
as	O
stated	O
in	O
Chen	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2014	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
four	O
phases	O
,	O
namely	O
data	O
generation	O
,	O
data	O
acquisition	O
(	O
aka	O
data	O
assembly	O
)	O
,	O
data	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
workers	O
such	O
as	O
M	O
.	O
Dornelas	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
sum	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
collection	O
systems	O
(	O
the	O
generation	O
element	O
)	O
that	O
will	O
provide	O
the	O
content	O
that	O
is	O
needed	O
for	O
subsequent	O
analysis	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
mention	O
is	O
also	O
made	O
of	O
"	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
domain-specific	O
data	O
registries	O
"	O
which	O
would	O
then	O
permit	O
the	O
content	O
to	O
be	O
discovered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
others	O
such	O
as	O
OBIS	O
,	O
the	O
principal	O
effort	O
required	O
to	O
construct	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
data	O
assembly	O
component	O
,	O
which	O
then	O
permits	O
the	O
integrated	O
analysis	O
of	O
previously	O
disparate	O
datasets	O
(	O
OBIS	O
data	O
can	O
then	O
either	O
be	O
viewed	O
by	O
the	O
tools	O
supplied	O
,	O
or	O
downloaded	O
to	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
own	O
system	O
for	O
additional	O
visualization	O
and	O
analysis	O
)	O
;	O
while	O
for	O
facilities	O
interested	O
in	O
discovering	O
patterns	O
in	O
the	O
data	O
(	O
and	O
with	O
sufficient	O
computing	O
power	O
to	O
hand	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
suite	O
of	O
temporal	O
and	O
spatial	O
analytical	O
and	O
filtering	O
tools	O
(	O
"	O
lenses	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
terminology	O
of	O
the	O
Indiana	O
University	O
Cyberinfrastructure	O
for	O
Network	O
Science	O
Center	O
)	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
once	O
the	O
data	O
are	O
assembled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
by	O
analogy	O
with	O
the	O
microscope	O
,	O
the	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
in	O
essence	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
visualizing	O
subjects	O
too	O
large	O
to	O
be	O
seen	O
completely	O
in	O
a	O
conventional	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
probably	O
none	O
of	O
these	O
approaches	O
are	O
incorrect	O
,	O
the	O
differences	O
in	O
emphasis	O
being	O
complementary	O
in	O
that	O
each	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
contributing	O
to	O
the	O
resulting	O
"	O
virtual	O
instrument	O
"	O
that	O
is	O
envisaged	O
by	O
this	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
trend	O
that	O
is	O
observable	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
is	O
that	O
of	O
increasing	O
base	O
dataset	O
size	O
and	O
desired	O
sampling	O
density	O
,	O
today	O
's	O
"	O
macroscopes	B-General_Concept
"	O
being	O
built	O
upon	O
arrays	O
of	O
fine	O
scale	O
/	O
high	O
resolution	O
data	O
that	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
discarded	O
as	O
undesirable	O
detail	O
(	O
obscuring	O
the	O
"	O
big	O
picture	O
"	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
concepts	O
of	O
Odum	O
and	O
de	O
Rosnay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
concept	O
re-emerged	O
as	O
a	O
more	O
concrete	O
proposal	O
entitled	O
"	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Earth	I-General_Concept
"	O
espoused	O
by	O
then	O
U.S.	O
vice	O
president	O
Al	O
Gore	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
progress	O
towards	O
which	O
was	O
reviewed	O
in	O
a	O
2015	O
survey	O
paper	O
by	O
Mahdavi-Amiri	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
contrast	O
,	O
macro	O
photography	O
(	O
short	O
for	O
macroscopic	O
photography	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
term	O
used	O
to	O
cover	O
photographs	O
where	O
the	O
subject	O
appears	O
magnified	O
(	O
greater	O
than	O
life	O
size	O
)	O
,	O
strictly	O
speaking	O
at	O
the	O
film	O
plane	O
but	O
in	O
practice	O
when	O
reproduced	O
as	O
a	O
print	O
or	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
,	O
generally	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
x1	O
to	O
x10	O
magnification	O
;	O
while	O
a	O
Macroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
a	O
designation	O
for	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
optical	O
microscope	O
formerly	O
marketed	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
manufacturers	O
Wild	O
Heerbrugg	O
and	O
Leica	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
optimised	O
for	O
macro	O
-	O
and	O
microphotography	O
in	O
the	O
x8	O
to	O
x40	O
magnification	O
range	O
;	O
similar	O
instruments	O
,	O
also	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Macroscopes	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
were	O
also	O
previously	O
offered	O
by	O
other	O
optical	O
manufacturers	O
including	O
Bausch	O
and	O
Lomb	O
,	O
and	O
Ednalite	O
Research	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
pre-dating	O
Odum	O
's	O
popularization	O
of	O
the	O
science	O
concept	O
,	O
occurs	O
in	O
the	O
novelist	O
Piers	O
Anthony	O
's	O
1969	O
science	O
fiction	O
book	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
name	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
his	O
imaginary	O
instrument	O
is	O
a	O
sort	O
of	O
super-telescope	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
focusing	O
anywhere	O
in	O
space	O
and	O
time	O
at	O
the	O
direction	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
Jill	O
Linz	O
&	O
Cindy	O
Schwarz	O
's	O
2009	O
children	O
's	O
novel	O
Adventures	O
in	O
Atomville	O
:	O
The	O
Macroscope	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
titular	O
instrument	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
invention	O
by	O
which	O
atoms	O
(	O
which	O
have	O
identities	O
in	O
the	O
book	O
)	O
can	O
visualize	O
the	O
"	O
outside	O
world	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
macroscope	B-General_Concept
"	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
employed	O
in	O
at	O
least	O
2	O
instances	O
in	O
the	O
names	O
of	O
commercial	O
computer	O
software	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
