<s>
A	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clone	I-Device
is	O
a	O
computer	O
running	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
operating	O
system	O
that	O
was	O
not	O
produced	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
Mac	B-Device
clones	I-Device
were	O
based	O
on	O
emulators	O
and	O
reverse-engineered	O
Macintosh	B-Device
ROMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
Apple	O
's	O
short	O
lived	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
licensing	O
program	O
,	O
authorized	O
Mac	B-Device
clone	I-Device
makers	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
either	O
purchase	O
100%	O
compatible	O
motherboards	B-Device
or	O
build	O
their	O
own	O
hardware	B-Architecture
using	O
licensed	O
Mac	O
reference	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Apple	O
's	O
switch	B-Device
to	I-Device
the	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
platform	I-Device
,	O
many	O
non-Apple	O
Wintel/PC	O
computers	O
are	O
technologically	O
so	O
similar	O
to	O
Mac	O
computers	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
boot	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
using	O
a	O
varying	O
combination	O
of	O
community-developed	O
patches	O
and	O
hacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
a	O
Wintel/PC	O
computer	O
running	O
macOS	B-Application
is	O
more	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
and	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
computer	O
lines	O
were	O
"	O
cloned	O
"	O
by	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
who	O
had	O
reverse-engineered	O
the	O
minimal	O
amount	O
of	O
firmware	B-Application
in	O
the	O
computers	O
 '	O
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
and	O
subsequently	O
legally	O
produced	O
computers	O
that	O
could	O
run	O
the	O
same	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
clones	O
were	O
seen	O
by	O
Apple	O
as	O
a	O
threat	O
,	O
as	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
sales	O
had	O
presumably	O
suffered	O
from	O
the	O
competition	O
provided	O
by	O
Franklin	O
Computer	O
Corporation	O
and	O
other	O
clone	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
both	O
legal	O
and	O
illegal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
IBM	O
,	O
the	O
threat	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
real	O
:	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
eventually	O
went	O
to	O
clone-makers	O
,	O
including	O
Compaq	O
,	O
Leading	O
Edge	O
,	O
Tandy	O
,	O
Kaypro	O
,	O
Packard	O
Bell	O
,	O
Amstrad	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
and	O
dozens	O
of	O
smaller	O
companies	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
short	O
order	O
IBM	O
found	O
it	O
had	O
lost	B-Device
control	I-Device
over	I-Device
its	I-Device
own	I-Device
platform	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
eventually	O
licensed	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
ROMs	O
to	O
other	O
companies	O
,	O
primarily	O
to	O
educational	O
toy	O
manufacturer	O
Tiger	O
Electronics	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
inexpensive	O
laptop	O
with	O
educational	O
games	O
and	O
the	O
AppleWorks	B-Device
software	O
suite	O
:	O
the	O
Tiger	O
Learning	O
Computer	O
(	O
TLC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long	O
before	O
true	O
clones	O
were	O
available	O
,	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
could	O
emulate	O
a	O
Mac	O
by	O
adding	O
the	O
third-party	O
Magic	B-Device
Sac	I-Device
emulator	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
later	O
,	O
the	O
Spectre	O
,	O
Spectre	B-Device
GCR	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Aladin	O
emulators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
three	O
of	O
those	O
emulators	O
required	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
purchase	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
Mac	O
ROMs	O
sold	O
as	O
system	O
upgrades	O
to	O
Macintosh	B-Device
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
multiple	O
emulators	O
were	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
the	O
sales	O
of	O
PowerPC	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
,	O
a	O
CPU	B-Device
emulator	I-Device
to	I-Device
run	I-Device
68000	I-Device
applications	I-Device
was	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
68060	B-General_Concept
processors	O
were	O
available	O
,	O
PowerPC	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
became	O
so	O
powerful	O
that	O
they	O
ran	O
68000	O
applications	O
faster	O
than	O
any	O
68000-based	O
computer	O
,	O
including	O
any	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
or	O
Sharp	B-Device
X68000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
even	O
a	O
68060-upgraded	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
clone	O
or	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
which	O
avoid	O
CPU	O
emulation	O
,	O
were	O
always	O
slower	O
,	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
causing	O
some	O
programs	O
not	O
to	O
work	O
thanks	O
to	O
imperfect	O
virtualization	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	O
system	O
and	O
remaining	O
machine	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
years	O
went	O
by	O
,	O
the	O
emulator	O
was	O
n't	O
updated	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
however	O
,	O
supposedly	O
because	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
68k	O
emulator	O
eventually	O
surpassed	O
it	O
in	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
OS	O
itself	O
relied	O
further	O
on	O
native	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
code	O
with	O
each	O
new	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
software	O
emulator	O
for	O
x86	B-Operating_System
platforms	O
running	O
DOS/Windows	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
called	O
Executor	B-Operating_System
,	O
from	O
ARDI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARDI	O
reverse-engineered	O
the	O
Mac	O
ROM	B-Device
and	O
built	O
a	O
68000	O
CPU	O
emulator	O
,	O
enabling	O
Executor	B-Operating_System
to	O
run	O
most	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
all	O
)	O
Macintosh	B-Device
software	O
,	O
from	O
System	O
5	O
to	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
good	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
migration	O
from	O
68000	O
to	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
the	O
added	O
difficulties	O
of	O
emulating	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
on	O
x86	B-Operating_System
platforms	O
,	O
made	O
targeting	O
the	O
later	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
versions	O
impractical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wary	O
of	O
repeating	O
history	O
and	O
wanting	O
to	O
retain	O
tight	O
control	O
of	O
its	O
product	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
Macintosh	B-Device
strategy	O
included	O
technical	O
and	O
legal	O
measures	O
that	O
rendered	O
production	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
clones	I-Device
problematic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Application
system	I-Application
software	I-Application
contained	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
complex	O
code	O
,	O
which	O
embodied	O
the	O
Mac	O
's	O
entire	O
set	O
of	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
GUI	O
and	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
into	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
was	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
's	O
physical	O
ROM	B-Device
chips	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
any	O
competitor	O
attempting	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clone	I-Device
without	O
infringing	O
copyright	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
reverse-engineer	O
the	O
ROMs	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
an	O
enormous	O
and	O
costly	O
process	O
without	O
certainty	O
of	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
one	O
company	O
,	O
Nutek	O
,	O
managed	O
to	O
produce	O
"	O
semi-Mac-compatible	O
"	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
by	O
partially	O
re-implementing	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
ROMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
strategy	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
competitive	O
Mac	B-Device
clones	I-Device
prohibitively	O
expensive	O
,	O
successfully	O
shut	O
out	O
manufacturers	O
looking	O
to	O
create	O
computers	O
that	O
would	O
directly	O
compete	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
product	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
companies	O
like	O
Outbound	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
,	O
Dynamac	O
and	O
Colby	O
Systems	O
,	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
sidestep	O
the	O
Mac	O
cloning	O
process	O
by	O
targeting	O
high-end	O
,	O
high-profit	O
market	O
segments	O
without	O
suitable	O
product	O
offerings	O
from	O
Apple	O
and	O
offering	O
Mac	O
conversions	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Brazilian	O
company	O
called	O
Unitron	O
(	O
which	O
had	O
previously	O
produced	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
clones	O
)	O
developed	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clone	I-Device
with	O
specifications	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	O
512K	O
,	O
and	O
proposed	O
to	O
put	O
it	O
on	O
sale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Unitron	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
legitimately	O
reverse-engineered	O
the	O
ROMs	O
and	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
did	O
not	O
hold	O
patents	O
covering	O
the	O
computer	O
in	O
Brazil	O
,	O
Apple	O
claimed	O
the	O
ROMs	O
had	O
simply	O
been	O
copied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultimately	O
,	O
under	O
pressure	O
from	O
the	O
US	O
government	O
and	O
local	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
PC	B-Device
clones	O
the	O
Brazilian	O
Computer	O
and	O
Automation	O
Council	O
did	O
not	O
allow	O
production	O
to	O
proceed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Apple	O
migrated	O
to	O
the	O
PC-Intel	O
platform	O
in	O
the	O
mid	O
2000s	O
,	O
Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
was	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
generic	B-Device
PC	I-Device
hardware	B-Architecture
from	O
a	O
platform	O
perspective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
theoretically	O
allowed	O
for	O
installation	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
term	O
appropriated	O
by	O
hobbyist	O
programmers	O
,	O
who	O
have	O
collaborated	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
to	O
install	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
v10.4	O
onwards	O
dubbed	O
Mac	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
generic	B-Device
PC	I-Device
hardware	B-Architecture
rather	O
than	O
on	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
contends	O
this	O
is	O
illegal	O
under	O
the	O
DMCA	O
,	O
so	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
combat	O
illegal	O
usage	O
of	O
their	O
operating	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
they	O
continue	O
to	O
use	O
methods	O
to	O
prevent	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
(	O
now	O
macOS	B-Application
)	O
from	O
being	O
installed	O
on	O
unofficial	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
mixed	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
present	O
,	O
with	O
proper	O
knowledge	O
and	O
instruction	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
installation	O
is	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
straightforward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
online	O
communities	O
have	O
sprung	O
up	O
to	O
support	O
end-users	O
who	O
wish	O
to	O
install	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2008	O
,	O
Psystar	O
Corporation	O
based	O
in	O
Miami	O
,	O
Florida	O
,	O
announced	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
Wintel/PC	O
computer	O
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
pre-installed	O
partially	O
with	O
software	O
from	O
the	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
community	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
Macworld	O
published	O
an	O
editorial	O
stating	O
that	O
Apple	O
clones	O
were	O
coming	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
should	O
license	O
its	O
technology	O
to	O
others	O
so	O
it	O
would	O
benefit	O
as	O
the	O
overall	O
Macintosh	B-Device
market	O
grew	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1995	O
,	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	O
accounted	O
for	O
around	O
7%	O
of	O
the	O
worldwide	O
desktop	O
computer	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
executives	O
decided	O
to	O
launch	O
an	O
official	O
clone	O
program	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
expand	O
Macintosh	B-Device
market	O
penetration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
licensing	O
program	O
entailed	O
the	O
licensing	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
ROMs	O
and	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
to	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
agreed	O
to	O
pay	O
a	O
flat	O
fee	O
for	O
a	O
license	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
royalty	O
(	O
initially	O
)	O
for	O
each	O
clone	O
computer	O
they	O
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
early	O
1995	O
through	O
mid-1997	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
buy	O
PowerPC-based	O
clone	O
computers	O
running	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
most	O
notably	O
from	O
Power	O
Computing	O
and	O
UMAX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
total	O
of	O
75	O
distinct	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clone	I-Device
models	O
are	O
known	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
introduced	O
during	O
the	O
licensee	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
companies	O
produced	O
licensed	O
Mac	B-Device
clones	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
clone	O
makers	O
 '	O
licenses	O
were	O
valid	O
only	O
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
operating	O
system	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8	O
left	O
the	O
clone	O
manufacturers	O
without	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
ship	O
a	O
current	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
version	O
and	O
effectively	O
ended	O
the	O
cloning	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
bought	O
Power	O
Computing	O
's	O
Mac	B-Device
clone	I-Device
business	O
for	O
and	O
gave	O
their	O
users	O
free	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8	O
upgrade	O
disks	O
,	O
ending	O
the	O
clone	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
UMAX	O
ever	O
obtained	O
a	O
license	O
to	O
ship	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8	O
and	O
get	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8	O
upgrade	O
disks	O
,	O
which	O
expired	O
in	O
July	O
1998	O
(	O
Power	O
Computing	O
also	O
got	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
8	O
disks	O
by	O
their	O
acquisition	O
by	O
Apple	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
had	O
their	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clone	I-Device
contract	O
terminated	O
by	O
late	O
1997	O
and	O
either	O
continued	O
their	O
brands	O
as	O
PC	B-Device
clones	O
or	O
discontinued	O
them	O
altogether	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reportedly	O
,	O
a	O
heated	O
telephone	O
conversation	O
between	O
Jobs	O
and	O
Motorola	O
CEO	O
Christopher	O
Galvin	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
contentious	O
termination	O
of	O
Motorola	O
's	O
clone	O
contract	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
long-favored	O
Apple	O
being	O
demoted	O
to	O
"	O
just	O
another	O
customer	O
"	O
mainly	O
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Jobs	O
had	O
discussions	O
with	O
Ben	O
Rosen	O
,	O
Chairman	O
and	O
interim	O
CEO	O
of	O
Compaq	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
then-largest	O
Wintel	B-Device
PC	B-Device
manufacturer	O
to	O
license	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
a	O
coup	O
for	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
Jobs	O
reportedly	O
had	O
a	O
meeting	O
with	O
Sony	O
executives	O
,	O
saying	O
he	O
was	O
"	O
willing	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
exception	O
"	O
for	O
Sony	O
VAIO	O
to	O
run	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
,	O
although	O
the	O
negotiations	O
later	O
fell	O
through	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Apple	O
transitioned	B-Device
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
an	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
platform	I-Operating_System
in	O
2006	O
,	O
and	O
subsequent	O
to	O
a	O
major	O
increase	O
in	O
visibility	O
and	O
a	O
gain	O
in	O
computer	O
market	O
share	O
for	O
Apple	O
with	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	B-Device
iPod	I-Device
,	O
large	O
computer	O
system	O
manufacturers	O
such	O
as	O
Dell	O
have	O
expressed	O
renewed	O
interest	O
in	O
creating	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clones	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
various	O
industry	O
executives	O
,	O
notably	O
Michael	O
Dell	O
,	O
have	O
stated	O
publicly	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
like	O
to	O
sell	O
Macintosh-compatible	O
computers	O
,	O
Apple	O
VP	O
Phil	O
Schiller	O
said	O
the	O
company	O
does	O
not	O
plan	O
to	O
let	O
people	O
run	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
(	O
macOS	B-Application
)	O
on	O
other	O
computer	O
makers	O
 '	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
We	O
will	O
not	O
allow	O
running	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
on	O
anything	O
other	O
than	O
an	O
Apple	O
Mac	O
,	O
"	O
he	O
said	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Mac	B-Device
clones	I-Device
that	O
contain	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
original	O
Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
Mac	O
conversion	O
is	O
an	O
aftermarket	O
enclosure	O
kit	O
that	O
requires	O
the	O
core	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
previously	O
purchased	O
,	O
genuine	O
Apple	O
Mac	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
ROM	B-Device
or	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
functional	O
computer	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Mac	B-Device
clones	I-Device
traditionally	O
aim	O
to	O
compete	O
directly	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
solutions	O
through	O
lower	O
prices	O
,	O
Mac	O
conversions	O
target	O
market	O
segments	O
that	O
lack	O
dedicated	O
solutions	O
from	O
Apple	O
,	O
and	O
where	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
Mac	O
solution	O
is	O
high	O
enough	O
to	O
justify	O
the	O
combined	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
full	O
price	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	O
donor	O
computer	O
plus	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
the	O
conversion	O
kit	O
&	O
labor	O
.	O
</s>
