<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
is	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
designed	O
,	O
manufactured	O
,	O
and	O
sold	O
by	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
from	O
March	O
1987	O
to	O
January	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68020	I-Device
32-bit	O
CPU	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
Macintosh	B-Device
supporting	O
color	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
13-inch	O
color	O
monitor	O
and	O
8-bit	O
display	B-Device
card	I-Device
the	O
price	O
was	O
around	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
placed	O
it	O
in	O
competition	O
with	O
workstations	B-Device
from	O
Silicon	O
Graphics	O
,	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
and	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
line	O
without	O
a	O
built-in	O
display	O
;	O
a	O
monitor	O
rested	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
like	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Personal	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
by	O
hardware	B-Architecture
engineers	I-Architecture
Michael	O
Dhuey	O
(	O
computer	O
)	O
and	O
Brian	O
Berkeley	O
(	O
monitor	O
)	O
and	O
industrial	O
designer	O
Hartmut	O
Esslinger	O
(	O
case	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eighteen	O
months	O
after	O
its	O
introduction	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
updated	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
powerful	O
CPU	O
and	O
sold	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIx	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1989	O
,	O
the	O
more	O
compact	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIcx	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
1990	O
sales	O
stopped	O
altogether	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motherboard	O
upgrades	O
to	O
turn	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
into	O
a	O
IIx	O
or	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIfx	I-Device
were	O
offered	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
common	O
criticisms	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
from	O
its	O
introduction	O
in	O
1984	O
were	O
the	O
closed	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
and	O
lack	O
of	O
color	O
;	O
rumors	O
of	O
a	O
color	O
Macintosh	B-Device
began	O
almost	O
immediately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
project	O
was	O
begun	O
by	O
Dhuey	O
and	O
Berkeley	O
during	O
1985	O
without	O
the	O
knowledge	O
of	O
Apple	O
co-founder	O
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
division	O
head	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
,	O
who	O
opposed	O
expansion	B-Device
slots	I-Device
and	O
color	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
that	O
the	O
former	O
complicated	O
the	O
user	O
experience	O
and	O
the	O
latter	O
did	O
not	O
conform	O
to	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
—	O
color	O
printers	O
were	O
not	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
instead	O
wanted	O
higher-resolution	O
monochrome	O
displays	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ones	O
chosen	O
for	O
his	O
own	O
"	O
BigMac	O
"	O
project	O
begun	O
in	O
1984	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
successor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
Little	O
Big	O
Mac	B-Device
"	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Milwaukee	O
"	O
after	O
Dhuey	O
's	O
hometown	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
went	O
through	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
new	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
at	O
the	O
AppleWorld	O
1987	O
conference	O
in	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
with	O
low-volume	O
initial	O
shipments	O
starting	O
two	O
months	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Retailing	O
for	O
US	O
$5	O
,	O
498	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
modular	O
Macintosh	B-Device
model	O
,	O
so	O
called	O
because	O
it	O
came	O
in	O
a	O
horizontal	O
desktop	O
case	O
like	O
many	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatibles	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
use	O
an	O
all-in-one	O
design	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
black-and-white	O
CRT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
has	O
drive	B-Device
bays	I-Device
for	O
an	O
internal	O
hard	O
disk	O
(	O
originally	O
40	O
MB	O
or	O
80	O
MB	O
)	O
and	O
an	O
optional	O
second	O
floppy	O
disk	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
SE	I-Device
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
use	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
(	O
ADB	O
)	O
introduced	O
with	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
for	O
keyboard	O
and	O
mouse	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
improvement	O
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
Color	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
in	O
ROM	O
,	O
a	O
color	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
graphics	O
routines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Color	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
can	O
handle	O
any	O
display	O
size	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
8-bit	O
color	O
depth	O
,	O
and	O
multiple	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Color	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
is	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
's	O
ROM	O
and	O
relies	O
on	O
68020	B-Device
instructions	O
,	O
earlier	O
systems	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
upgraded	O
to	O
display	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1988	O
,	O
shortly	O
before	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIx	I-Device
,	O
Apple	O
increased	O
the	O
list	O
price	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
by	O
roughly	O
20%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AnimEigo	O
notably	O
used	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
for	O
subtitling	O
their	O
earliest	O
releases	O
,	O
including	O
MADOX-01	O
,	O
Riding	O
Bean	O
,	O
and	O
Vampire	O
Princess	O
Miyu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	O
:	O
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
is	O
built	O
around	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68020	I-Device
processor	O
operating	O
at	O
16	O
MHz	O
,	O
teamed	O
with	O
a	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
68881	I-General_Concept
floating	B-General_Concept
point	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
machine	O
shipped	O
with	O
a	O
socket	O
for	O
an	O
optional	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
68851	I-General_Concept
MMU	B-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
an	O
"	O
Apple	O
HMMU	O
Chip	O
"	O
(	O
VLSI	O
VI475	O
chip	O
)	O
was	O
installed	O
by	O
default	O
and	O
could	O
not	O
implement	O
virtual	O
memory	O
(	O
instead	O
,	O
it	O
translated	O
24-bit	O
addresses	O
to	O
32-bit	O
addresses	O
for	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
32-bit	O
clean	O
until	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mac	B-Device
II	I-Device
had	O
eight	O
30-pin	O
SIMMs	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
memory	O
was	O
installed	O
in	O
groups	O
of	O
four	O
(	O
called	O
"	O
Bank	O
A	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Bank	O
B	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
PMMU	B-General_Concept
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
this	O
memory	O
controller	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
MB	O
30-pin	O
SIMMs	B-General_Concept
for	O
up	O
to	O
128	O
MB	O
of	O
RAM	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
ROMs	O
had	O
problems	O
limiting	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
RAM	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
to	O
8	O
MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIx	I-Device
ROMs	O
that	O
also	O
shipped	O
with	O
the	O
FDHD	O
upgrade	O
fixed	O
this	O
problem	O
,	O
though	O
still	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
32-bit	O
Memory	O
Manager	O
and	O
cannot	O
boot	O
into	O
32-bit	O
addressing	O
mode	O
under	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
(	O
without	O
the	O
assistance	O
of	O
MODE32	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MODE32	B-Application
contained	O
a	O
workaround	O
that	O
allowed	O
larger	O
SIMMs	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
put	O
in	O
Bank	O
B	O
with	O
the	O
PMMU	B-General_Concept
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MODE32	B-Application
then	O
reprograms	O
the	O
memory	O
controller	O
to	O
dedicate	O
more	O
address	O
space	O
to	O
Bank	O
A	O
,	O
allowing	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
additional	O
memory	O
in	O
Bank	O
B	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
this	O
makes	O
the	O
physical	O
address	O
space	O
discontiguous	O
,	O
the	O
PMMU	B-General_Concept
is	O
then	O
used	O
to	O
remap	O
the	O
address	O
space	O
into	O
a	O
contiguous	O
block	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphics	O
:	O
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
includes	O
a	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
that	O
supports	O
a	O
true-color	O
16.7	O
million	O
color	O
palette	O
and	O
was	O
available	O
in	O
two	O
configurations	O
:	O
4-bit	O
and	O
8-bit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	B-Device
card	I-Device
does	O
not	O
include	O
hardware	O
acceleration	O
of	O
drawing	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Storage	O
:	O
A	O
5.25-inch	O
40	O
MB	O
internal	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
hard	O
disk	O
was	O
optional	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
a	O
second	O
internal	O
800	O
kilobyte	O
3.5-inch	O
floppy	O
disk	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expansion	O
:	O
Six	O
NuBus	B-Device
slots	O
were	O
available	O
for	O
expansion	O
(	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
of	O
which	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
,	O
as	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
II	I-Device
had	O
no	O
onboard	O
graphics	O
chipset	O
and	O
the	O
OS	O
did	O
n't	O
support	O
headless	B-Application
booting	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
connect	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
six	O
displays	O
to	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
by	O
filling	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
NuBus	B-Device
slots	O
with	O
graphics	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
option	O
for	O
expansion	O
included	O
the	O
Mac286	B-Device
,	O
which	O
included	O
an	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80286	I-General_Concept
chip	O
and	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
ROMs	O
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
contained	O
a	O
bug	O
that	O
prevented	O
the	O
system	O
from	O
recognizing	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
megabyte	O
of	O
memory	O
address	O
space	O
on	O
a	O
Nubus	B-Device
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
manufactured	O
until	O
approximately	O
November	O
1987	O
had	O
this	O
defect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
offered	O
a	O
well-publicized	O
recall	O
of	O
the	O
faulty	O
ROMs	O
and	O
released	O
a	O
program	O
to	O
test	O
whether	O
a	O
particular	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
had	O
the	O
defect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
rare	O
to	O
find	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
with	O
the	O
original	O
ROMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accessories	O
:	O
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
SE	I-Device
were	O
the	O
first	O
Apple	O
computers	O
since	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
I	I-Device
to	O
be	O
sold	O
without	O
a	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
the	O
customer	O
was	O
offered	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
ADB	O
Apple	O
Keyboard	O
or	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Extended	I-Device
Keyboard	I-Device
as	O
a	O
separate	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Audio	O
:	O
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
have	O
the	O
Chimes	O
of	O
Death	O
accompany	O
the	O
Sad	O
Mac	B-Device
logo	O
whenever	O
a	O
serious	O
hardware	O
error	O
occurred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
extensions	O
featured	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
at	O
the	O
time	O
were	O
A/ROSE	B-Application
and	O
Sound	O
Manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
offered	O
in	O
three	O
configurations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
systems	O
included	O
a	O
mouse	O
and	O
a	O
single	O
800	O
KB	O
3.5-inch	O
floppy	O
disk	O
drive	O
;	O
a	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
68851	I-General_Concept
PMMU	B-General_Concept
was	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
option	O
and	O
required	O
for	O
running	O
A/UX	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
CPU	O
:	O
1	O
MB	O
RAM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
1/40	O
CPU	O
:	O
1	O
MB	O
RAM	O
,	O
internal	O
40-megabyte	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
HDD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
4/40	O
CPU	O
:	O
4	O
MB	O
RAM	O
,	O
internal	O
40-megabyte	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
HDD	O
.	O
</s>
