<s>
The	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
—	O
later	O
rebranded	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
—	O
is	O
the	O
original	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
a	O
CRT	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
,	O
and	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
were	O
housed	O
in	O
a	O
beige	O
case	O
with	O
integrated	O
carrying	O
handle	O
;	O
it	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
single-button	O
mouse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
a	O
television	O
commercial	O
entitled	O
"	O
1984	O
"	O
shown	O
during	O
Super	O
Bowl	O
XVIII	O
on	O
January	O
22	O
,	O
1984	O
and	O
directed	O
by	O
Ridley	O
Scott	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sales	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
were	O
strong	O
from	O
its	O
initial	O
release	O
on	O
January	O
24	O
,	O
1984	O
,	O
and	O
reached	O
70,000	O
units	O
on	O
May	O
3	O
,	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
its	O
successor	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
512K	I-Device
,	O
it	O
was	O
rebranded	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1978	O
Apple	O
began	O
to	O
organize	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
project	O
,	O
aiming	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
next-generation	O
machine	O
similar	O
to	O
an	O
advanced	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
or	O
the	O
yet-to-be-introduced	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1979	O
,	O
Apple	O
co-founder	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
learned	O
of	O
the	O
advanced	O
work	O
on	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
taking	O
place	O
at	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
project	O
was	O
immediately	O
redirected	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
which	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
was	O
well	O
beyond	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
for	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
abilities	O
;	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
required	O
a	O
custom	O
processor	O
that	O
spanned	O
several	O
circuit	O
boards	O
in	O
a	O
case	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
refrigerator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Things	O
had	O
changed	O
dramatically	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
16/32	O
-bit	O
Motorola	B-Device
68k	I-Device
in	O
1979	O
,	O
which	O
offered	O
at	O
least	O
an	O
order	O
of	O
magnitude	O
better	O
performance	O
than	O
existing	O
designs	O
and	O
made	O
a	O
software	O
GUI	B-Application
machine	O
a	O
practical	O
possibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
layout	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
largely	O
complete	O
by	O
1982	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
point	O
Jobs	O
's	O
continual	O
suggestions	O
for	O
improvements	O
led	O
to	O
him	O
being	O
kicked	O
off	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
that	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
becoming	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
machine	O
in	O
1979	O
,	O
Jef	O
Raskin	O
began	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
it	O
intended	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
text-based	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
allowed	O
multitasking	O
,	O
and	O
special	O
command	O
keys	O
on	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
that	O
accessed	O
standardized	O
commands	O
in	O
the	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bud	O
Tribble	O
,	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
team	O
,	O
asked	O
Burrell	O
Smith	O
to	O
integrate	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
's	O
68k	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
into	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
so	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
run	O
graphical	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
December	O
1980	O
,	O
Smith	O
had	O
succeeded	O
in	O
designing	O
a	O
board	O
that	O
integrated	O
an	O
8MHz	O
Motorola	B-Device
68k	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smith	O
's	O
design	O
used	O
less	O
RAM	B-Architecture
than	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
which	O
made	O
producing	O
the	O
board	O
significantly	O
more	O
cost-efficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
Mac	O
design	O
was	O
self-contained	O
and	O
had	O
the	O
complete	O
QuickDraw	B-Operating_System
picture	O
language	O
and	O
interpreter	O
in	O
64KB	O
of	O
ROM	B-Device
–	O
far	O
more	O
than	O
most	O
other	O
computers	O
which	O
typically	O
had	O
around	O
4	O
to	O
8KB	O
of	O
ROM	B-Device
;	O
it	O
had	O
128kB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
sixteen	O
64-kilobit	O
(	O
kb	O
)	O
RAM	B-Architecture
soldered	O
to	O
the	O
logicboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
product	O
's	O
screen	O
was	O
a	O
,	O
512x342	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
monochrome	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smith	O
's	O
innovative	O
design	O
,	O
combining	O
the	O
low	O
production	O
cost	O
of	O
an	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
with	O
the	O
computing	O
power	O
of	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
Motorola	B-Device
68k	I-Device
CPU	O
,	O
began	O
to	O
receive	O
Jobs	O
's	O
attentions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
took	O
over	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
project	O
after	O
deciding	O
that	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
more	O
marketable	O
than	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
which	O
led	O
former	O
project	O
leader	O
Raskin	O
to	O
leave	O
the	O
team	O
in	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
development	O
had	O
completed	O
,	O
team	O
member	O
and	O
engineer	O
Andy	O
Hertzfeld	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
final	O
Macintosh	B-Device
design	O
is	O
closer	O
to	O
Jobs	O
's	O
ideas	O
than	O
Raskin	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfoWorld	O
in	O
September	O
1981	O
reported	O
on	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
the	O
secret	O
Lisa	B-Device
and	O
"	O
McIntosh	O
"	O
projects	O
at	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
Regis	O
McKenna	O
was	O
brought	O
in	O
to	O
shape	O
the	O
marketing	O
and	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cunningham	O
and	O
Anderson	O
were	O
the	O
primary	O
authors	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
launch	O
plan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
pioneered	O
many	O
different	O
tactics	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
today	O
in	O
launching	O
technology	O
products	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
"	O
multiple	O
exclusive	O
,	O
"	O
event	O
marketing	O
(	O
credited	O
to	O
John	O
Sculley	O
,	O
who	O
brought	O
the	O
concept	O
over	O
from	O
Pepsi	O
)	O
,	O
creating	O
a	O
mystique	O
about	O
a	O
product	O
and	O
giving	O
an	O
inside	O
look	O
into	O
a	O
product	O
's	O
creation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
announcement	O
,	O
John	O
Dvorak	O
discussed	O
rumors	O
of	O
a	O
mysterious	O
"	O
MacIntosh	B-Device
"	O
project	O
at	O
Apple	O
in	O
February	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
announced	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
—	O
manufactured	O
at	O
an	O
Apple	O
factory	O
in	O
Fremont	O
,	O
California	O
—	O
in	O
October	O
1983	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
an	O
18-page	O
brochure	O
included	O
with	O
various	O
magazines	O
in	O
December	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
a	O
US	O
$1.5	O
million	O
Ridley	O
Scott	O
television	O
commercial	O
,	O
"	O
1984	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
1984	O
"	O
used	O
an	O
unnamed	O
heroine	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
coming	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
(	O
indicated	O
by	O
a	O
Picasso-style	O
picture	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
on	O
her	O
white	O
tank	O
top	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
saving	O
humanity	O
from	O
the	O
"	O
conformity	O
"	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
attempts	O
to	O
dominate	O
the	O
computer	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
days	O
after	O
"	O
1984	O
"	O
aired	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
went	O
on	O
sale	O
,	O
and	O
came	O
bundled	O
with	O
two	O
applications	O
designed	O
to	O
show	O
off	O
its	O
interface	O
:	O
MacWrite	B-Operating_System
and	O
MacPaint	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
successful	O
mass-market	O
all-in-one	B-Device
desktop	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
with	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
built-in	O
screen	O
,	O
and	O
mouse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
sold	O
it	O
alongside	O
its	O
popular	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
series	I-Device
until	O
the	O
others	O
were	O
discontinued	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
operating	O
system	B-Application
was	O
designed	O
largely	O
for	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
existing	O
text-mode	O
and	O
command-driven	B-Application
applications	I-Application
had	O
to	O
be	O
redesigned	O
and	O
the	O
programming	O
code	O
rewritten	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
time-consuming	O
task	O
that	O
many	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
chose	O
not	O
to	O
undertake	O
,	O
and	O
could	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
reason	O
for	O
an	O
initial	O
lack	O
of	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
system	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
1984	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
MultiPlan	B-Device
migrated	O
over	O
from	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
following	O
in	O
January	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
introduced	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Office	I-Device
suite	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
Lemmings	O
"	O
ad	O
;	O
infamous	O
for	O
insulting	O
its	O
own	O
potential	O
customers	O
,	O
the	O
ad	O
was	O
not	O
successful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
spent	O
$2.5	O
million	O
purchasing	O
all	O
39	O
advertising	O
pages	O
in	O
a	O
special	O
,	O
post-election	O
issue	O
of	O
Newsweek	O
,	O
and	O
ran	O
a	O
"	O
Test	O
Drive	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
"	O
promotion	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
potential	O
buyers	O
with	O
a	O
credit	O
card	O
could	O
take	O
home	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
for	O
24	O
hours	O
and	O
return	O
it	O
to	O
a	O
dealer	O
afterwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
sold	O
well	O
,	O
nonetheless	O
,	O
reportedly	O
outselling	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PCjr	I-Device
which	O
also	O
began	O
shipping	O
early	O
that	O
year	O
;	O
one	O
dealer	O
reported	O
a	O
backlog	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
600	O
orders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
April	O
1984	O
the	O
company	O
sold	O
50,000	O
Macintoshes	B-Device
,	O
and	O
hoped	O
for	O
70,000	O
by	O
early	O
May	O
and	O
almost	O
250,000	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
heart	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
was	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
microprocessor	I-Device
running	O
at	O
,	O
connected	O
to	O
128KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
shared	O
by	O
the	O
processor	O
and	O
the	O
display	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
boot	O
procedure	O
and	O
some	O
operating	O
system	B-Application
routines	O
were	O
contained	O
in	O
an	O
additional	O
64KB	O
ROM	B-Device
chip	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
did	O
not	O
offer	O
RAM	B-Architecture
upgrades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
no	O
source	O
code	O
listings	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Application
system	I-Application
ROMs	B-Device
were	O
offered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RAM	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
consisted	O
of	O
sixteen	O
64k×1	O
DRAMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
68000	B-Device
and	O
video	O
controller	O
took	O
turns	O
accessing	O
DRAM	O
every	O
four	O
CPU	O
cycles	O
during	O
display	O
of	O
the	O
frame	O
buffer	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
had	O
unrestricted	O
access	O
to	O
DRAM	O
during	O
vertical	O
and	O
horizontal	O
blanking	O
intervals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
an	O
arrangement	O
reduced	O
the	O
overall	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
CPU	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
35%	O
for	O
most	O
code	O
as	O
the	O
display	O
logic	O
often	O
blocked	O
the	O
CPU	O
's	O
access	O
to	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
built-in	O
display	O
was	O
a	O
one-bit	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
black-and-white	O
,	O
9	O
in/23cm	O
CRT	B-Device
with	O
a	O
fixed	O
resolution	O
of	O
512	O
×	O
342	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
using	O
the	O
Apple	O
standard	O
of	O
72	O
ppi	B-Algorithm
(	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	I-Algorithm
inch	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
a	O
standard	O
that	O
was	O
quickly	O
abandoned	O
once	O
higher	O
resolution	O
screens	O
became	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expansion	O
and	O
networking	O
were	O
achieved	O
using	O
two	O
non-standard	O
RS-422	O
DE-9	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
named	O
"	O
printer	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
modem	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
hardware	O
handshaking	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
external	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
could	O
be	O
added	O
using	O
a	O
proprietary	O
connector	O
(	O
19-pin	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
mouse	O
used	O
simple	O
proprietary	O
protocols	O
,	O
allowing	O
some	O
third-party	O
upgrades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
keyboard	B-Device
had	O
no	O
arrow	B-Device
keys	I-Device
,	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
or	O
function	B-Application
keys	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
an	O
intentional	O
decision	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
as	O
these	O
keys	O
were	O
common	O
on	O
older	O
platforms	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
thought	O
that	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
these	O
keys	O
would	O
encourage	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
to	O
simply	O
port	O
their	O
existing	O
applications	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
design	O
new	O
ones	O
around	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
paradigm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
Apple	O
made	O
a	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	B-Device
sold	O
with	O
the	O
newer	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
model	O
included	O
the	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
and	O
arrow	B-Device
keys	I-Device
,	O
but	O
still	O
no	O
function	B-Application
keys	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
before	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
mouse	O
had	O
a	O
single	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
offered	O
their	O
300	O
and	O
1200	O
baud	O
modems	O
originally	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
printer	O
available	O
was	O
the	O
Apple	O
ImageWriter	O
,	O
a	O
dot	O
matrix	O
printer	O
which	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
produce	O
144	O
dpi	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
output	O
from	O
the	O
Mac	O
's	O
72	O
dpi	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
the	O
LaserWriter	O
and	O
other	O
printers	O
were	O
capable	O
of	O
being	O
connected	O
using	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
built-in	O
networking	O
system	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
contained	O
a	O
single	O
400KB	O
,	O
single-sided	O
-inch	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
dedicating	O
no	O
space	O
to	O
other	O
internal	O
mechanical	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
was	O
disk-based	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
,	O
as	O
RAM	B-Architecture
had	O
to	O
be	O
conserved	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
"	O
Startup	O
Disk	O
"	O
could	O
still	O
be	O
temporarily	O
ejected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Ejecting	O
the	O
root	O
filesystem	O
remained	O
an	O
unusual	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
until	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
was	O
sufficient	O
to	O
store	O
the	O
System	B-Application
Software	I-Application
,	O
an	O
application	O
and	O
the	O
data	O
files	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
400KB	O
drive	O
capacity	O
was	O
larger	O
than	O
the	O
PC	B-Device
XT	I-Device
's	O
360KB	O
5.25-inch	O
drive	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
work	O
environments	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
required	O
separate	O
disks	O
for	O
documents	O
and	O
the	O
system	B-Application
installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
memory	O
constraints	O
(	O
128KB	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
floppies	B-Device
could	O
hold	O
only	O
400KB	O
,	O
users	O
had	O
to	O
frequently	O
swap	O
disks	O
in	O
and	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
which	O
caused	O
external	O
floppy	B-Device
drives	I-Device
to	O
be	O
utilized	O
more	O
frequently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
External	I-Device
Disk	I-Device
Drive	I-Device
(	O
mechanically	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
internal	O
one	O
,	O
piggybacking	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
controller	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
popular	O
add-on	O
that	O
cost	O
US$495	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
were	O
considerably	O
more	O
expensive	O
and	O
usually	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
slower	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
(	O
as	O
specified	O
by	O
Apple	O
)	O
,	O
although	O
a	O
few	O
manufacturers	O
chose	O
to	O
utilize	O
the	O
faster	O
non-standard	O
floppy	B-Device
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
128K	O
can	O
only	O
use	O
the	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
released	O
in	O
1984	O
for	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
Jobs	O
insisted	O
that	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
ship	O
without	O
a	O
fan	O
,	O
which	O
persisted	O
until	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
SE	I-Device
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
allegedly	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
many	O
common	O
,	O
costly	O
component	O
failures	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
four	O
Macintosh	B-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
enough	O
of	O
a	O
problem	O
to	O
prompt	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
several	O
third-party	O
,	O
external	O
cooling	O
fan	O
solutions	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
MacFan	O
,	O
the	O
Mac	O
N	O
Frost	O
,	O
the	O
Fanny	O
Mac	O
and	O
the	O
Kensington	O
System	B-Application
Saver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
units	O
fitted	O
inside	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
's	O
carrying-handle	O
slot	O
and	O
produced	O
a	O
forced	O
draft	O
through	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
existing	O
ventilation	O
holes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
shipped	O
with	O
the	O
very	O
first	O
System	B-Application
and	O
Finder	B-Application
application	O
,	O
known	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
as	O
"	O
System	B-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
"	O
(	O
formally	O
known	O
as	O
System	B-Application
0.97	O
and	O
Finder	B-Application
1.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
saw	O
three	O
upgrades	O
to	O
both	O
before	O
it	O
was	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
recommends	O
System	B-Application
2.0	O
and	O
Finder	B-Application
4.2	O
,	O
with	O
System	B-Application
3.2	O
and	O
Finder	B-Application
5.3	O
as	O
the	O
maximum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Application
4.0	O
officially	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
because	O
it	O
was	O
distributed	O
on	O
800KB	O
floppy	B-Device
disks	I-Device
,	O
which	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
128K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
applications	O
MacPaint	B-Operating_System
and	O
MacWrite	B-Operating_System
were	O
bundled	O
with	O
the	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
programs	O
available	O
included	O
MacProject	B-Operating_System
,	O
MacTerminal	B-Operating_System
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Word	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	O
languages	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
included	O
MacBASIC	B-Language
,	O
MacPascal	O
and	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
68000	B-Device
Development	O
System	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
also	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
manual	O
and	O
a	O
unique	O
guided	O
tour	O
cassette	O
tape	O
which	O
worked	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
guided	O
tour	O
diskette	B-Device
as	O
a	O
tutorial	O
for	O
both	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
itself	O
and	O
the	O
bundled	O
applications	O
,	O
since	O
most	O
new	O
Macintosh	B-Device
users	O
had	O
never	O
used	O
a	O
mouse	O
before	O
,	O
much	O
less	O
manipulated	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
January	O
1984	O
as	O
simply	O
the	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
512K	I-Device
in	O
September	O
,	O
which	O
expanded	O
the	O
memory	O
from	O
128KB	O
to	O
512KB	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
re-branded	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
and	O
nicknamed	O
the	O
"	O
thin	O
Mac	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
512K	O
model	O
was	O
nicknamed	O
the	O
"	O
fat	B-Device
Mac	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
functionally	O
the	O
same	O
,	O
as	O
closed	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
were	O
technically	O
two	O
different	O
computers	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
re-badged	O
128K	O
containing	O
a	O
completely	O
redesigned	O
logic	B-Device
board	I-Device
to	O
easily	O
accommodate	O
both	O
128KB	O
and	O
512KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
configurations	O
during	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
RAM	B-Architecture
was	O
still	O
permanently	O
soldered	O
to	O
the	O
logic	B-Device
board	I-Device
,	O
the	O
new	O
design	O
allowed	O
for	O
easier	O
(	O
though	O
unsanctioned	O
)	O
third-party	O
upgrades	O
to	O
512KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
newer	O
models	O
contained	O
the	O
1984	O
revision	O
B	O
of	O
the	O
ROM	B-Device
to	O
accommodate	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
400KB	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Application
software	I-Application
contains	O
support	O
for	O
an	O
unreleased	O
Macintosh	B-Device
256K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increased	O
RAM	B-Architecture
of	O
the	O
512K	O
was	O
vitally	O
important	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
as	O
it	O
finally	O
allowed	O
for	O
more	O
powerful	O
software	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
then-popular	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Multiplan	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Apple	O
continued	O
to	O
market	O
the	O
128K	O
for	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
as	O
an	O
entry-level	O
computer	O
,	O
the	O
mid-level	O
512K	O
and	O
high-end	O
Lisa	B-Device
(	O
and	O
claiming	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
easily	O
expanded	O
should	O
the	O
user	O
ever	O
need	O
more	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
stated	O
that	O
because	O
"	O
customization	O
really	O
is	O
mostly	O
software	O
now	O
...	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
options	O
in	O
other	O
computers	O
are	O
in	O
Mac	O
"	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
did	O
not	O
need	O
slots	O
,	O
which	O
he	O
described	O
as	O
costly	O
and	O
requiring	O
larger	O
size	O
and	O
more	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
third	O
parties	O
that	O
did	O
offer	O
RAM	B-Architecture
upgrades	O
and	O
even	O
memory	O
and	O
CPU	O
upgrades	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
original	O
128kB	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
be	O
expanded	O
to	O
a	O
4MB	O
32-bit	O
data	O
path	O
,	O
68020	B-Device
CPU	O
(	O
16MHz	O
)	O
,	O
68881	B-General_Concept
FPU	B-General_Concept
(	O
16MHz	O
)	O
,	O
68851	B-General_Concept
MMU	B-General_Concept
(	O
16MHz	O
)	O
with	O
an	O
external	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
port	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
ribbon	O
cable	O
out	O
the	O
clock	O
battery	O
door	O
,	O
internal	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
(	O
20MB	O
Rodime	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
piezo-electric	O
fan	O
for	O
cooling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
accessories	O
were	O
external	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
MacCharlie	B-Device
that	O
added	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
no	O
provision	O
for	O
adding	O
internal	O
storage	O
,	O
more	O
RAM	B-Architecture
or	O
any	O
upgrade	O
cards	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
engineers	O
objected	O
to	O
Jobs	O
's	O
ideas	O
and	O
secretly	O
developed	O
workarounds	O
for	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
supposed	O
to	O
have	O
only	O
17	O
address	O
lines	O
on	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
enough	O
to	O
support	O
128KB	O
of	O
system	B-Application
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
but	O
the	O
design	O
team	O
added	O
two	O
address	O
lines	O
without	O
Jobs	O
's	O
knowledge	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
expand	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
512KB	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
actual	O
act	O
of	O
upgrading	O
system	B-Application
RAM	B-Architecture
was	O
difficult	O
and	O
required	O
piggybacking	O
additional	O
RAM	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
atop	O
the	O
onboard	O
4164	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1984	O
,	O
after	O
months	O
of	O
complaints	O
over	O
the	O
Mac	O
's	O
inadequate	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
an	O
official	O
512KB	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
this	O
had	O
always	O
been	O
planned	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
,	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
maintained	O
if	O
the	O
user	O
desired	O
more	O
RAM	B-Architecture
than	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
128	I-Device
provided	O
,	O
he	O
should	O
simply	O
pay	O
extra	O
money	O
for	O
a	O
Mac	B-Device
512	I-Device
rather	O
than	O
upgrade	O
the	O
computer	O
himself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
512	I-Device
was	O
released	O
,	O
Apple	O
rebranded	O
the	O
original	O
model	O
as	O
"	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128k	I-Device
"	O
and	O
modified	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
to	O
allow	O
easier	O
RAM	B-Architecture
upgrades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improving	O
on	O
the	O
hard-wired	O
RAM	B-Architecture
thus	O
required	O
a	O
motherboard	B-Device
replacement	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
priced	O
similarly	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
computer	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
third-party	O
chip	O
replacement	O
upgrade	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
only	O
expensive	O
but	O
would	O
void	O
Apple	O
's	O
warranty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
difficulty	O
of	O
fitting	O
software	O
into	O
its	O
limited	O
free	O
memory	O
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
interface	O
and	O
event-driven	B-Application
programming	I-Application
model	O
,	O
discouraged	O
software	O
vendors	O
from	O
supporting	O
it	O
,	O
leaving	O
the	O
128K	O
with	O
a	O
relatively	O
small	O
software	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
,	O
and	O
to	O
a	O
lesser	O
extent	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
512K	I-Device
,	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
much	O
later	O
software	O
,	O
the	O
128K	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
specially	O
crafted	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
stock	O
Mac	B-Device
128K	I-Device
with	O
the	O
original	O
64K	O
ROM	B-Device
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
either	O
Apple	O
's	O
external	O
800KB	O
drive	O
with	O
the	O
Hierarchical	B-Application
File	I-Application
System	I-Application
or	O
Apple	O
's	O
Hard	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
20	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Mac	B-Device
128K	I-Device
that	O
has	O
been	O
upgraded	O
with	O
the	O
newer	O
128KB	O
ROM	B-Device
(	O
called	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128Ke	O
)	O
can	O
use	O
internal	O
and	O
external	O
800KB	O
drives	O
with	O
HFS	B-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
HD20	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
can	O
print	O
on	O
an	O
AppleShare	O
network	O
,	O
but	O
neither	O
can	O
do	O
file	O
sharing	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
limited	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
early	O
1985	O
much	O
Macintosh	B-Device
software	O
required	O
512K	O
of	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
sold	O
an	O
official	O
memory	O
upgrade	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
,	O
which	O
included	O
a	O
motherboard	B-Device
replacement	O
effectively	O
making	O
it	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
512K	I-Device
,	O
for	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Apple	O
offered	O
an	O
800KB	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
kit	O
,	O
including	O
updated	O
128K	O
ROMs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
a	O
Mac	B-Device
128K	I-Device
could	O
be	O
upgraded	O
to	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
by	O
swapping	O
the	O
logic	B-Device
board	I-Device
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
case	O
back	O
(	O
to	O
accommodate	O
the	O
slightly	O
different	O
port	O
configuration	O
)	O
and	O
optionally	O
adding	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
extended	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
of	O
the	O
kits	O
could	O
be	O
purchased	O
alone	O
or	O
together	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
partial	O
or	O
full	O
upgrade	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
upgrades	O
were	O
required	O
to	O
be	O
performed	O
by	O
professional	O
Apple	O
technicians	O
,	O
who	O
reportedly	O
refused	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
any	O
Macintosh	B-Device
upgraded	O
to	O
512K	O
without	O
Apple	O
's	O
official	O
upgrade	O
,	O
which	O
at	O
was	O
much	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
about	O
for	O
third-party	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
unusual	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
included	O
the	O
signatures	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Division	O
as	O
of	O
early	O
1982	O
molded	O
on	O
the	O
inside	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	O
128/512K	O
models	O
also	O
included	O
Easter	O
eggs	O
in	O
the	O
OS	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
user	O
went	O
to	O
the	O
system	B-Application
debugger	O
and	O
typed	O
G	O
4188A4	O
,	O
a	O
graphic	O
reading	O
"	O
Stolen	O
from	O
Apple	O
Computers	O
"	O
would	O
appear	O
in	O
the	O
upper	O
left	O
corner	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
prevent	O
unauthorized	O
cloning	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
after	O
numerous	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
clones	O
appeared	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
simply	O
stole	O
Apple	O
's	O
copyrighted	O
system	B-Application
ROMs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
Jobs	O
allegedly	O
planned	O
that	O
if	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clone	O
appeared	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
and	O
a	O
court	O
case	O
happened	O
,	O
he	O
could	O
access	O
this	O
Easter	O
egg	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
prove	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
using	O
pirated	O
Macintosh	B-Device
ROMs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
SE	I-Device
later	O
augmented	O
this	O
Easter	O
Egg	O
with	O
a	O
slideshow	O
of	O
4	O
photos	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	O
design	O
team	O
when	O
G	O
41D89A	O
was	O
entered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Erik	O
Sandberg-Diment	O
of	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
in	O
January	O
1984	O
stated	O
that	O
Macintosh	B-Device
"	O
presages	O
a	O
revolution	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computing	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
unsure	O
whether	O
it	O
would	O
become	O
"	O
a	O
second	O
standard	O
to	O
Big	O
Blue	O
"	O
,	O
Ronald	O
Rosenberg	O
of	O
The	O
Boston	O
Globe	O
wrote	O
in	O
February	O
of	O
"	O
a	O
euphoria	O
that	O
Macintosh	B-Device
will	O
change	O
how	O
America	O
computes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
predicted	O
that	O
the	O
computer	O
would	O
popularize	O
the	O
3½	O
in	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
standard	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
would	O
improve	O
Apple	O
's	O
reputation	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
will	O
delay	O
IBM	O
's	O
domination	O
of	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
market.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Williams	O
concluded	O
that	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
development	O
in	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
last	O
five	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
May	O
1984	O
issue	O
Williams	O
added	O
,	O
"	O
Initial	O
reaction	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
has	O
been	O
strongly	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
overpoweringly	O
,	O
favorable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Still	O
,	O
some	O
people	O
have	O
expressed	O
concern	O
about	O
the	O
relatively	O
small	O
128K-byte	O
RAM	B-Architecture
size	O
,	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
any	O
computer	O
language	O
sent	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
basic	O
unit	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
inconvenience	O
of	O
the	O
single	O
disk	O
drive.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Jerry	O
Pournelle	O
,	O
also	O
of	O
BYTE	O
,	O
added	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
is	O
a	O
bargain	O
only	O
if	O
you	O
can	O
get	O
it	O
at	O
the	O
heavily	O
discounted	O
price	O
offered	O
to	O
faculty	O
and	O
students	O
of	O
the	O
favored	O
24	O
universities	O
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
consortium.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
noted	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
attracted	O
people	O
"	O
who	O
previously	O
hated	O
computers	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
,	O
apparently	O
,	O
something	O
about	O
mice	O
and	O
pull-down	O
menus	O
and	O
icons	O
that	O
appeal	O
to	O
people	O
previously	O
intimidated	O
by	O
A>	B-Application
and	O
the	O
like	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
